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博碩士論文 etd-0630118-134151 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0630118-134151
論文名稱
Title
從中菲(美)黃岩島爭議看南海爭端
Incident at Scarborough Shoal:Implications for the China, Philippines,and the United State
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
153
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2018-07-09
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2018-07-31
關鍵字
Keywords
中菲關係、南海仲裁案、杜特蒂、南海爭端
the South China Sea Arbitration, Rodrigo Duterte, China-Philippines relations, Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea
統計
Statistics
本論文已被瀏覽 5727 次,被下載 400
The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5727 times, has been downloaded 400 times.
中文摘要
2012年中菲黃岩島事件的領土主權爭議,打破東亞區域秩序的穩定,南海各聲索國紛紛自危,進一步採取行動爭取自身在海洋上的政治、經濟與法律權利,鞏固自身主張的行使範圍。同時,中國大陸領導人也將內部權力鞏固的維權與維穩行動擴張到外部領土海域;而南海聲索國中,菲律賓面臨區域大國的進逼,在權力失衡的狀態下,也透過政治與軍事尋求向來在亞太地區扮演強權的美國依附;在法律與外交上,也運用國際規範《聯合國海洋法公約法》與建立區域機制尋求《南海各方行為宣言》的落實,並與北京展開協商談判。北京則堅定主張中菲透過雙邊關係尋求解決,以弱化菲律賓尋求多邊架構由東協國家介入陷北京於不利局面,因而中菲雙方無法達成共識,南海爭議逐漸陷入紛爭升高。
2016年中菲南海仲裁案的裁決轉變了小國菲律賓在南海主權地位向來居於弱勢一方,進一步獲得較受尊重的主權實質平等地位;而仲裁案則給予北京背負國際法律與道德規範的壓力;對美國向來在全球海洋可以自由航行的法律依據也有了新的強力再證明。實際上,南海主權爭端向來在各方行為各行其是下區域與國際權力計算、折衝的競技場。
2016年6月,菲律賓新任總統杜特蒂上任後,馬尼拉轉而願意與北京攜手擱置南沙島礁爭議,表達希望共同開發,讓中菲南海爭端重新回到雙邊處理的軌道上,自此杜特蒂政府希望翻轉過去扈從美國的地位而尋求更大的自主性,希望在中美兩強權間重新回到平衡關係的立足點,為菲律賓爭取利益最大化,嘗試在中美兩大國間求取更為有利的國家生存與發展戰略。
Abstract
In 2012, the territorial dispute in Scarborough Shoal between China and the Philippines, they broke the regional order in East Asia. The claimant country further act to claim for their political, economic and legal rights in the South China Sea. At the same time, Chinese leader had also exercised of stability-maintenance and sovereignty-maintenance over the South China Sea Islands. Facing the pressure of Chinese actions are resulting regional powers are unbalanced in the Asia-Pacific. The Philippines sought to attach to the great power of the United States politics and military. In addition, the Philippines applied the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and multilateral diplomacy to negotiate with China to execute the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea. However, China insists that resolves solutions through bilateral relations between China and the Philippines and preventing the Philippines from seeking ASEAN member states are involved in the dispute because that is not profitable to China. Therefore, China and the Philippines cannot reach a consensus, and the South China Sea disputes are increasingly becoming more intense.
In 2016, the South China Sea Arbitration made the Philippines turns the tables on their sovereignty in the South China Sea, which achieved equal status for the Philippines and China. Also, the South China Sea Arbitration made China bear the pressure of international law and ethical standards, and the United States be able to have freedom of navigation in the South China Sea. In fact, the sovereignty disputes in the South China Sea have always been under the arena for strategic competition between regional and international nations.
In June 2016, Manila joined hands with Beijing and set aside the dispute in the Spratly Islands after Philippine’s new president Rodrigo Duterte. Additionally, the Philippines returned the bilateral consultative mechanism with China that will joint development in the South China Sea. The Philippines wanted to separate from the United States was due to preserving their autonomy. It also hopes to balance the relationship between the two powers of China and the United States, to maximize profits for the Philippines, and try to find a favorable national survival and development strategy.
目次 Table of Contents
國立中山大學研究生學位論文審定書 i
誌謝 ii
中文摘要 iii
英文摘要 iv
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 文獻探討 4
第三節 研究方法與研究架構 18
第四節 研究範圍與限制 23
第五節 章節安排 25
第二章 中菲南海爭端交鋒 26
第一節 南海的重要性 26
第二節 回顧中菲南海爭端衝突 40
第三節 中菲黃岩島事件在政治、經濟、法律上的角力 58
第三章 中國大陸與菲律賓之南海政策作為 65
第一節 中國大陸之南海政策 65
第二節 菲律賓之南海政策 93
第四章 中菲(美)在南海權力互動與關係變化 113
第一節 南海仲裁案的虛與實 113
第二節 仲裁案後的中菲關係變化 121
第三節 南海爭端下的中美地緣政治競逐 143
第五章 結論 151
參考文獻 161
參考文獻 References
一、中文文獻
專書
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中華人民共和國外交部,2018/3/21。〈王毅與菲律賓外長卡亞塔諾舉行會談〉,《中華人民共和國外交部》, <http://www.mfa.gov.cn/nanhai/chn/wjbxw/t1544251.htm>。
中華人民共和國外交部,2018/3/8。〈王毅談當前南海面臨的機遇和挑戰〉,《中華人民共和國外交部》,<http://www.mfa.gov.cn/nanhai/chn/wjbxw/t1540493.htm>。
中華人民共和國外交部,2018/3/8。〈外交部長王毅就中國外交政策和對外關係回答中外記者提問〉,《中華人民共和國外交部》, <http://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/zyxw/t1540582.shtml>。
中華人民共和國外交部,2018/6/11。〈2018年6月11日外交部發言人耿爽主持例行記者會〉,<http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/fyrbt_673021/jzhsl_673025/t1567715.shtml>。
中華人民共和國外交部駐菲律賓共和國大使館,2018/2/11。〈檀勍生臨時代辦在2018年春節招待會上的致辭〉, <http://ph.china-embassy.org/chn/sgxx/dsjh/t1533954.htm>。
中華人民共和國國家發展改革委、中華人民共和國國家海洋局,2017/12/26。〈《中國海洋經濟發展報告2017》〉,《中國海洋經濟信息網》,<http://www.cme.gov.cn//info/1914.jspx>。
中華人民共和國國家發展改革委、中華人民共和國國家海洋局,2017/5/4。〈《全國海洋經濟發展“十三五”規劃(公開版)》〉,《中華人民共和國國家發展和改革委員會》, <http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbghwb/201705/t20170512_847297.html>。
中華人民共和國國家發展改革委員會、外交部、商務部,2015/3/28。〈推動共建絲綢之路經濟帶和21世紀海上絲綢之路的願景與行動〉,《中華人民共和國商務部》,<http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/i/dxfw/jlyd/201601/20160101243342.shtml>。
中華人民共和國國家發展改革委員會、國家海洋局,2017/6/20。〈受權發佈:《“一帶一路”建設海上合作設想》(七語言版本)〉,《中國一帶一路網》,<https://www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/zchj/jggg/16621.htm>。
中華人民共和國國務院,2011/9/6。〈《中國的和平發展》白皮書(全文)〉,《國務院新聞辦公室》,<http://www.scio.gov.cn/tt/Document/1011394/1011394.htm>。
中華人民共和國國務院,2012/9/16。〈國務院關於印發全國海洋經濟發展“十二五”規劃的通知〉,《中國政府網》, <http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2013-01/17/content_2572.htm>。
中華人民共和國國務院,2015/12/17。〈國務院關於加快實施自由貿易區戰略的若干意見〉,國發(2015)69號,《中國政府網》,<http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-12/17/content_10424.htm>。
中華人民共和國國務院新聞辦公室,2015/5/26。〈《中國的軍事戰略》白皮書(全文)〉,《中華人民共和國中央人民政府》,<http://big5.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.gov.cn/zhengce/2015-05/26/content_2868988.htm>。
中華人民共和國國務院新聞辦公室,2017/1/11。〈中國的亞太安全合作政策(全文)〉,《中華人民共和國中央人民政府》,<http://big5.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.gov.cn/zhengce/2017-01/11/content_5158864.htm>。
中華人民共和國國務院新聞辦公室,2017/3/17。〈李克強總理在十二屆全國人大五次會議上作的政府工作報告〉,《國務院新聞辦公室網站》,<http://www.scio.gov.cn/tt/34849/Document/1545199/1545199.htm>。
中華人民共和國國務院新聞辦公室,2017/5/10。〈國新辦舉行深化“一帶一路”經貿合作情況發布會〉,《國務院新聞辦公室網站》,<http://www.scio.gov.cn/xwfbh/xwbfbh/wqfbh/35861/36637/index.htm>。
中華民國外交部,2017/3/28。〈中國大陸企業與菲律賓簽署17億美元採購訂單〉,《台灣駐菲律賓代表處》, <https://www.roc-taiwan.org/ph/post/3640.html>。
全國人民代表大會,2013/3/15。〈國務院機構改革與職能轉變方案〉(第十二屆全國人民代表大會第一次會議大會文件),《中國人大網》, <http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/dbdhhy/12_1/2013-03/15/content_1784337.htm>。
商務部新聞辦公室,2017/3/7。〈中國-菲律賓經貿聯委會第28次會議在馬尼拉舉行〉,《中華人民共和國商務部》,<http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ae/ai/201703/20170302528821.shtml>。
中華人民共和國國務院新聞辦公室,2018/7/17。〈國新辦舉行第15屆中國-東盟博覽會等有關情況發佈會〉,《國務院新聞辦公室網站》,<http://www.scio.gov.cn/xwfbh/xwbfbh/wqfbh/37601/38666/index.htm>。
中華人民共和國全國人民代表大會常務委員會,1992/2/25。〈中華人民共和國領海及毗連區法〉,《中國人大網》,<http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/05/content_4562.htm>。
新華社,2017/10/18。〈習近平提出,堅持和平發展道路,推動構建人類命運共同體〉,《新華網》,<http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/19cpcnc/2017-10/18/c_1121821003.htm>。
網際網路
BBC中文網,2016/7/13。〈南海仲裁案:各方對仲裁作出的最新回應〉,《BBC中文網》,<http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world/2016/07/160713_south_china_sea_ruling_latest_reax>。
人民網,2012/11/8。〈胡錦濤在中國共產黨第十八次全國代表大會上的報告〉,《中國共產黨新聞網》,<http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2012/1118/c64094-19612151-1.html>。
人民網,2014/12/07。〈習近平主持中共中央政治局第十九次集體學習並發表重要講話〉,《中國共產黨新聞網》,<http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2014/1207/c64094-26161930.html>。
人民網,2016/7/1。〈習近平在慶祝中國共產黨成立95周年大會上的講話〉,《中國共產黨新聞網》,<http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0702/c64093-28517655.html>。
人民網,2017/10/18。〈習近平在中國共產黨第十九次全國代表大會上的報告〉,《中國共產黨網》,<http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2017/1028/c64094-29613660.html>。
中央社,2014/8/2。〈降低南海緊張 菲提三期方案〉,《中時電子報》,<http://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20140802002986-260408>。
中央社,2016/9/25。〈杜特蒂批歐嗆美 是否正向中國靠攏〉,《中時電子報》, <http://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20160925001744-260408>。
中國評論通訊社,2008/4/21。〈簡氏稱中國邁向大海軍時代 不同於藍水海軍〉,《中國評論新聞網》,<http://hk.crntt.com/doc/1006/2/4/9/100624974.html?coluid=91&kindid=2710&docid=100624974&mdate=0421150400>。
中華人民共和國國務院新聞辦公室,2015/5/26。〈《中國的軍事戰略》白皮書(全文)〉,《國務院新聞辦公室網站》,<http://big5.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.gov.cn/zhengce/2015-05/26/content_2868988.htm>。
王明月,2016/06/19。〈南海的價值,有些你還真不知道〉,《超越新聞網》,<http://beyondnewsnet.com/20160619/26439/>。
宋兆文,2018/1/6。〈永興島,南海武裝衝突引爆點〉,《ETtoday新聞雲》, <https://www.ettoday.net/news/20180106/1086787.htm>。
李佳欣,2016/7/12。〈黃岩島爭端〉,《台灣焦點通訊社》,<http://www.eventsinfocus.org/issues/170>。
李芸,2017/07/06。〈英媒曝越南在南海秘密採油 主權爭議或激化〉,《新唐人》,<http://www.ntdtv.com/xtr/b5/2017/07/06/a1332219.html>。
李修慧,2017/5/16。〈一帶一路高峰論壇落幕:美國低調出席,歐洲多國拒簽貿易聲明〉,《關鍵評論網》,<https://www.thenewslens.com/article/68402>。
李國強,2014/11。〈南海油氣資源勘探開發的政策調適〉,《國際問題研究》,第6期,頁106,《中國國際問題研究院》,<http://www.ciis.org.cn/gyzz/2014-11/20/content_7385361.htm>。
李傑,2016/6/6。〈中國可燃冰資源可用百年 商業開發還需15到20年〉,《中華人民共和國國土資源部》, <http://www.mlr.gov.cn/xwdt/kyxw/201706/t20170606_1509576.htm>。
束沐,2017/12/4。〈袁鵬:從新時代國際戰略布局下思考兩岸關係〉,《中國評論新聞網》,<http://hk.crntt.com/doc/1048/9/9/2/104899257.html?coluid=93&kindid=17211&docid=104899257&mdate=1204003853>。
姚凌、李鵬宇,2018/2/9。〈菲總統府再發聲明:休想利用我們挑戰中國〉,《中國南海新聞網》,<http://nanhai.haiwainet.cn/n/2018/0209/c3542185-31258175.html>。
胡錦洋,2017/12/26。〈閻學通談2018中國崛起:經略南海重在三個排序〉,《環球網》,<http://mil.huanqiu.com/observation/2017-12/11475283.html>。
徐焰,2012/05/21。〈中菲南海爭執幾十年〉,《人民網》, <http://theory.people.com.cn/GB/136457/17938291.html>。
徐夢溪、張爽,2015/9/21。〈金燦榮語中評:中美可以跳出修昔底德陷阱〉,《台灣中評網》,<http://www.crntt.tw/doc/1039/3/7/8/103937837.html?coluid=93&kindid=15470&docid=103937837&mdate=0921001538>。
袁夢晨、王羽,2017/7/15。〈東盟代表說願推進東盟互聯互通規劃與一帶一路倡議對接〉,《人民網》,<http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2017-07/15/nw.D110000renmrb_20170715_3-03.htm>。
張可月,2016/7/30。〈第49屆東盟外長會議:王毅外長都說了什麼?〉,《人民網》,<http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0730/c1002-28597425.html>。
傅瑩、吳士存,2016/5/11。〈南海局勢及南沙群島爭議:歷史回顧與現實思考〉,《中國新聞周刊》,<http://viewpoint.inewsweek.cn/detail-2954.html>。
斯洋,2018/2/10。〈中國在南中國海的終極企圖〉,《美國之音》,<https://www.voachinese.com/a/china-south-china-sea-20180209/4247771.html>。
賀桂芬,2016/1/28。〈一齣沒有腳本的戲 南海到底在爭什麼?〉,《天下雜誌》,<http://www.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=5074221>。
黃子娟,2015/5/26。〈王晉:海軍近海防御遠海護衛戰略是與時俱進〉,《人民網》,<http://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2015/0526/c1011-27058025.html>。
新華社,2013/1/29。〈習近平:更好統籌國內國際兩個大局 夯實走和平發展道路的基礎〉,《共產黨員網》,<http://news.12371.cn/2013/01/29/ARTI1359428429454367.shtml>。
新華社,2013/7/31。〈習近平:要進一步關心海洋、認識海洋、經略海洋〉,《共產黨員網》,<http://news.12371.cn/2013/07/31/ARTI1375272339727567.shtml>。
楊明,2018/6/4。〈新加坡防長稱美中如果不合作世界將是雙輸〉,《美國之音》,<https://www.voacantonese.com/a/shangrila-dialogue-2018-6-3/4423336.html>。
楊曉丹、楊志榮,2017/9/20。〈中國從海洋大國向海洋強國轉變仍然任重道遠〉,《人民網》, <http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0920/c1002-29547939.html>。
葉靖斯,2014/3/13。〈菲律賓證實已向南海仁愛礁駐軍空投補給〉,《BBC中文網》,<https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world/2014/03/140313_philippines_south_china_sea>。
賈宇,2016/5/30。〈建設中國特色海洋強國可分兩階段〉,《中國海洋報》,<http://www.oceanol.com/content/201605/30/c45493.html>。
維基百科,2018/6/27。〈南海〉,<https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/南海#cite_note-IHO-3>。
維基百科,2018/6/29。〈中國人民解放軍東部戰區海軍〉,<https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/中国人民解放军东部战区海军>。
維基百科,2018/7/11。〈中國人民解放軍南部戰區海軍〉,<https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/中国人民解放军南部战区海军>。
維基百科,2018/7/22。〈中國人民解放軍北部戰區海軍〉,<https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/中国人民解放军北部战区海军>。
臧涵、郭至君,2018/6/4。〈菲防長香會答中評:印太戰略未有實質改變〉,《中國評論新聞網》, <http://hk.crntt.com/doc/1050/9/0/7/105090799.html?coluid=218&kindid=11717&docid=105090799&mdate=0604001537>。
劉詩雅,2017/7/4。〈《全國海洋經濟發展“十三五”規劃》緊密圍繞海上絲綢之路建設〉,《中國一帶一路網》,<https://www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/zchj/xzcjd/18110.htm>。
龍金光,2015/7/17。〈王輝耀:東西兩翼可發起“海絲港口聯盟”〉,《南方日報》,<http://www.ccg.org.cn/Effect/View.aspx?Id=2397>。
薛理泰,2013/10/26。〈中國新海軍戰略主導海上大演習〉,《聯合早報》,<http://www.zaobao.com.sg/forum/expert/xie-li-tai/story20131026-269083>。
羅錚,2015/5/26。〈中國海軍推進戰略轉型〉,《中華人民共和國國防部》,<http://www.mod.gov.cn/big5/intl/2015-05/27/content_4587050.htm>。

二、英文文獻
期刊論文
Alice D. Ba, 2017. “Southeast Asia in an Age of Strategic Uncertainty: Legal Rulings, Domestic Impulses, and the Ongoing Pursuit of Autonomy,”Southeast Asian Affairs,pp3-17,<http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy.lis.nsysu.edu.tw:8080/article/658010>.
David Shambaugh, 2018. “U.S.-China Rivalry in Southeast Asia: Power Shift or Competitive Coexistence?,”International Security, Volume 42, Number 4,pp.85-127, <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy.lis.nsysu.edu.tw:8080/article/693696>.
Joel Wuthnow, 2017/7. “Beyond Imposing Costs: Recalibrating U.S. Strategy in the South China Sea,”Asia Policy, Number 24, pp.123-138, <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy.lis.nsysu.edu.tw:8080/article/666579>.
John H. Noer& David Gregory, 1996. “Chokepoints: Maritime Economic Concerns in Southeast Asia,”(Washington, DC. National Defense University&The Center for Naval Analyses), <http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA319445>.
M. Taylor Fravel, 2011/12. “China’s Strategy in the South China Sea,”Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, Volume 33, Number 3, pp.292-319,<http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy.lis.nsysu.edu.tw:8080/article/468542>.
Robert G. Sutter & Chin-Hao Huang, 2015/1.“Beijing Sets Positive Agenda, Plays down Disputes, ”Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS),Comparative Connections,Vol. 16, Issue 3, <http://cc.csis.org/2015/01/beijing-sets-positive-agenda-plays-disputes/>.
Robert G. Sutter & Chin-Hao Huang, 2016/9.“China-Southeast Asia Relations: Countering Adverse Tribunal Ruling, ”Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Comparative Connections,Vol. 18,No. 2, ,pp.59-70,<http://cc.csis.org/2016/09/countering-adverse-tribunal-ruling/>.
Shaun Narine, 2018/4 .“US Domestic Politics and America's Withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership: Implications for Southeast Asia,”Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs,Vol. 40, No. 1, pp.67-70, <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy.lis.nsysu.edu.tw:8080/article/692009>.
官方文件
Ben Dolven& Mark E. Manyin& Shirley A. Kan, 2014. “Maritime Territorial Disputes in East Asia:Issues for Congress,”(Congressional Research Service Report: R42930)(Washington, D.C, United States: Congressional Research Service),p31.<https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42930.pdf>.
Department of foreign affairs of the Republic of The Philippines, 2014/10/1. “Philippines Seeks Un Support For Triple Action Plan To Resolve Maritime Disputes,”DFA Releases, <https://www.dfa.gov.ph/dfa-releases/4201-philippines-seeks-un-support-for-triple-action-plan-to-resolve-maritime-disputes>.
Department of foreign affairs of the Republic of The Philippines, 2017/5/19.“Joint Press Release For The First Meeting Of The Philippines-China Bilateral Consultation Mechanism On The South China Sea,” <https://www.dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/dfa-releasesupdate/12694-joint-press-release-for-the-first-meeting-of-the-philippines-china-bilateral-consultation-mechanism-on-the-south-china-sea>.
Department of foreign affairs of the Republic of The Philippines, 2017/11/16. “Joint Statement between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines and the Government of the People's Republic of China,”<https://www.dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/statements-and-advisoriesupdate/14643-joint-statement-between-the-government-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-and-the-government-of-the-people-s-republic-of-china>.
Donald J. Trump, 2017/11/11. “President Donald J. Trump’s Participation in the 25th Annual Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Economic Leaders’ Meeting and 2017 APEC CEO Summit,”The White House, Foreign Policy, <https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trumps-participation-25th-annual-asia-pacific-economic-cooperation-apec-economic-leaders-meeting-2017-apec-ceo-summit/>.
Donald J. Trump, 2017/11/15. “Remarks by President Trump on His Trip to Asia,”The White House, Foreign Policy, <https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-trip-asia/>.
Name Redacted(Specialist in Asian Affairs& Naval Affairs), 2016.“Arbitration Case Between the Philippines and China Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS),”(Congressional Research Service Report: R44555)(Washington, D.C, United States: Congressional Research Service),P16. <https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R44555.html#fn47>.
Official Gazette of the Republic of The Philippines, “Republic Act No. 10654,” 2015/2/27. <http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2015/02/27/republic-act-no-10654/>.
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網際網路
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