早期研究發現花身雞魚（Terapon jarbua）與四線雞魚（Pelates quadrilineatus）在魚鰾前室中有一對帶狀組織之特化構造，連接魚鰾背側前端與脊椎骨，而此構造有可能和發音機制關係緊密。然而，台灣引進養殖的鯻科之澳洲淡水種寶石鱸（Scortum barcoo）卻缺乏此特化構造，顯示屬間在發音構造上有變異的情況發生。此篇研究的目的為釐清鯻科發音系統， 包括其聲紋訊號（ i.e. Amniatabacaudavittatus, Amniataba percoides, Hephaestus fuliginosus, Syncomistes butleri,Terapon jarbua and Pelete quadrilineatus）以及發音相關的構造（A. caudavittatus, A.percoides, Bidyanus bidyanus, H. fuliginosus, Hephaestus jenkinsi, Leiopotheraponmacrolepis, Leioptherapon plumbeus, Leiopotherapon unicolor, Pelates octolineatus, P.quadrilineatus, Pelates sexlineatus, Pelsartia humeralis, Rhyncopelates oxyrhynchus, S.barcoo, S. butleri, and T. jarbua, Terapon theraps）的演變，並使用分子資訊（16srRNA ＆ COⅠ）來重建其科內的親緣關係。結果顯示：海水屬為較原始的類群，並且具有較發達的發音構造；反之，淡水種為較進化的物種，但部分魚屬的發音構造相對發展較為不全，甚至缺少某些特定構造，由此結果可推論發音在淡水的鯻科魚類中是較為不重要的通訊管道。

Earlier anatomical works showed that Terapon jabua and Pelates quadrilineatus have a specialized structure: a pair of internal tendon inside of swim bladder that may play a role in sound producing. However, Scortum, a cultured species in Taiwan, lack such structure. The aim of this study was to reveal the evolutionary change of the sound-producing system including acoustic signal and sonic structure in the family Terapontidae. Phylogenic relationship of the genus was reconstructed using molecular data. The results showed that the marine species were primitive species and most of them have well developed sonic structure. On the contrary, the freshwater species were more derived but their sonic systems are less developed or even absent. It can be generalized that vocalization may be less important to freshwater grunters.

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………1
Material and methods………………………………………………………………….7
2.1 Study species…………………………………………………………………7
2.2 Sound recording…………………………………………………………...…7
2.2.1 Audio recording equipment…………………………………………..8
2.2.2 Acoustic analysis……………………………………………………..8
2.2.3 Statistical analyses……………………………………………………9
2.3 Morphology comparison……………………………………………………..9
2.4 Histology……………………………………………………………………10
2.4.1 Paraffin sections…………………………………………………..…10
2.4.2 Hematoxylin and eosin stain…………………………………...……11
2.4.3 Gomori's trichrome stain…………………………………...……..…12
2.4.4 Elastica van Gieson Staining…………………………………….......12
2.5 Phylogenetic analysis……………………………………………………….13
2.5.1 Taxonomic sampling……………………………………………...…14
2.5.2 DNA extraction………………………………………………………14
2.5.3 PCR condition………………………………………………………..16
Result……………………………………………………………………………....…17
3.1 Acoustic signals……………………………………………………….….…17
3.1.2 Pelates quadrilineatus………………………………………………17
3.1.3 Amniataba caudavittatus……………………………………………18
3.1.4 Amniataba percoides………………………………………………..18
3.1.5 Hephaestus fuliginosus……………………………………………...20
3.1.6 Syncomistes butleri………………………………………………….20
3.1.7 Terapon jarbua………………………………………………………20
3.2 Morphology comparison……………………………………………………22
3.2.1 Morphology of acoustic system……………………………………..22
3.2.2 Relative size of sonic muscle………………………………………..23
3.3 Histology……………………………………………………………………24
3.3.1 The characters of sonic muscle fiber………………………………...24
3.3.2 Internal tissue analyze……………………………………………….24
3.4 Phylogenetic analysis…………………………………………………….…25
Discussion……………………………………………………………………………27
4.1 Acoustic signals…………………………………………………………….27
4.1.1 Frequency of sounds production…………………………………….27
4.1.2 Variation in sound characteristics………………………………...…28
4.2 Analysis of sonic structure………………………………………………….29
4.2.1 Analysis of sonic muscle fibers……………………………………..29
4.2.2 Internal tendon………………………………………………………30
4.3 Evolutionary changes…………………………………………………….…31
4.3.1 Phylogenetic analysis………………………………………………..31
4.3.2 Changes in sonic system…………………………………………….32
References……………………………………………………………………………34
Figures Legend
Fig. 1. The sonic muscle, swim bladder and internal tissue of Terapon jabua…39
Fig. 2. The connection of internal tissue and the forth joint of vertebra of Terapon jarbua…40
Fig. 3.The two-chamber swim bladder of Terapon jabua…41
Fig. 4. The theree-chamber swim bladder of Pelates quadrilineatus…42
Fig. 5. Apparatus setup for recording the disturbance hand-held sounds in a Styrofoam box…43
Fig. 6. Sound parameters…44
Fig. 7. The waveform and sonogram of Pelates quadrilineatus…45
Fig. 8. The waveform and sonogram of Amniataba caudavittatus…46
Fig. 9. The waveform and sonogram of Amniataba percoides…47
Fig. 10. The waveform and sonogram of Hephaestus fuliginosus…48
Fig. 11. The waveform and sonogram of Syncomistes butleri…49
Fig. 12. The waveform and sonogram of Terapon jarbua…50
Fig 13. Morphology of acoustic system of Terapontidae…51
Fig 14. Histology sections of sonic muscle…68
Fig 15. The transection of sonic muscle of Bidyanus bidyanus…68
Fig 16. The transection of internal tissue…69
Fig 17. The Neighbor tree of 16s rRNA gene of Terapondae…70
Fig 18. The Neighbor tree of COⅠ gene of Terapondae…71
Fig 19. The literal side and ventral side of the vertebrate of Terapon jarbua…72
Fig. 20. The literal side and ventral side of the vertebrate of Pelates quadrilineatus…73
Fig. 21. The literal side and ventral side of the vertebrate of Scortum barcoo…74
Fig. 22. The literal side and ventral side of the vertebrate of Bidyanus bidyanus…75
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………..…80

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