本研究於南部都會區（A、B、C、D、E及F區）污水下水道系統進行77種揮發性有機物(VOCs)之濃度調查及分析，且將77種VOCs分成BTEX、含氯烴類及非含氯烴類，並對其中27種有害空氣污染物(HAPs)進行逸散量之推估，且藉由健康風險評估，以了解當中12種HAPs之致癌風險。
VOCs濃度方面，除A1、D5及E區外，各測點之VOCs濃度皆以非含氯烴類為主，主要貢獻物種均為（乙烯+乙炔+乙烷）。而A1之BTEX (1298.2 μg/m3)及非含氯烴類(837.6 μg/m3)各佔55.05 %及35.51 %，主要貢獻物種為甲苯及間/對二甲苯；D5之BTEX (3744.7 μg/m3)佔76.39 %，主要貢獻物種為間/對二甲苯及甲苯；E區之含氯烴類(4807.1 μg/m3)佔80.02 %，主要貢獻物種為氯甲烷及甲苯。
逸散量方面，前5大HAPs之總逸散量依序為D5 (12195.3 mg/hr)、B2 (4602.9 mg/hr)、E (2659.4 mg/hr)、A4 (2043.7 mg/hr)及A1 (1526.2 mg/hr)，其中D5、A4及A1之HAPs逸散量皆以BTEX為主；B2之HAPs逸散量主要為氯乙烯、三氯乙烯及四氯乙烯；E測點之HAPs逸散量以氯甲烷為主。
風險評估方面，污水下水道空間內各測點之累積致癌風險皆超過可接受致癌風險(10-6)，其中B2風險最高，其次為C2及A3。而南部都會區之平均致癌風險（未含B2）前3大貢獻物種，依序為1,1,2-三氯乙烷、1,2-二氯乙烷及1,4-二氯苯，佔貢獻比例之63.93 %。

This research investigate and analysis 77 kinds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the sewage system of a southern urban area (A, B, C, D, E and F). The 77 kinds of VOCs will be divided into BTEX, chlorine-containing hydrocarbons and non-chlorine-containing hydrocarbons, and to estimate the emission of 27 kinds of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). Cancer risk within 12 kinds of HAPs will also be part of the investigation by using Risk Assessment.
In terms of consistency, except A1, D5 and E, VOCs are required mainly of non-chlorine-containing hydrocarbons at other areas, and main contribution species are ethylene, acetylene and ethane. There are 55.05 % of BTEX (1298.2 μg/m3) and 35.51 % of non-chlorine-containing hydrocarbons (837.6 μg/m3) in A1, but the main contribution are toluene, m-xylene and p-xylene. In D5, there is 76.39 % of BTEX (3744.7 μg/m3) and the main contribution are m-xylene, p-xylene and toluene. In E, there is 80.02 % of chlorine-containing hydrocarbons (4807.1 μg/m3) and the main contribution are chloromethane and toluene.
Results show that the most emissions of total HAPs is D5 (12195.3 mg/hr), followed by B2 (4602.9 mg/hr), E (2659.4 mg/hr), A4 (2043.7 mg/hr) and A1 (1526.2 mg/hr). BTEX represent the largest proportion of the emissions of total HAPs in D5, A4 and A1. Chloroethene represents the largest proportion of the emissions of total HAPs in B2, followed by trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene. Chloromethane represents the largest proportion of the emissions of total HAPs in E.
The most cumulative cancer risk in the sewage space is B2, followed by C2 and A3. The main contribution of the average cancer risk (not include B2) in a southern urban area are 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,4-dichlorobenzene.

謝誌………………………………………………………… I
中文摘要…………………………………………………… II
ABSTRACT……………………………………………… III
目錄………………………………………………………… V
表目錄………………………………………………………… VII
圖目錄………………………………………………………… VIII
第一章 前言…………………………………………… 1-1
1.1 研究緣起…………………………………………… 1-1
1.2 研究目標…………………………………………… 1-1
第二章 文獻回顧……………………………………… 2-1
2.1 污水下水道系統介紹……………………………… 2-1
2.2 南部都會區污水區概述…………………………… 2-1
2.3 污水下水道用戶接管現況………………………… 2-3
2.3.1 台北市…………………………………………… 2-4
2.3.2 高雄市…………………………………………… 2-5
2.4 揮發性有機物之特徵與影響……………………… 2-6
2.4.1 揮發性有機物之來源…………………………… 2-8
2.4.2 揮發性有機物之危害…………………………… 2-12
2.4.3 健康風險評估…………………………………… 2-14
第三章 研究方法……………………………………… 3-1
3.1 研究架構及流程…………………………………… 3-1
3.2 下水道採樣規劃…………………………………… 3-2
3.2.1 採樣地點與頻率………………………………… 3-2
3.2.2 人孔之資料蒐集與量測………………………… 3-4
3.2.3 逸散量之推估…………………………………… 3-4
VI
3.3 揮發性有機物之採樣及分析……………………… 3-5
3.3.1 方法概述………………………………………… 3-5
3.3.2 採樣設備………………………………………… 3-7
3.3.3 分析儀器………………………………………… 3-8
3.3.4 品質保證與品質控制…………………………… 3-9
3.4 健康風險評估……………………………………… 3-14
第四章 結果與討論…………………………………… 4-1
4.1 揮發性有機物濃度實查…………………………… 4-1
4.1.1 A 區……………………………………………… 4-1
4.1.2 B 區……………………………………………… 4-4
4.1.3 C 區…………………………………………… 4-6
4.1.4 D 區…………………………………………… 4-9
4.1.5 E 區及F 區……………………………………… 4-12
4.2 有害空氣污染物逸散量推估……………………… 4-18
4.3 致癌風險評估……………………………………… 4-26
第五章 結論與建議…………………………………… 5-1
5.1 結論………………………………………………… 5-1
5.2 建議………………………………………………… 5-3
參考文獻……………………………………………… 參-1
附錄A 77 種VOCs 之原始濃度……………………… 附A-1
附錄B 各測點之人孔相關資料……………………… 附B-1
附錄C 作者簡歷……………………………………… 附C-1

Atkinson, R., 2000. Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx. Atmospheric Environment 34, 2063 − 2101.
Benitez, J., 1993. Process Engineering and Desugn for Air Pollution Control. PTR Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey, 466.
Bridges, O., 2003. Double trouble: health risk of accidental sewage release. Chemosphere 52, 1373 − 1379.
COEHHA, 2008. All Chronic Reference Exposure Levels Adopted by OEHHA as of December 2008. The original list of hazardous air pollutants. http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/allrels.html
Corsi, R.L., Quigley, C.J., Melcer, H. and Bell, J., 1995. Aromatic voc emissions from a municipal sewer interceptor. Water Science and Technology 31, 137 − 145.
Council of the European Union, 1996. Council Directive 1996/62/EC of 27 September 1996 on ambient air quality assessment and management. Official Journal of the European Communities L 296, 55 – 63.
Dewulf, J. and Van Langenhove, H., 1997. Analytical techniques for the determination and measurement data of 7 chlorinated C1− and C2− hydrocarbons and 6 monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in remote air masses : An overview. Atmospheric Environment 31, 3291 − 3307.
Doll, R. and Peto, R., 1981. The case of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the united states today. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 66, 1191 − 1308.
Haas, B.S. and Herrmann, R., 1996. Transport of chlorinated hydrocarbons between sewage and sewer atmosphere. Water Science and Technology 34, 557 − 564.
Haas, B.S. and Herrmann, R., 1998. Tracing Volatile Organic Compounds in sewers. Water Science and Technology 37, 295 − 301.
Hass, U., Lund, S.P., SImonsen, L. and Fries, A.S., 1995. Effects of prenatal exposure to xylene on postnatal development and behavior in rats. Neuotoxicology And Teratology 17, 341 − 349.
Health and Welfare Canada, 1991. Risk Assessment/Risk Management: A Handbook for Use within the Bureau of Chemical Hazards, by the Bureau of Chemical Hazards Environmental Health Directorate, Health Protection Branch, Welfare and Health Canada.
HM Government, 2000. The Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000. Statutory Instruments 2000, No. 928, The Stationery Office Ltd, London.
HM Government, 2002. The Air Quality (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2002. Statutory Instruments 2002, No. 3043, The Stationery Office Ltd, London.
Hung, I.F., Chung, H., Hung, C.K., Huang, K.C. and Tsai, C.J., 1996. Organic aerosols in a semiconductor manufacturing facility. Journal of Aerosol Science 27, 657.
Josep, F.L. and Diane, B.L., 1998. Health and environmental risk analysis: fundamentals with applications, Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle
River, New Jersey.
Kao, A.S., 1994. Formation and removal reactions of hazardous air pollution. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association 44, 683 − 696.
Karn, B., 2005. Nanotechnology and the Environment, in the Proceedings of International Symposium on Environmental Nanotechnology, American Chemical Society Meeting.
Kohno, H., Tamura, M., Honda, S., Shibuya, A., Yamamoto, T., Berezin, A.A. and Chang, J.S., 1997. Generation of aerosol particales in the process of xylene and TCE decomposition from air stream by a ferroelectric packed-bed barrier discharge reactor. Journal of Aerosol Science 28, 413 − 414.
Kostiainen, R., 1995. Volatile organic compounds in the indoor air of normal and sick houses. Atmospheric Environment 29, 693 − 702.
Kuran, P. and Sojak, L., 1996. Environmental analysis of volatile organic compounds in water and sediment by gas chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 733, 119 − 141.
Lodge, Jr. and James, P., 1989. Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis. 3rd ed., Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, Michigan.
Lyons, R.A., Wright, D., Fielder, H., McCabe, M., Gunneberg, A., Nash, P., Routledge, P. and Rees, H., 2000. Investigation of an acute chemical incident: exposure to fluorinated hydrocarbons. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 57, 577 − 581.
Ono, A., Sekita, K., Ogawa, Y. and Hirose, A., 1996. Repreductive and developmental toxicity studies of toluene. II. Effects of inhalation exposure on fertility in rats. Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology 15, 9 − 20.
Sexton, K. and Westberg, H.H., 1983. Photochemical ozone formation from petroleum refinery emission. Atmospheric Environment 17, 467 − 475.
Tam, B.N., and Neumann, C.M., 2004. A human health assessment of hazardous air pollutants in Portland, OR. Journal of Environmental Management 73, 131 − 145.
USEPA, 1990. Air emissions species manual. Volume I − Volatile Organic Compound Species Profiles − Second Edition, EPA/450/2 − 90/001a, Retrieved January 1990.
USEPA, 2008a. Integrated Risk Information System 2008. Retrieved May 2008. http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm
USEPA, 2008b. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 List of Hazardous Air Pollutants. Retrieved November 2008. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/orig189.html
Wadden, R.A., Uno, I. and Wakamatsu, S., 1986. Source Discrimention of Short−Term Hydrocarbon Samples Measured Aloft. Environmental Science and Technology 20, 473 − 483.
內政部營建署，2006，「下水道法及下水道法施行細則」。
內政部營建署，2009，http://www.cpami.gov.tw/web/index.php。
台北市政府工務局衛生下水道工程處，2009，http://www.sew.gov.tw/。
江秀梅、殷蘊雯、賴珊湖、侯鈺琪、張月惠及王耀宏譯，2001，「基礎毒理學」，高立圖書有限公司。
行政院經濟建設委員會，2009，http://www.cepd.gov.tw/。
行政院環境保護署，1996，「有害空氣污染物管制規範及排放標準研定計畫」，EPA-85-1104-09-33。
行政院環境保護署，2005，「揮發性有機物空氣污染管制及排放標準」。
行政院環境保護署環境檢驗所，2008，「空氣中揮發性有機化合物檢測方法−不?袗?採樣筒/氣相層析質譜儀法」，NIEA A715.13B。
行政院環境保護署，2009，http://www.epa.gov.tw/。
吳立言，2002，「高雄地區固定源揮發性有機物指紋及光化反應潛勢之探討」，國立中山大學環境工程研究所碩士論文。
李俊璋，1998，「有害空氣污染健康風險評估及管理模式之探討，工業污染防治」，第68 期，138 − 183。
李翰杰，2006，「奈米微粒風險評估之探討」，國立中山大學環境工程研究所碩士論文。
林銳敏，2003，「有害空氣污染調查研究計畫」，高雄縣政府環境保護局。
林進德，2007，「污水下水道用戶接管模式比較之研究」，國立臺灣海洋大學河海工程學系碩士論文。
袁中新，鄭淨月，袁菁，許志宏，1997，「高雄地區室內外環境空氣中揮發性有機物特性與分佈之調查研究」，第十四屆空氣污染控制技術研討會論文集。
袁中新，張鎮南，陳俊銘，1992，「室內外空氣中揮發性有機物之量測」，第三屆職業安全及衛生研討會。
高雄市政府工務局下水道工程處，2009，http://pwse.kcg.gov.tw/。
高雄市政府環境保護局，2009，http://www.ksepb.gov.tw/。
高雄市政府環境保護局，2009，「高雄市雨污水溝下水道系統揮發性有機物調查及逸散總量評估計畫」。
梁正中、王來興、黃肇凱，2004，「毒化物儲運排放量推估與洩漏風險評估之研究」，第二十一屆空氣污染控制技術研討會光碟集。
陳禹成，2001，「污水下水道分支管工程興建模式及其評估模式之研究，國立中央大學土木工程研究所碩士論文」。
楊峰杰，2005，「以因子分析法探討高雄市大氣中揮發性有機物之類別及來源」，國立中山大學環境工程研究所碩士論文。
趙雅鈴，2003，「加油站作業人員暴露於危害性有機物質之健康風險評估研究」，中國文化大學勞工研究所碩士論文。
趙煥平，2003，「有機物自水中揮發之研究」，國立中央大學環境工程研究所博士論文。
賴嘉祥，2004，「高雄市大氣中C2 − C15 揮發性有機物特徵之時空分佈及其受體模式之分析」，國立中山大學環境工程研究所博士論文。