本研究主要是藉由工研院所提供含有週期性排列的光萃取結構(AR250 light extraction structure)之軟性塑膠基板(在此稱作PET AR250)，將其應用於製作具內部光萃取結構之可撓有機發光二極體(OLED)元件，藉由陽極製程上的優化以及元件結構之設計，使得此種光萃取結構能夠有效降低元件內部的光損耗，提升OLED元件的光萃取效率及發光效率，達成高發光效率且輕薄的可撓式發光元件。本研究分為三個階段：

1. 對PET AR250基板做穿透度、表面型態之量測與探討。
2. 使用兩種材料：銦錫氧化物薄膜(ITO)和導電高分子材料PEDOT:PSS，分別利用室溫濺鍍和旋轉塗佈法成膜在PET AR250基板上，接著量測並觀察其穿透率、表面粗糙度以及片電阻值之變化，然後再進行ITO和PEDOT:PSS陽極之設計與製作。
3. 對於OLED標準元件的製作上，進行藍光以及白光OLED元件發光效率的最佳化，然後應用在PET AR250基板上製作出具有內部光萃取結構之藍光與白光可撓OLED元件，接著進行元件的光電特性量測，探討光萃取結構對於發藍光及白光可撓OLED元件的電性、亮度和發光效率之影響。

最後本實驗成功的在含有ITO和PEDOT:PSS陽極的PET AR250基板上製作出具有內部光萃取結構之藍光和白光可撓OLED元件，其中以含ITO陽極和PEDOT:PSS陽極之具有內部光萃取結構的白光可撓OLED元件的取光效率最為顯著，其外部量子效率在亮度為1000cd/m2時的增進比例分別為27.8%和12.3%。另外我們也提出各種改善元件光萃取效率之辦法，以達到更高的光耦合輸出。

In this study, we fabricated flexible organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with internal light extraction structure by using the plastic substrate with AR250 light extraction structure (i.e. PET AR250) provided by ITRI. Anodes fabrication and design of OLED device structure are optimized so that the optical losses inside the flexible OLEDs with internal light extraction structure are minimized and light extraction efficiency of the OLEDs are enhanced. The study was divided into three stages:

1. The transmittance and morphology of PET AR250 were measured and studied.
2. Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) and conductive polymeric material (PEDOT:PSS) were sputter-deposited and spin coated onto PET AR250 substrates respectively at room temperature. The transmittance, morphology and sheet resistance of the PET AR250 substrates covered by ITO and PEDOT:PSS respectively were measured and studied. And then, design and fabrication of ITO and PEDOT:PSS anodes were performed.
3. The optimized standard blue and white OLED device structures were chosen to fabricate blue and white flexible OLEDs with internal light extraction structure. The opto-electrical properties of the devices were measured and studied.

Finally, we successfully fabricated blue and white flexible OLEDs with internal light extraction structure with ITO anode and PEDOT:PSS anode respectively. Significantly, the white flexible OLEDs with internal light extraction structure with ITO anode and PEDOT:PSS anode have outstanding light extraction efficiency, which increase the external quantum efficiency (EQE) by 27.8% and 12.3% compared to white OLEDs on PET substrates with ITO and PEDOT:PSS anodes at 1000cd/m2 respectively. We also proposed various methods to improve light extraction efficiency of OLEDs.

中文審定書 i
致謝 ii
中文摘要 iii
Abstract iv
目錄 v
圖目錄 viii
表目錄 xii
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 前言 1
1-2 有機電激發光二極體的歷史進展 2
1-3 OLED元件的結構介紹 5
1-3-1 雙層A型 5
1-3-2 雙層B型 5
1-3-3 三層A型 6
1-3-4 三層B型 6
1-4 可撓曲式 OLED元件簡介 8
1-5 OLED元件的基本發光原理 10
1-6 有機電激發光元件材料介紹 14
1-6-1 陽極 14
1-6-2 電洞注入層 15
1-6-3 電洞傳輸層 16
1-6-4 發光層 17
1-6-5 電子傳輸層 18
1-6-6 電子注入層 19
1-6-7 陰極 19
1-7 OLED 發光效率之定義 20
1-8 OLED光色之鑑定 23
第二章 理論基礎與實驗動機 25
2-1 OLED之電激發光能量轉移機制 25
2-1-1 輻射能量轉移 26
2-1-2 非輻射能量轉移 27
2-1-3 載子捕捉 ( Carrier trapping ) 方式 28
2-2 濃度淬熄效應 29
2-3 三重態自我毀滅現象 30
2-4 OLED元件的光損耗因素 31
2-5 近年來OLED之光萃取文獻 33
2-6 研究目的 34
第三章 實驗程序及實驗架構 35
3-1 本研究實驗架構主要分為 35
3-2 實驗材料 36
3-3 實驗器材 37
3-4 量測設備 43
3-4-1表面輪廓儀 ( Surface profiler ) 43
3-4-2原子力掃描探針顯微鏡 ( Atomic Force Microscopy, AFM ) 44
3-4-3四點探針儀 ( Four-point-probe ) 47
3-4-4紫外光-可見光光譜儀 ( UV-Visible spectrometer ) 48
3-4-5 薄膜光學特性分析儀 ( N&K Analyzer ) 49
3-4-6 PESA ( Photo-Electron Spectroscopy in Air, 機型為AC-2 ) 50
3-4-7 有機電激發光元件光電特性量測系統 51
3-5 實驗步驟 52
3-5-1 PET & PET AR250基板清潔 52
3-5-2 濺鍍圖案化ITO ( Sputter-pattenred ITO ) 製程 52
3-5-3 高分子材料PEDOT:PSS薄膜之優化與圖案化製程 55
3-5-4 有機薄膜與金屬薄膜蒸鍍製程 58
3-5-5 OLED元件之封裝製程 61
3-5-6 OLED元件之量測 62
第四章 結果與討論 63
4-1 PET AR250基板的光學特性與表面分析 63
4-2 陽極薄膜沉積於PET AR250基板上之光電特性、表面型態及功函數 66
4-2-1 ITO薄膜沉積於PET AR250基板上之量測結果 66
4-2-2 PEDOT:PSS薄膜沉積於PET AR250基板上之量測結果 70
4-3 具有內部光萃取結構之藍光可撓OLED元件的結構與光電特性量測 75
4-4 具有內部光萃取結構之白光可撓OLED元件的結構與光電特性量測 82
第五章 結論與未來工作 89
5-1 結論 89
5-2 未來工作 91
參考資料 92

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