水下靜態目標物種類繁多，舉凡在水下無法進行自主性移動之物體，皆可納入此類別中。水下靜態目標物之探測，可應用之儀器包括：光學設施、聲學設施與地球物理設施等三種。
本研究之主旨在於探討同步使用側掃聲納系統、地層剖面儀、磁力儀及回聲測深儀等儀器，進行水下靜態目標物搜尋、偵測、辨識與定位之效能。進行步驟包括：
1.研究各項儀器之功能及辨識目標物之準則。
2.以實例(屏東縣海口魚礁區)驗證目標物辨識準則。
3.評估本方法之優越性。
根據儀器之特性，水深資料依資料密度，可適當表現海床高程起伏狀況。側掃聲納系統蒐集海床地貌影像，對海床上之目標物，具良好偵測、辨識與定位功能。地層剖面儀提供海床下地層資訊，可據以偵測掩埋目標物。磁力儀偵測環境磁場強度，藉以推斷鐵磁性目標物之位置及尺度。
在屏東縣海口魚礁區之實例驗證方面，同步使用上述儀器設備，進行海床調查，相關之探測結果如下：
1.回聲測深儀蒐集之水深資料，提供對海底地形描繪及對大型目標物與人工魚礁集中堆疊處之偵測資訊。
2.側掃聲納聲學影像資料提供目標物於海床上之細部特徵及地理坐標位置；藉以完成目標物辨識及目標物分布狀況描繪。
3.地層剖面影像中，對海床沈積物顆粒組成及沈積層厚度，提供適當訊息。
4.磁力儀對研究區域內軍艦礁及人工魚礁集中堆疊處，顯示明顯之磁力異常特徵，代表磁力儀對鐵磁性物質具適當偵測能力。
5.不同性質之資料相互比對驗證，可增加目標物偵測率及辨識準確度。
運用本研究建立之技術與針對海口魚礁區進行之海床探測，可精確辨識及定位魚礁區內之目標物。探測結果包括2m水泥礁約1100座、電桿礁約670座及軍艦礁乙座。
同步使用回聲測深儀、側掃聲納系統、地層剖面儀及磁力儀作為海床探測之工具，較使用單一儀器(如側掃聲納)能更有效完成目標物搜尋、偵測、辨識及定位作業。

Underwater static targets are objects under the water that can’t move autonomously. Apparatus feasible for detecting underwater static targets includes: optics, acoustics and geophysical instruments.
The purpose of this research is discussing the efficiency of applying side-scan sonar, magnetometer, sub-bottom profiler and echo sounder simultaneously to search, detect, identify and locate underwater static targets. Procedures of this research include:
1. Discussing the capabilities of instruments and identification principles on target.
2. Using a real case to groundtruth target identification principles.
3. Assessing the superiority of the methodology.
According to the characteristics of these apparatus, the water depth, collected by echo sounder, is capable of expressing the relief of the seabed. Seabed sonographs, recorded by side-scan sonar, show that it is feasible to detect, identify and locate targets on the seabed. Sub-bottom profiler provides the sub-surface sedimentary information which can be used to detect buried targets. Magnetometer can detect environmental magnetic intensities, which can locate and determine the size of ferrous targets.
Analysis of the data collected at Hai-Köu Wan, Ping-Dong County yields following conclusions:
1. The water depth data, recorded per 15 meters by the echo sounder, is capable of detecting large targets and concentrated artificial reefs only.
2. Sonographs obtained by side-scan sonar show target’s characteristics and location on seabed. It can be utilized to identifying targets and mapping targets distributions.
3. Sub-bottom profile graphs show the composition and thickness of sub-surface sediments.
4. Magnetic anomalies show that there are evident variations around the battle-ship reef or concentrated electric-pole reefs on the research area. It represents that the magnetometer is capable in detecting underwater ferrous targets.
5. Targets detecting rate and identifying accuracy can be increased by the mutual comparison of various information.
By applying the technique established in this research and the survey results at Hai-Köu Wan, targets at the survey site can be identified and located precisely. There are about 1100 units of 2-m concrete reefs, 670 units of electric-pole reefs and a battle-ship reef at Hai-Köu Wan.
It can be concluded that, applying echo-sounder, side-scan sonar system, sub-bottom profiler and magnetometer simultaneously can search, detect, identify and locate underwater static targets more effective than applying a single instrument such as side-scan sonar system.

謝誌…………………………………………………………I
中文摘要……………………………………………………II
英文摘要……………………………………………………III
目錄…………………………………………………………IV
表目錄………………………………………………………VII
圖目錄………………………………………………………VIII
第一章 緒論………………………………………………1
1-1 前言……………………………………………………1
1-2 研究動機與目的………………………………………1
1-3 前人研究與文獻回顧…………………………………3
1-4 前人文獻之啟發………………………………………8
1-5 章節概要說明…………………………………………9
第二章 研究方法…………………………………………11
2-1 前人研究方法概述……………………………………11
2-2 本研究使用之儀器設備………………………………11
2-3 本研究策略……………………………………………12
2-4 資料處理流程…………………………………………13
2-4-1 水深資料……………………………………………13
2-4-2 側掃聲納系統資料…………………………………13
2-4-3 磁力資料……………………………………………14
第三章 儀器設備介紹……………………………………16
3-1 側掃聲納系統…………………………………………16
3-1-1 側掃聲納基原理……………………………………16
3-1-2 聲學影像成像原理…………………………………18
3-1-3 聲納影像的解析度…………………………………19
3-2 地層剖面儀……………………………………………20
3-2-1 地層剖面儀簡介……………………………………20
3-2-2 地層剖面儀探測原理………………………………21
3-3 回聲測深儀……………………………………………22
3-4 磁力儀…………………………………………………22
3-4-1 磁力儀基本原理……………………………………22
3-4-2 鐵磁性物質之物理特性……………………………23
3-5 全球衛星系統…………………………………………25
第四章 目標物辨識準則…………………………………33
4-1 側掃聲納聲學影像之辨識……………………………33
4-1-1 目標物偵測能力之影響參數………………………33
4-1-2 側掃聲納聲學影像之辨識準則……………………36
4-2 地層剖面資料辨識……………………………………38
4-3 磁力資料辨識…………………………………………39
4-3-1 磁力異常特徵………………………………………39
4-3-2 鐵磁性物質距離估算………………………………41
第五章 航線規劃及水下靜態目標物之定位與定位誤差…61
5-1 航線規劃原則…………………………………………61
5-2 常用之地理坐標系統及坐標系統之轉換……………62
5-3 水下靜態目標物之定位及定位誤差…………………67
5-3-1 研究船絕對位置之誤差……………………………67
5-3-2 拖魚與研究船相對位置之偏移及誤差……………68
5-3-3 目標物與拖魚間相對位置之誤差…………………70
5-3-4 聲納影像處理之誤差………………………………70
5-3-5 定位誤差之綜合說明………………………………70
第六章 屏東縣海口魚礁區實例分析……………………79
6-1 研究區域概況…………………………………………79
6-2 海口魚礁區現勘策略及後續資料處理………………80
6-3 初步資料蒐集成果……………………………………81
6-4 目標物資料分析………………………………………81
6-4-1 水深資料……………………………………………81
6-4-2 聲學影像判讀………………………………………82
6-4-2-1 海床底質…………………………………………82
6-4-2-2 目標物種類………………………………………82
6-4-2-3 目標物分布狀況…………………………………84
6-4-3 地層剖面儀資料……………………………………85
6-4-4 磁力儀資料…………………………………………85
6-4-5 軍艦礁現況描述……………………………………87
6-5 潛水人員潛水觀測……………………………………88
第七章 討論、結論與建議………………………………130
7-1 討論……………………………………………………130
7-2 結論……………………………………………………137
7-3 建議……………………………………………………139
參考文獻……………………………………………………162
附錄一………………………………………………………165
附錄二………………………………………………………181
附錄三………………………………………………………301

1.中山大學網站：http://www2.nsysu.edu.tw/marines/or3/or3a.htm。
2.中央氣象局資訊服務網站：http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V4/index.htm。
3.中華民國海軍水道圖，高雄港至鵝鑾鼻(海圖圖號：3040號)。
4.內政部地政區衛星測量中心網站：http://www.moidlassc.gov.tw/satellite/jsp/
Content2_1_1.jsp
5.田文敏(1998)，「水下靜態目標物之搜尋、辨識、定位與監測」，國際海洋年「海洋海軍科技」研討會；海軍軍官學校，民國八十七年十一月十九日至十一月二十日。
6.田文敏(2002)，「中華搜救總隊水下探測技術訓練課程教材」，銳昌企業股份有限公司，114頁。
7.田文敏(2003)，「水下沉埋目標物之搜尋與定位技術」，海洋技術季刋第十三卷第三期，31頁-41頁。
8.田文敏、文展權、陳儀清、林銘聲（2004），「高雄港外海中油管線之現況評估」，第六屆水下技術研討會暨國科會成果發表會論文集，191頁- 200頁。
9.田文敏、沈志勇及林銘聲(2004)，「屏東縣海口魚礁區礁體現況評估」，第26屆海洋工程研討會論文集，769頁-776頁。
10.行政院農委會漁業署網站：http://www.fa.gov.tw/。
11.李素芳(2001)，「台灣的海岸」，遠足文化事業有限公司，191頁。
12.李明宜與廖曉佩(2004)，「藍色歲月-軍艦礁成果專輯」，行政院農業委員會漁業署，79頁。
13.周瑞燉(1987)，「海洋地質學」，聯經出版事業公司，346頁。
14.林佳瑋(2003)，「水下靜態目標物之期監測與工程穩定性分析」，國立中山大學海洋環境及工程學系碩士論文，129頁。
15.張家祝(1994)，「全球定位系統國內應用現況調查」，交通部運輸研究所，85頁。
16.趙敏修(1981)，「地質學名詞辭典」，名山出版社，400頁。
17.潘桂成(1995)，「地圖學原理」，固地文化事業有限公司，301頁。
18.戴昌鳳(2003)，「台灣的海洋」，遠足文化事業有限公司，215頁。
19.蕭博元(2005)，「水下沉埋管線搜尋與定位之研究」，國立中山大學海洋環境及工程學係碩士論文，198頁。
20.顏世濱(2004)，「以側掃聲納系統描繪琉球嶼海床地貌與現生珊瑚之研究」，國立中山大學海洋環境及工程研究所碩士論文，160頁。
21.蘇棋福(2002)，「91年度軍艦礁工程工程綜圖」，僑龍工程顧問股份限公司，44頁。
22. Blondel (2000), “Automatic mine detection by textural analysis of COTs sidescan sonar imagery”, Int. J. Remote Sensing, 2000 Vol. 21 No.16 pp-3115-3128.
23. Blondel and E. Pouliquen(2004), “Acoustic and Detection of Shipwreck Cargo – Example of a Roman Ship near Elba, Italy”, Proceedings of the conference on: The Application of Recent Advances in Underwater Detection and Survey Techniques to Underwater Archeology, Bodrum, Turkey, 3 to 7 May 2004, pp-135-142.
24. Breiner S.(1999), “Application manual for portable magnetometer”, Geometrics Inc. ,2190 Fortune Drive, San Jose, California 95131,USA, 57 pages.
25. Dwight F. Coleman and Robert D. Ballard(2004), “Archaeological oceanography of black sea”, Proceedings of the conference on: The Application of Recent Advances in Underwater Detection and Survey Techniques to Underwater Archeology, Bodrum, Turkey, 3 to 7 May 2004, pp-49-58.
26. Frank O. Nitsche, Robin Bell, Suzanne M. Cabotte, Willam B.F. Ryan and Roger Flood(2004), “Process-related classification of acoustic data from the Hudson River Estuary”, Marine Geology, Vol 209, pp-131-145.
27. Huvenne V.A.I, Blondel Ph. Henriet J.-P(2002), “Textual analyses of sidescan sonar imagery from two mound provinces in the Porcupine Seabed”, Marine Geology, Vol. 189, pp-323-341.
28. Johnson H. Paul and M. Helferty(1990), “The geological interpretation of side-scan sonar”, Reviews of Geophysics, 28,4/November 1990, pp-357-380.
29. Joseph I. Boyce, Eduard Reinhardt and Avner Raban (2004), “Magnetic detection of buried harbour structures and mooring sites in King Herod’s harbour, Caesarea Maritima, Israel”, Proceedings of the conference on : The Application of Recent Advances in Underwater Detection and Survey Techniques to Underwater Archeology, Bodrum, Turkey, 3 to 7 May 2004, pp-99-107.
30. Karl Rocker, Jr.(1985), “Handbook for Marine Geotechnical Engineering”, Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory Port Hueneme, CA 93043, pages-226 .
31. Karovic G. and Nenadovic M. (2004), “Multibeam sonar on the remains of Trajan’s Bridge”, Proceedings of the conference on : The Application of Recent Advances in Underwater Detection and Survey Techniques to Underwater Archeology, Bodrum, Turkey, 3 to 7 May 2004, pp-91-97.
32. Kearey, P. and Michael Brooks(1991), “Geoscience Texts－An introduction to geophysical exploration”, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 254 pages.
33. Klein Associates,(1992), “Equipment information package：Klein Sub-Bottom Profiler,” Klein Drive. Salem, New Hampshire 03079, USA, 65pages.
34. Konsler E. Lawrence, Austin R. Frey, Alan B. Coppens and James V. Sanders(1982) “Fundamentals of acoustics”, New York: Wiley, 480pages.
35. Larry Mayer, Brian Calder, James S. Schmidt and Chris Malzone(2004), “Exploring the third dimension: High-Resolution multibeam sonar as a tool for archaeological investigations – An example from the D-Day beaches of Normandy”, Proceedings of the conference on : The Application of Recent Advances in Underwater Detection and Survey Techniques to Underwater Archeology, Bodrum, Turkey, 3 to 7 May 2004, pp-71-80.
36. Limonov A.F., Tj.C.E van Weering, N.H. Kenyon, M.K. Ivanov and L.B. Meisner (1997), “Seabed morphology and gas venting in the Black Sea mudvolcano area: Observations with the MAK-1 deep-tow sidescan Sonar and bottom profiler” Marine Geology, Vol 137, pp-121-136.
37. Martin Dean and John Frazer, (2004), “The application of high resolution multibeam sonar to the investigation of archaeological sites underwater”, Proceedings of the conference on : The Application of Recent Advances in Underwater Detection and Survey Techniques to Underwater Archeology, Bodrum, Turkey, 3 to 7 May 2004, pp-59-66.
38. Matthew R. Pozza, Joseph I. Boyce, and William A. Morris(2002), “Lake-Based magnetic mapping of contaminated sediments, Hamilton Harbour, Ontario, Canada.”, Proceeding of SAGEEP Annual Meeting, Feb. 2002, Las Vegas, Nevada, Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society.
39. Mazel Charles(1985), “Side Scan Sonar Training Manual”, Klein Associates, Inc. pages-144.
40. Ocean Data Equipment Corporation,(1998).Performance Prediction
http://www.oceandata.com/siteindex.htm
41.Pasqualini V., Clabaut P., Pergent G., Benyoussef L., and Pergent-Martini C.(2000), “Contribution of side scan sonar to the management of Mediterranean littoral ecosystem.”, Int. J. Remote Sensing, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp-367-378.
42. Paul H. Johnson and Maryann Helferty (1990), “The geological interpretation of side-scan sonar”, Reviews of Geophysics, 28, 4/November 1990, pp-357-380.
43. Steven W. Duckett(1996), “G-811 cesium marine magnetometer operation manual”, Geometrics, INC. pages- 87.
44. Summey D. C., Dr. J. D. Lathrop, J. F. McCormock, and Dr. P. J. Carroll(2001), “Locating UXO using the mobile underwater debris survey system”, Sea Technology, Vol 42., No 4., pp-33-41.
45. Toshio Tsuchiya, Jun Naoi and Toshiaki Kikuchi(2004), “Acoustic Instrument in Deep Water Search for Sunken Ship—Tsushimamaru During WWII”, Proceedings of the conference on : The Application of Recent Advances in Underwater Detection and Survey Techniques to Underwater Archeology, Bodrum, Turkey, 3 to 7 May 2004, pp-81-89.