無線感測網路中，由於感測器一般是以電池作為電力來源，因此設計一個好的省電協定就變得很重要。近年來，許多學者頻繁使用quorum systems來設計省電協定。然而現存基於quorum概念所提出的省電協定在duty cycle與configurability這二方面都未達到理論的最佳值。另一方面，我們注意到，在同心圓架構的無線感測網路中，我們只需保證相鄰同心圓的感測器可在有限時間之內同時醒來，整個無線感測網路即可正常運作。基於此一原則，我們在同心圓架構的無線感測網路環境中提出一個最佳且具最大化調控能力的省電協定，名為Green-MAC。窮盡我們所知，在給定cycle長度為n的情況下，Green-MAC是第一個能突破quorum極限，使得每一個感測器的duty cycle僅有O(1 ⁄ n)的省電協定。為了彰顯Green-MAC的最大化調控能力，我們專注在事件的偵測及回報的應用上並介紹如何根據source-to-sink delay requirement來設定不同同心圓所使用的cycle length，以便使得事件封包有很高的機率能在時限之內送達sink。最後，模擬實驗結果顯示，Green-MAC在throughput、lifetime及data delay drop ratio的表現上都優於目前以quorum為基礎的省電協定。

In a wireless sensor network (WSN), sensors are generally battery-powered. Hence it is essential to design a good power saving protocol, which operates at the medium access control (MAC) layer, to prolong the lifetime of a WSN. Recently, quorum systems are heavily utilized to design power saving protocols for a WSN where each senor wakes up in time frames associating with a quorum. In a quorum system, any two quorums always overlap. However, existing quorum-based power saving protocols are far from optimal in terms of duty cycle and configurability. Especially, we notice that in a corona-based WSN, there is no need to insist on the overlap of awake time frames between every pair of sensors. By only guaranteeing the overlap of awake time frames between sensors in neighboring coronas, the whole WSN can still function well since each sensor needs to rely on merely the sensors in the inner adjacent corona to forward data to the sink. On the basis of this principle, we design an optimal and maximized configurable power saving protocols, called Green-MAC, for a corona-based WSN. More specifically, given the maximum cycle length n_max, in Green MAC, the duty cycle of each sensor is only O(1 ⁄ n_max ), and the number of configurable duty cycles can be O(n_max ⁄ ln n_max ). These results reach the theoretically asymptotic optimum. To illuminate the power of configurability, we focus on the event detection and reporting applications, and show how to configure the cycle length for sensors in each corona such that the source-to-sink delay requirement can be satisfied with a predefined probability. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that Green-MAC is much superior to existing quorum-based power saving protocols in terms of throughput, lifetime, and data delay dropped ratio.

論文審定書 i
誌謝 ii
摘要 iii
Abstract iv
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 viii
第一章 序論 1
1.1 動機與目標 1
1.2 貢獻 6
第二章 相關文獻 8
第三章 Green-MAC協定 16
3.1 Cycle length規則及wakeup schedule規則 17
3.2 Data transfer procedure 22
第四章 Cycle Length的控制 25
4.1 The size of next hop group 26
4.2 Configuration of Cycle Lengths 28
4.3 Average power consumption in Green-MAC 32
4.3.1 感測器於power saving mode中所耗的電量 32
4.3.2 感測器傳輸資料時所消耗的電量 33
第五章 協定分析 40
5.1 duty cycle 40
5.2 Adaptiveness 40
第六章 模擬實驗 42
6.1 模擬器設計與實作 42
6.2 參數設定 44
6.3 實驗結果 47
6.3.1 α值的設定對average power consumption的影響 48
6.3.2 不同協定的survival ratio的比較 53
6.3.3 變化inter-event time對效能的影響 55
6.3.4 變化source-to-sink delay requirement對效能的影響 60
6.3.5 變化感測器總數對效能的影響 64
第七章 結論 70
參考文獻 71

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