NONE

This thesis examined the pollution problem under the territorial and maritime dispute in the South China Sea: how this scenario could affect the management of pollution problems. Firstly it focused on the reasons for the dispute and the main arguments of each country involved, secondly on the role of ASEAN and International Law, specifically UNCLOS as possible mechanisms to solve the dispute as well. The second part of this thesis analyzed the pollution in the South China Sea; the causes and consequences of pollution and its connection with the current dispute. Moreover, it provided an analysis of how the countries surrounding the South China Sea could work to manage the pollution. Furthermore, it analyzed the current situation of the disputes as well as the possibilities to apply the principles of both ASEAN and UNCLOS to solve the disputes. The study concluded that the dispute affects negatively the management of pollution in South China Sea. States should put aside their differences and work together on pollution management.

Table of Contents
Acknowledgements . 2
List of Tables 6
List of Figures . 7
Chapter I-Introduction . 9
1.1 Importance of the Topic 13
1.2 Research Scope 14
1.3 Research Questions . 15
1.4 Methodology 15
CHAPTER II-Literature Review 16
Chapter III-The South China Sea Dispute 27
3.1 Background Information . 27
3.2 The Islands Group 28
3.2. 1 The Archipelagoes of Pratas 28
3.2 2 Macclesfield Bank 28
3.2.3 The Paracels Islands . 28
3.2. 4 The Spratlys Islands 29
3.3 The Strategic Aspects of the Spratlys Islands . 30
3.4 Maritime Boundaries . 31
3.5 Arguments of the Claimants . 32
3.5.1 China 33
3.5.2 Taiwan 34
3.5.3 Vietnam . 35
3.5.4 The Philippines . 36
3.5.5 Malaysia 36
3.5.6 Brunei . 37
3.6 Military Power in the Dispute 38
3.7-Mechanisms to Solve the Dispute 40
3.7.1 International Law 41
3.7.2 Regional Mechanism . 48
3.8 Summary 53
Chapter IV-The Pollution Problem in the South China Sea 56
4.1 Introduction . 56
4.2 Types of Pollution in South China Sea 58
4.2.1 Air pollution 58
4.2.2 Pollution of land 59
4.2.3 Pollution of water 59
4.2.4 Marine pollution 61
4.3 Causes and Consequences 61
4.4 Consequences: 68
4.4.1 Impact on the Environment . 68
4.4.2 Impact on Individual: 70
4.5 How the Dispute Could Affect the Management of the Pollution in South China Sea? 70
4.6 Management of Pollution in South China Sea: Mechanisms to Control the Pollution in South
China Sea 76
4.6.1 Principle of Prevention 82
4.6.2 The Principle of Responsibility 84
4.6.3 Management Requirements . 90
4.7 Summary 91
Chapter V-Conclusion 92
Bibliography 101

Bibliography
Adede, A. O., 1987. The System for Settlement of Disputes under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Agence France-Press in Sidney,2012/12/28. “ Alarm over shrinking coral reefs in South China Sea “, South China Morning Post,
<http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1113868/alarm-over-shrinking-coral-reefs-south-china-sea>
Ahnish, Farah Abdullah, 1993. The International Law of Maritime Boundaries and the Practice of States in the Mediterranean Sea. United States, New York : Clarendon Press-Oxford.
Andrassy, Juray, 1970. International Law and the Resources of the Sea. New York and London: Columbia University Press.
Ascenção, José Oliveira, 2000. “Direito Civil-Reais”. Portugal: Coimbra Editora.
Associated Press in Manila, 2013/01/22, “Philippines to bring South China Sea dispute with Beijing to tribunal”, the guardian, <http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/22/philippines-south-china-sea-beijing>
<http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/22/philippines-south-china-sea-beijing>.
Associated Press in Taipei, 2012/11/23. “China Passport claims ownership of South China Sea and Taiwan”, theguardian,
<http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/nov/23/china-passports-ownership-sea-taiwan?INTCMP=SRCH>.
Azimi, Ali; Knowland, Will; Carew-Red, Jeremy; Ruzicka, Ivan; Zola, Anthony, 2001. Environments in Transition Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand, Viet Nam. Manila, Philippines: The Asian Development Bank.
Blandjakarta, Ben, 2013/03/23. ” Indonesia Objected to Chinese Passport Move”, Financial Times. < http://www.cnbc.com/id/100602359>.
Bowell, Derek W., 1978. The Legal Regime of Islands in International Law. Dobbs Ferry, New York, Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands: Oceana Publications, INC. e Sijthoff e Noordhoff.
Braga, Álvaro Moreira Carlos,1971.” Direitos Reais “. Portugal: Livraria Almedina.
Brus, Marcel M. T. A., 1995. Third party Dispute Settlement in an Interdependent World. Dordrecht, Boston, London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
Calara, Paul Samuel Q.,2010. “New Asian-China Declaration on the South China Sea, Asian-China Summit”,
<https://hammun.de/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ASEAN_New_ASEAN-China_Declaration_prep_guide.pdf >.
Campiglio, Luigi, Laura Pineschi, Domenico Siniscalco, Tullio Treves,1994. The Environment After Rio :international law and economics . London, Dordrecht, Boston: Grahan e Trotman, Martins Nijhoff
Carraro, Carlo, 1997. International Environmental Negotiations, Strategic Policy Issues. Cheltenham, UK, Brookfield, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Catley, Bob and Keliat, Makmur, 1997. Spratlys: The Dispute in the South China Sea. Aldeshort, Brookfield USA, Singapore, Sydney: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
Chinkin, Christine, 1993. Third Parties in International Law. United States: Clarendon Press-Oxford.
Churchill, Robin and Ulfstein, Geir, 1992. Maritime Management in Disputed Areas. London and New York: Routledge
Clark, R. B., 2001. Marine Pollution. New York: Oxford University Press.
Crognale, Gabriele, 1999. Environmental Management Strategies: the 21th Century Perspective. New Jersey: Prentice Hall PTR.
Cronin, Richard P., 2009/07/15. “Maritime Territorial Dispute and Sovereignty Issues in Asia”. http://photos.state.gov/libraries/vietnam/8621/pdf-forms/Senate071509-Cronin.pdf
Boardman, Robert, 2001. The Political Economy of Nature: environmental debates and the social sciences. New York: Palgrave.
Da Cunha, Derek, 2000. Southeast Asian Perspective on Security. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Desai, Uday, 2002. Environmental Politics and Policy in Industrialized Countries. Cambridge, Massachussets London, England: The MIT Press.
Ehlers, Peter, 2007. “Origins and Compensation of Marine Pollution” in Jurgen Basedow, Ulrich Magnus, eds, Pollution of the Sea-Prevention and Compensation . Humburg Studies on Maritime Affairs: Springer.
Emmers, Ralph, 2005. “Maritime Dispute in the South China Sea: Strategic and Diplomatic Status Quo”,Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies Singapore.
<http://www.rsis.edu.sg/publications/WorkingPapers/WP87.pdf>.
European Environment Agency,1998. Europe’s Environment: The Second Assessment. Denmark: Elsevier Science.
Foss, Jefrey E.,2009. Beyond Environmentalism: a philosophy of nature. Hoboken, New Jersey, Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gardner, Philip, 2006. “Historical Analysis”, The SAGE Dictionary of Social Research Methods, DOI: 10.4135/9780857020116.
GESAMP (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution),1990.The State of the Marine Environment. London, Edinburgh, Boston, Melbourne, Paris, Berlin, Vienna: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Guan, Kwa Chong and John K. Skogan, 2007. Maritime Security in Southeast Asia. USA and Canada: Routledge.
Health, Alan G., 1995. Water Pollution and Fish Physiology. Boca Raton, New York, London, Tokyo: Lewis Publishers.
Helm, Dieter, 2000. Environmental Policy: objectives, instruments, and implementation. United States: Oxford University Press.
Hyer, Eric, 1995/Spring. “The South China Sea Disputes: Implications of China’s Erlier Settlements”, JSTOR: Pacific Affairs, Vol. 68, No 1.< http://www.jstor.org/stable/2759767?seq=7>.
Jørgensen, Sven E., 2000. A Systems Approach to the Environmental Analysis of Pollution Minimization. Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington D.C.: Lewis Publishers.
Jr.,Thomas A. Clingan, 1982. Law of the Sea: State Practice in Zones of Special Jurisdiction. Mexico: The Law of the Sea Institute University of Hawaii.
Klapp, Merrie Gilbert, 1980. Inter-Industry Conflict in the North Sea and South China Sea: A Comparative Analysis of Oil, Shipping, and Fishing in Four Nations. England: University Microfilms International.
Kondratyev, Kirill Ya. , Krapivin, Vladimir F., Phillips, Gary W., 2002. Global Environmental Change. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Barcelona, Hong Kong, London, Milan, Paris, Tokyo: Springer.
Kumar, Ranjit, Murck Barbara, 1992. On Common Ground: managing human-planet relationship. Toronto, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Singapore: John Wiley & Sons.
Landler, Mark, 2010/07/23. “Offering to aid talks, US. Challenge China on Disputed Islands”, The New York Times,<http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/24/world/asia/24diplo.html?_r=1&>.
Legaspi, Amita, 2013/01/09. “ New ASEAN Secretary-General pushes for South China Sea Code of Conduct”, GMA News, <http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/289535/news/nation/new-asean-secretary-general-pushes-for-south-china-sea-code-of-conduct>.
Leifer, Michael, 1999. “Stalemate in the South China Sea”, Asia Research Centre , London School of Economics and Political Science.<http://www.southchinasea.org/files/2012/03/leifer-Michael-Stalemate-in-the-South-China-Sea.pdf>
Lloyd, Richard, 1992. Pollution and Freshwater Fish. Great Britain: Fishing News Books.
Lo, Chi-Kin, 1989. China’s Policy Towards Territorial Disputes, The Case of South China Sea Islands. London and New York: Routledge
Loosley, Stephen, 2013/03/18, “ South China Sea dispute a long time coming, but solution are at hand” The Australian,
< http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/world-commentary/south-china-sea-dispute-a-long-time-coming-but-solutions-are-at-hand/story-e6frg6ux-1226599331965>.
Mannion, A. M. and Bowlby, S. R., 1992. Environmental Issues in the 1990s. Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore: John Wiley & Sons.
Mazmanian, Daniel and Kraft, Michael E., 1999. Toward Sustainable Communities: transition and transformation in environmental policy. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England : The MIT Press.

Mifflin, Houghton , 2000.“Biological Oxigen Demand”, The Free Dictionary. <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/biochemical+oxygen+demand>.
Morton, Brian, Grahan Blackmore, December 2001. “ Marine Pollution Bulletin” , Science Direct, Vol. 42. No 12. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X01002405
Odgaard, Liselotte, 2002. Maritime Security between China and Southeast Asia. England: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
Park, Choon-ho, 1985. East Asia and the Law of the Sea. Seoul: Seoul National University Press.
Prasad, Bhaskar , 2012/07/17. “ South China Sea Dispute: A Resolution Seems Doubtful” , International Business Times,
<http://www.ibtimes.com/south-china-sea-dispute-resolution-seems-doubtful-exclusive-723672 >.
Rosenberg, David, 1999. “Environmental Pollution around the South China Sea: Developing a regional response to a regional problem”, Australian National University. <https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/40977?mode=full&submit_simple=Show+full+item+record>.
Rosenberg, David, 2013/04/23. “The Paradox of the South China Sea Dispute” The China Story. <http://www.thechinastory.org/2013/04/the-paradox-of-the-south-china-sea-disputes/ >.
Sari C., Angguntari, 2012/12/31 “ Three possible scenarios in South China Sea”, The Jakarta Post, < http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/12/31/three-possible-scenarios-south-china-sea.html>
Schreuer, Christoph, What is a legal Dispute?, <http://www.univie.ac.at/intlaw/wordpress/pdf/95.pdf>.
Schofield, Clive, Ian Townsend-Gault, Hasjim Djalal, Ian Storey, Meredith Miller and Tim Cook, 2011.“ From Disputed Waters to Seas of Opportunity: Overcoming Barriers to Maritime Cooperation in East and Southeast Asia”, National Bureau of Asian Research,<http://www.nbr.org/publications/specialreport/pdf/preview/SR30_MERA_preview.pdf.>
Serra, Carlos e Fernando Cunha, 2008. Manual de Direito do Ambiente. Maputo: Ministério da Justiça, Centro de Formação Jurídica e Judiciária
Sindermann, Carl J.,1990. Principal Diseases of Marine Fish and Shellfish. San Diego, New York, Boston, London, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto: Academic Press, INC
Singapore Journal of International and Comparative Law, 1998.“Control of Marine Pollution in the Strait of Malacca and Singapore: Modalities of international Co-operation.
http://law.nus.edu.sg/sybil/downloads/articles/SJICL-1998-2/SJICL-1998-452.pdf
Snyder, Scott, 1996.“ The South China Sea Dispute: Prospects for Preventive Diplomacy”, United States Institute of Peace.
<http://www.usip.org/publications/south-china-sea-dispute-prospects-preventive-diplomacy>
Song, Yann-Huei, 2008/05/09. “The Potential Marine Pollution Threat from Oil and Gas Development Activities in the Disputed South China Sea/Spratly: A Role that Taiwan Can Play, Ocean Development and International Law” Institute of European and American Studies, Academia Sinica. <http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00908320802013768>
Tangsubkul, Phiphat, 1982. ASEAN and the Law of the Sea. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Theodore, Dupont Baxter, 1988. “Environmental Management,” in Dupont, R. Ryan, Baxter, Terry E., Theodore, Louis, eds., Environmental Management Problems and Solutions. Boca Raton Boston London New York Washington, D.C.: Lewis Publishers.
The Research Methods server in the Division of Social Science, School of Law and Social Science, 2000. primary and secondary data, Glasgow Caledoinian University, Glasgow : A BPS Guide Blackwell Publishing.
Tippie, Virginia K., Kester, Dana R., 1982. Impact of Marine Pollution on Society. New York : Praeger.<http://socialscience.stow.ac.uk/psychology/psych_A/george/primary_secondary.htm>.
UNEP/GEP Regional Working Group on Land-Based Pollution, 2007. “Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South china Sea and Gulf of Thailand”, Technical Publication nr 10.
<http://www.unepscs.org/google/South-China-Sea-Technical-Publication-Land-Based-Pollution-South-China-Sea.pdf>
Vertzberger, Yaacov Y. I., 1984. Coastal States, Regional Powers, Superpowers and the Malacca-Singapore Straits. Berkeley, California: Publications Office Institute of East Asian Studies University of California.
Vu Duc, Khanh , 2013/02/23 “The South China Sea: Claims and implications”, asiasentinel. <http://asiasentinel.com/>
Weinthal, Erika, 2002. State Making and Environmental Cooperation. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England : The MIT Press.
Williams, Jerome, 1979. Introduction to Marine Pollution Control. USA , Canada: John Wiley & Sons.
Xu, Beina, 2013/01/11. “South China Sea Tensions”, Council on Foreign Relation. <http://www.cfr.org/china/south-china-sea-tensions/p29790>.
Yuan, Jingdong, 2012/Summer. “Emerging rivalry in The South China Sea: Territorial disputes, sea- lane security, and the pursuit of power”, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. <http://www.international.gc.ca/arms-armes/isrop-prisi/research-recherche/intl_security-securite_int/Report-South_China_Sea.aspx>.
Yu, Peter Kien-hong, 1991. The Four Archipelagoes in the South China Sea. Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China: Council for Advanced Policy Studies.
<http://srmo.sagepub.com/view/the-sage-dictionary-of-social-research-methods/n91.xml>.


Other Documents:
Charter ofthe Association of Southeast Asian Nation, <http://www.asean.org/asean/asean-charter/asean-charter>.
Charter of the United Nations, <http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CTC/uncharter.pdf>
Declaration On the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (DOC),<http://www.asean.org/asean/external-relations/china/item/declaration-on-the-conduct-of-parties-in-the-south-china-sea>.

The 1992 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD),
<http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/pdf/ha/cpbcbd/cpbcbd_ph_e.pdf >
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, (UNCED)
<http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?documentid=78&articleid=1163>
The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs),
<http://www.pops.int/documents/convtext/convtext_en.pdf>
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), <http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf>
World Summit on Sustainable Development, Plan of Implementation,2002, <http://www.iisd.ca/2002/wssd/PlanFinal.pdf>.