海龜是大洋性洄游大型動物，大部分時間都待在海中。環境媒介在海龜遷徙中扮演重要的角色，尤其海流會對海龜洄游路徑造成影響。在台灣東部四季都有強勁的黑潮通過，本研究假說認為黑潮會影響海龜洄游的路徑。驗證方法是分析2組由Argos紀錄海龜洄游路徑，其中一隻為蘭嶼產後洄游，海龜從蘭嶼出發後往北抵石垣島附近；另一隻為混獲海龜，從東澳返回大海，一路貼著台灣東部沿岸南下，繞過恆春，向西橫跨台灣海峽南端後沿大陸沿岸往南抵達雷州半島。海龜洄游路徑搭配EASNFS模式、浮球軌跡、氣象浮標及MODIS海表溫資料等，探討海流與海龜洄游路徑的關係。
蘭嶼海龜路徑分析顯示海龜會順著流前進，有很多浮球軌跡與蘭嶼海龜相似。進一步分析模式流速與海龜移動之時間、點位，所演算之漂流軌跡，蘭嶼海龜洄游初期選擇順著海流前進，以節省洄游所耗費的體力，蘭嶼海龜順流而行的機率是26％。但，當海流方向與海龜目的地方向不同時，海龜會花較多的體力修正方向以順利抵達目的地。
分析東澳海龜洄游路徑與浮球軌跡、風速、風向、波高等，顯示東部沿岸有一股向南的反流可供海龜利用，海龜會選擇與目的地同方向的流，幫助海龜朝目的地前進。在通過台灣南端後，海龜路徑轉向西，與此季節許多浮球軌跡幾乎一致，加上海龜的游泳其速度比浮球快；從模式結果驗證海龜在台灣南端西行路徑受流場影響。海龜除了會選擇順著海流外，也可能會以海溫21℃的介面當作引導，順流前進抵達目的地。整體而言海龜會選擇對自己較省力的流場順流而行，以節省體力用最快的速度抵達目的地。

Sea turtles are large migratory animal stay in the water most of their life time. In the east coast of Taiwan, there is a strong northward Kuroshio current. It is hypothesis that ocean current might play an important role to the migration tracks of sea turtles in the region. To test the hypothesis, two turtle tracks based on Argos records were analyzed. The first turtle moved from Lanyu in the NE direction to Ishigaki Island. The second one moved southward from Dong-Auo, along the east coast of Taiwan, to the southern tip of Taiwan, and then detoured westward across the Taiwan Strait, swum southward along coastal China to Leizhou Peninsula finally. In this study, we analyze data of EASNFS model, drifter tracks, weather buoy records and MODIS sea surface temperature, to explore the relationship between the ocean currents and the migration tracks of sea turtles.
The Lanyu turtle seems follow very well with Kuroshio current in the early stage of its migration. The migration matches well with many Argos drifter tracks, and Lagragian drifter of EASNFS model. The probability of this turtle arriving Ishigaki Island is 26% if without other help. There is a turning point, as indicated by the comparison of model and real track. The Lanyu turtle swam hard to correct the migration route in order to reach the final destination.
The Dong-Auo turtle track is analyzed together with data of winds, waves and drifters. This turtle migrated southward along the east coast of Taiwan seemly agree with the northeast monsoon wind driven coastal current. The migration route turned west at the southern tip of Taiwan. The turn matches well with the currents indicate by Argos drifters, as well as EASNFS modeling. In additional to the guidance of currents, this migration route also followed the sea surface temperature of 21℃. In conclusion, this study suggests that turtles migration, in additional to the efforts of swimming and temperature guidance, will take advantage of prevailing currents to reach their final destinations.

謝辭 i
摘要 ii
目錄 iv
圖次 vi
表次 viii

第一章、 緒論 1
1-1. 海龜簡介 1
1-2. 文獻回顧 5
1-3. 研究目的 10
1-4. 研究方法 10

第二章、 資料蒐集 11
2-1. 海龜洄游路徑追蹤 11
2-1.1. 蘭嶼海龜 (ID：60718，產後洄游) 11
2-1.2. 東澳海龜 (ID：60261，混獲) 12
2-2. Argos浮球資料 15
2-3. 氣象站與氣象浮標資料 17
2-4. MODIS-Aqua衛星海表溫資料 18
2-5. 美國海軍EASNFS海洋模式資料 20

第三章、 資料品管與分析方法 21
3-1. 海龜洄游資料品管 21
3-2. Argos浮球與海龜路徑 25
3-3. 氣象浮標資料與路徑分析 27
3-4. MODIS-Aqua海表溫與海龜路徑 29
3-5. EASNFS模式流場與海龜路徑 30

第四章、 結果與討論 33
4-1. 蘭嶼(ID-60718)海龜 33
4-1.1. 蘭嶼海龜與浮球軌跡 34
4-1.2. 蘭嶼海龜與EASNFS模式海流 37
4-1.3. 計算漂流路徑 42
4-2. 東澳(ID-60261)海龜 52
4-2.1 東澳海龜沿著東部沿岸南下 54
4-2.2 東澳海龜橫跨台灣海峽沿大陸沿岸 62

第五章、 結論與建議 68
5-1. 結論 68
5-2. 建議 69

第六章、 參考文獻 70

程一駿，(1997)，綠蠵龜的洄游之謎，科學月刊，0335期。
蔡雅如，(2005)，台灣海峽及南中國海綠蠵龜產後迴游與洋流間的關係之探討，碩士論文，國立臺灣海洋大學海洋生物研究所，74頁。
Argos, (2011). User’s Manual. Argos/CLS, Toulouse.
Bailey, H., Shillinger, G., Palacios, D., Bograd, S., Spotila, J., Paladino, F., Block, B., (2008). Identifying and comparing phases of movement by leatherback turtles using state-space models. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 356, 128-135.
Balazs, G. H., (1994). Homeward bound: satellite tracking of hawaiian green turtles from nesting beaches to foraging pastures. NOAA Tech Memo NMFS-SEFSC, 341, 205-208.
Bowen, B. W., Abreu-Grobois, F. A., Balazs, G. H.,Kamezaki, N., Limpus, C. J., Ferl, R.J., (1995). Trans-Pacific migrations of the loggerhead turtle demonstrated with mithocondrial DNA markers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 92, 3731-3734.
Carr, A., (1967). The Sea Turtle:So Excellent a Fishe. Nobby Beach, QLD, Australia, 280.
Carr, A., (1979). The windward Road,University Presses of F1orida.Tallahassee, 258.
Carr, A., Carr, M. H., (1972). Site fixity in the Caribbean green turtle. Ecology, 53, 425-429.
Cheng, I. J., (2000). Post-nesting migrations of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) at Wan-An Island, Penghu Archipelago, Taiwan. Mar Biol., 137, 747-754.
Cheng, I. J., Wang, Y. H., (2009). Influence of Surface Currents on Post-Nesting Migration of Green Sea Turtles Nesting on Wan-An Island, Penghu Archipelago, Taiwan. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 17, 306-311.
Girard, C., Tucker, A. D., Calmettes, B., (2009). Post-nesting migrations of loggerhead sea turtles in the Gulf of Mexico: dispersal in highly dynamic conditions. Mar Biol., 156, 1827-1839.
Hansen, D.V., Poulain, P.M., (1996). Processing of WOCE/TOGA drifter data. J. Atoms.Oceanic Technol., 13, 900-909.
Heyman, P., (1996). Sea Turtles and Archie Carr.
Hirth, H. F., (1993). Marine Turtles In Wright, A. and L. Hill (eds): Nearshore Marine Resources of the South Pacific: Information for Fisheries Development and Management. ISP, Suva. FFA, Honiara. ICOD, Canada., 329-370.
Horrocks, J. A., Vermeer, L. A., Krueger, B., Coyne, M., Schroeder, B. A., Balazs,G. H., (2001). Migration routes and destination characteristics of postnesting hawksbill turtles satellite-tracked from Barbados, West Indies. Chelonian Conservation Biology, 4, 107-114.
Hughes, G. R., Luschi, P., Mencacci, R., Papi, F., (1998). The 7000-km oceanic journey of a leatherback turtle tracked by satellite. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 229, 209-217.
Ko, D. S., Chao, S. Y., Huang, P., Lin, S. F., (2009). Anomalous Upwelling in Nan Wan: July 2008. Terr. Atmos.Ocean. Sci., 20, 839-852.
Kobayashi, D. R., Cheng, I. J., Parker, D. M., Polovina, J. J., Kamezaki, N., Balazs, G. H., (2011). Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) movement off the coast of Taiwan: characterization of a hotspot in the East China Sea and investigation of mesoscale eddies. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68, 707-718.
Lambardi, P., Lutjeharms, J. R. E., Mencacci1, R., Hays, G. C., Lusch, P., (2008). Influence of ocean currents on long-distance movement of leatherback sea turtles in the Southwest Indian Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress, 353, 289-301.
Lohmann, K. J., Lohmann, C. M. F., Putman, N. F., (2007). Magnetic maps in animals: nature’s GPS. The Jurnal of Experimental Biology, 210, 3697-3705.
Luschi, P., Hays, G. C., Papi, F., (2003). A review of long-distance movements by marine turtles, and the possible role of ocean currents. OIKOS, 103, 293-302.
Luschi, P., Hays, G. C., Seppia, C. D., Marsh, R., Papi, F., (1998). The navigational feats of green sea turtles migrating from Ascension Island investigated by satellite telemetry. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B 265, 2279-2284.
Mortimer, J. A., Carr, A., (1987). Reproduction and migrations of the Ascension Island green turtle (Chelonia mydas). Copeia, 1, 103-113.
Polovina, J. J., Kobayashi, D. R., Parker, D. M., Seki, M.P., Balazs, G. H., (2000). Turtles on the edge: movement of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) along oceanic fronts, spanning longline fishing grounds in the central North Pacific, 1997–1998. Fisheries Oceanography, 9, 71-82.
Polovina, J., Uchida, I., Balazs, G., Howell, E. A., Parker, D., Dutton, P., (2006). The Kuroshio Extension Bifurcation Region: A pelagic hotspot for juvenile loggerhead sea turtle. Deep-Sea Research II, 53, 326-339.
Wallace, B. P., Lewison, R. L., McDonald, S. L., McDonald, R. K., Kot, C. Y., Kelez, S., Bjorkland, R. K., Finkbeiner, E. M., Helmbrecht, S., Crowder, L. B., (2010) . Global patterns of marine turtle bycatch . Copyright and Photocopying Conservation Letters, 1-12.
Wallace, J. N., Resendiz, A., Seminoff, J. A., Resendiz, B., (2000). Transpacific migration of a loggerhead turtle monitored by satellite telemetry. Bulletin of Marine Science, 67, 937-947.