本實驗是將鎳鐵/白金沉積於藍寶石基板後，討論白金厚度及熱退火對縱向自旋塞貝克電壓的影響。
在不同白金厚度實驗可看到訊號大小會隨著白金薄膜厚度的縮減而增大，但當白金薄膜厚度為5 nm時，因為膜厚小於自旋擴散長度，導致反向自旋霍爾效率變差，所以訊號反而變小。
若將樣品進行退火，發現當退火溫度達373 K時，訊號大小有明顯變小，且將退火溫度提高訊號卻幾乎沒有變化，這是因為退火後鎳鐵層與白金層顆粒融合，導致介面變得模糊，因此退火後不會有自旋電流注入白金所產生的反向自旋霍爾效應，所以量測到的只是單純的異常能斯特效應。

Platinum thickness dependence and annealing effect of the longitudinal spin-Seebeck voltage has been investigated in platinum/ Ni79Fe21 films, which has grown on sapphire substrate.
In the experiment of thin film with different thickness, we found that the signal is negatively correlated with the Pt thickness before the thickness decreased into 9 nm.
Interestingly, we found the decreasing of the signal in the 5 nm thin film, which maybe caused by the weakening efficiency of inverse spin Hall effect that is correlated with the fact that the spin diffusion length is shorter than thicknesses of Pt.
On experiment of annealing, the signal is obviously decreased at 373 K, and the signal is nearly changeless with higher annealing temperature. After annealing, the indistinct interface appears due to the reaction between Permalloy and Platinum. The results indicate that there is no spin current into the Pt layer, and that only the anomalous Nernst effect in Permalloy remains.

研究生學位論文審定書 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目錄 iv
圖次 vii
第一章 簡介 1
1-1前言 1
1-2動機 2
第二章 基本理論 3
2-1 霍爾效應(Hall effect) 3
2-1-1霍爾效應 (Ordinary Hall effect, OHE) 3
2-1-2自旋霍爾效應(Spin Hall effect, SHE) 4
2-1-3反向自旋霍爾效應(Inverse spin Hall effect, ISHE) 5
2-1-4異常霍爾效應(Anomalous Hall effect, AHE) 6
2-1-5平面霍爾效應(Planar Hall effect, PHE) 6
2-2 熱電效應 7
2-2-1賽貝克效應(Seebeck effect) 7
2-2-2佩爾蒂埃效應 (Peltier Effect) 8
2-2-3湯姆森效應 (Thomson Effect) 8
2-3自旋熱電子學(Spin Caloritronics) 9
2-3-1自旋塞貝克效應(Spin Seebeck effect, SSE) 9
2-3-2能斯特效應(Nernst effect) 12
2-3-3異常能斯特效應(Anomalous Nernst effect, ANE) 12
2-3-4平面能斯特效應(Planar Nernst effect, PNE) 13
第三章 儀器介紹與實驗流程 14
3-1電子束蒸鍍機 14
3-2雙晶薄膜X光繞射儀 Bede D1(Bede D1 HR-XRD) 18
3-3三維輪廓儀 3D Alpha-Step Profilometer 19
3-4高溫爐 20
3-5電磁鐵 21
3-6加熱器 22
第四章 實驗結果與討論 23
4-1實驗架構 23
4-2 XRD分析 24
4-3實驗量測方式 25
4-4改變基板種類的影響 26
4-4-1玻璃基板所量測到的訊號 26
4-4-2藍寶石基板量測到的訊號 28
4-5溫差效應 29
4-5-1溫差的大小與訊號關係 29
4-5-2反向溫差大小與訊號關係 30
4-6單層Ni79Fe21薄膜厚度與異常能斯特電壓的關係 31
4-6-1不同Ni79Fe21厚度於不同溫差下變磁場的電壓趨勢 31
4-6-2電壓訊號大小與Ni79Fe21厚度關係 35
4-7 Pt厚度對訊號大小的影響 36
4-7-1 Pt厚度於不同溫差下變磁場的電壓趨勢 36
4-7-2 Pt厚度對電壓的影響 39
4-8退火與訊號的變化關係 41
4-8-1退火後不同溫差的電壓趨勢 41
4-8-2退火前後的訊號比較 45
第五章 結論 47
參考文獻 49

[1] M. I. Dyakonov and V. I. Perel. "Current-induced spin orientation of electrons in semiconductors." Physics Letters A 35, 459 (1971).
[2] A. Hoffmann, Magnetics. "Spin Hall Effects in Metals." IEEE Transactions on 49, 5172 (2013)
[3] J. E. Hirsch. "Spin Hall Effect." Physical Review Letters 83, 1834 (1999).
[4] B. F. Miao, S. Y. Huang, D. Qu, and C. L. Chien. "Inverse Spin Hall Effect in a Ferromagnetic Metal." Physical Review Letters 111, 066602 (2013).
[5] N. Nagaosa, J. Sinova, S. Onoda, A. H. MacDonald, and N. P. Ong. "Anomalous Hall effect." Reviews of Modern Physics 82, 1539 (2010).
[6] H. Sharma, H. Bana, C. Tomy, and A. Tulapurkar. "Planar Hall and Nernst effect in patterned ultrathin film of La0. 7Sr0. 3MnO3." arXiv preprint arXiv:1501.06138 (2015).
[7] 柯賢文，熱電轉換及其應用，科技發展政策報導第5期，51-65頁(2007)
[8] K. Uchida, S. Takahashi, K. Harii, J. Ieda, W. Koshibae, K. Ando, S. Maekawa, and E. Saitoh. "Observation of the spin Seebeck effect." Nature 455, 778 (2008).
[9] A. Hiroto, U. Ken-ichi, S. Eiji, and M. Sadamichi. "Theory of the spin Seebeck effect." Reports on Progress in Physics 76, 036501 (2013).
[10] M. Johnson and R. H. Silsbee. "Interfacial charge-spin coupling: Injection and detection of spin magnetization in metals." Physical Review Letters 55, 1790 (1985).
[11] K. Uchida, M. Ishida, T. Kikkawa, A. Kirihara, T. Murakami, and E. Saitoh. "Longitudinal spin Seebeck effect: from fundamentals to applications." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 26, 343202 (2014).
[12] T. Kikkawa, K. Uchida, S. Daimon, Y. Shiomi, H. Adachi, Z. Qiu, D. Hou,
X. F. Jin, S. Maekawa, and E. Saitoh. "Separation of longitudinal spin Seebeck effect from anomalous Nernst effect: Determination of origin of transverse thermoelectric voltage in metal/insulator junctions." Physical Review B 88, 214403 (2013).
[13] C. T. Bui and F. Rivadulla. "Anomalous and Planar Nernst effects in thin-films of half-metallic ferromagnet La2/3Sr1/3MnO3." Physical Review B 90, 100403
(2014).
[14] Steven D. Leith, Shirley Ramli, and Daniel T. Schwartz. "Characterization of NixFe1-x (0.10 < x < 0.95) Electrodeposition from a Family of Sulfamate-Chloride Electrolytes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 146 (4) 1431-1435 (1999)
[15] S. Yuya, H. Kota, M. Masaki, K. Takahide, M. Shigemi, M. Terunobu, and T. Koki. "Anomalous Nernst Effect in L1 0 -FePt/MnGa Thermopiles for New Thermoelectric Applications." Applied Physics Express 6, 033003 (2013).
[16] A. Azevedo, L. H. Vilela-Leão, R. L. Rodríguez-Suárez, A. F. Lacerda Santos,
and S. M. Rezende. "Spin pumping and anisotropic magnetoresistance voltages in magnetic bilayers: Theory and experiment." Physical Review B 83, 144402 (2011).
[17] Y. Saiga, K. Mizunuma, Y. Kono, J. C. Ryu, H. Ono, M. Kohda, and E. Okuno. "Platinum thickness dependence and annealing effect of the spin-Seebeck voltage in platinum/yttrium iron garnet structures." Applied Physics Express 7, 093001 (2014).
[18] M. Kitada, N. Shimizu, and T. Shimotsu. "Observation of reactions between Ti/Permalloy bilayer thin films annealed at low temperatures." Thin Solid Films 188, 35 (1990).