本研究之目的在探討知覺組織支持、正向心理資本、組織變革準備及組織變革抗拒之間的關係。研究對象為製造業的員工，研究者總共發出270份問卷，有效問卷為188份，本研究採配對問卷，由主管與部屬按照1:4之比例發放填答，並透過因素分析、信度分析以及線性結構模式(LISREL)來驗證各研究構面間的影響關係。結果顯示，組織變革準備對組織變革抗拒有顯著的負向影響；而知覺組織支持與正向心理資本都會透過組織變革準備的完全中介效果負向影響組織變革抗拒，但知覺組織支持與正向心理資本對組織變革抗拒沒有直接影響力。故本研究提供三點建議：第一，企業應透過建立良好溝通機制與建立支持變革的文化，提高組織變革準備；第二，企業應建立正向心理資本的職能指標，並應用於招募、徵選與教育訓練；第三，企業可以藉由提供員工福利與工作生活方案，提升員工的知覺組織支持。

The purpose of the study is to explore the relationship between employees’ perceived organizational support, positive psychological capital, readiness for organizational change and resistance to organizational change. The total valid sample consisted of 188 employees from companies in manufacturing industry, which was undergoing change. The data from matched supervisor and subordinate (a 1:4 supervisor -subordinate ratio) responses was analyzed by factor analysis, reliability analysis, and measured by LISREL model to examine the relationship among the constructs. Results showed that employees’ readiness for organizational change had direct effects on their resistance to organizational change, and indicated that readiness for organizational change fully mediated the relationships between perceived organizational support and resistance to organizational change. In addition, readiness for organizational change fully mediated the relationships between positive psychological capital and resistance to organizational change as well. However, neither perceived organizational support nor positive psychological capital had direct effect on employees’ resistance to change. Finally the study provided three suggestions for companies. Firstly, good communication environment and change-supporting culture should be constructed. Secondly, companies could build the competency index including positive psychological capital and implement it into HRM practice, such as recruitment, selecting, and training. Thirdly, employees’ perceived organizational support could be cultivated by providing employees the employee assistance program.

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第三節 研究流程 4
第二章 文獻探討 5
第一節 知覺組織支持 5
第二節 正向心理資本 8
第三節 組織變革準備 11
第四節 組織變革抗拒 20
第五節 各變數間之關係 24
第三章 研究方法 31
第一節 研究架構 31
第二節 研究假設 32
第三節 變項之操作性定義與衡量 33
第四節 研究對象與施測過程 35
第五節 資料分析方法 37
第六節 信度與效度分析 39
第四章 分析結果與討論 47
第一節 研究構面之平均數分析 47
第二節 Pearson相關分析 53
第三節 研究架構整體模式分析 58
第五章 結論與建議 65
第一節 研究結論 65
第二節 理論意涵 70
第三節 實務建議 71
第四節 研究限制及未來建議 73
參考文獻
中文文獻 74
英文文獻 74
附錄 研究問卷 84

中文文獻
陳建丞，2008，員工知覺的組織支持與工作績效間的中介模型研究。管理學報，　25(3)：309-331.
溫金豐，2007，組織理論與管理，台北：學貫行銷股份有限公司。
吳萬益、林清河，2000，企業研究方法，台北：華泰出版社。
英文文獻
Abrahamson, E. 2000. Change without pain. Harvard business review, 78(4): 75-79.
Allen, D. G., Shore, L. M.,& Griffeth, R. W. 2003. The role of perceived organizational support and supportive human resource practices in the turnover process. Journal of Management, 29(1): 99-118.
Aquino, K., & Griffeth, R. W. 1999. An exploration of the antecedents and consequences of perceived organizational support: A longitudinal study. University of Delaware.
Armenakis. A, A,, Harris, S, G.. & Mossholder, K. W, 1993. Creating readiness for organizational change. Human Relations, 46: 681-703.
Armenakis, A. A., & Bedian, A. G. 1999. Organizational change: A review of theory and research in the 1990s. Journal of Management, 25(3): 293-315.
Ashforth, B. E., & Lee, R. T. 1990. Defensive behavior in organizations: A preliminary model. Human Relations, 43: 621-648.
Ashford, S. J. 1988. Individual strategies for coping with stress during organizational transitions. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 24:19–36.
Avey, J. B., Wernsing, T. S., & Luthans, F. 2008. Can positive employees help positive organizational change? –Impact of psychological capital and emotions on relevant attitudes and behaviors. The journal of applied behavioral science, 44(1): 48-70.
Avey, J. B., Patera, J. L., & West, B. J. 2006. Positive psychological capital: A new approach for understanding absenteeism. Journal of leadership and organizational studies, 13: 42-60.
Backer, T. E. 1995. Assessing and enhancing readiness for change: Implications for technology transfer. In T. E. Backer, S. L. David, & G. Soucy (Eds.), Reviewing the behavioral science knowledge base on technology transfer. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Bakker, A. B., van Emmerik, H., & Euwema, M. C. 2006. Crossover of burnout and engagement in work teams. Work and occupations, 33: 464-489.
Bandura, A. 1982. Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American psychology, 37(2): 140.
Baumeister, R. F., Gailliot, M. T., DeWall, C. N., & Oaten, M. 2006. Self-regulation and personality: How interventions increase regulatory success, and how depletion moderates the effects of traits on behavior. Journal of personality, 74: 1773-1801.
Beckhard, R. & Harris, R.T. 1987. Organizational transitions: Managing complex change (2nd Ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Bedeian, A.G., & Zammuto, R.F. 1991. Organizations: Theory and design. Orlando, FL: Dryden Press.
Beer, M., & Walton, A. E. 1987. Organization Change and Development. Annual Review of Psychology, 38: 339-367.
Bies, R. J. 1987. The predicament of injustice: the management of moral outrage. Research in Organizational Behavior, 9: 289-319.
Block, L. G., & Keller, P. A. 1998. Beyond protection motivation: An integrative theory of health appeals. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28:1584-1608.
Bollar, S. L. 1996. The impact of organizational culture on employee work attitudes, readiness for change, and organizational performance. Georgia Institute of Technology.
Bovey, W. H., Hede, A. 2001. Resistance to organizational change, the role of defense mechanism. Leadership& organization development journal, 22(8): 372-382.
Burke, W. W. 2002. Organization change: Theory and practice. London: New Delhi.
Chonko, L. B .2004. Organizational readiness for change, individual fear of change, and sales manager performance. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management.
Chuang, S. C. 2007. Sadder but wiser or happier and smarter? A demonstration of judgment and decision-making. Journal of psychology, 141: 63-76.
Clark, S. W. 2003. The development of an integrated measure of readiness for change instrument and its application on ASC/PK. Air force institute of technology. Wright-patterson air force base, Ohio.
Coch, L., & French, J. 1948. Overcoming resistance to change. Human Relations, 1(4): 512–532.
Coghlan, D. 1993. A person-centred approach to dealing with resistance to change. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 14(4) :10-4.
Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 386-400.
Cropanzano, R., Howes, J. C., Grandey, A. A., & Toth, P. 1997. The relationship of organizational politics and support to work behaviors, attitudes, and stress. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22: 159-180.

Cummings, T. G., & Worley, C. G. 2005. Organization development and change. Madison, WI: Thomson South-Western.
Cunningham, C. E., Woodward, C. A., Shannon, H. S., MacIntosh, J., Lendrum, B., Rosenbloom, D., & Brown, J. 2002. Readiness for organizational change: A longitudinal study of workplace, psychological and behavioural correlates. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75:377-392.
Daft, R. L. 2004. Organization theory and design, 8th Ed., OH: Thompson, South-western.
Davis, H. R. 1973. Change and innovation. In: S. Feldman (Ed.). The administration of mental health services. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. 289-341.
Deevy, E. 1995. Creating the resilient organization: A rapid response management program. Englewood cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Deshpande, R., & Frederick E. W. 1989. Organizational Culture and Marketing: Defining the Research Agenda. Journal of Marketing, 53(1):3-15.
Eby, L. T., Adams, D. M., Russell, J.E.A., & Gaby, S. H. 2000. Perceptions of organizational readiness for change: Factors related to employees’ reactions to the implementation of teambased selling. Human Relations, 53 (3): 419-442.
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. 1986. Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 500-507.
Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P., & Davis, L. V. 1990. Perceived organizational support and employee diligence, commitment, and innovation. Journal of Applied Psychology. 75(1): 51-59.
Eisenberger, R. Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P. D., & Rhoades, L. 2001. Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of applied psychology, 86(1): 42-51.
Eisenberger, R., Rhoades, L., & Cameron, J. 1999. Does pay for performance increase or decrease perceived self-determination and intrinsic motivation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77: 1026–1040.
Eugene M. 2006. Business psychology and organizational behavior. New York: Psychology.
Fredrickson, B. L. 2003. Positive emotions and upward spirals in organizations. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn (Eds.). Positive organizational scholarship, 241-261. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Ford, J. D., Ford, L. W., D'AMELIO, A. 2008. Resistance to change: The rest of the story. Academy of Management Review, 33(2): 362-377.
Fasolo, P. 1995. Procedural justice and perceived organizational support: Hypothesized effects on job performance. In R. S. Cropanzano & K. M. Kacmar (Eds.). Organizational politics, justice, and support: Managing the social climate in the workplace. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
Furnham, A. 2005. The psychology of behavior at work: The individual in the organization. New York: Routledge.
Greenberg, J. 1994. Using socially fair treatment to promote acceptance of a work site smoking ban. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(2): 288-297.
Hambrick, D. C., & Cannella, A. A. Jr. 1989. Strategy implementation as substance and selling. Academy of management executive, 3(4): 278-285.
Harris, R. B., Harris, K. J., Harvey, P. 2007. A test of competing models of the relationships among perceptions of organizational politics, perceived organizational support, and individual outcomes. The Journal of Social Psychology, 147(6): 631-655.
Hartley, J., Jacobson, D., Klandermans, B. & van Vuuren, T. 1991. Job insecurity: Coping with jobs at risk. London: Sage.
Harvey, T. R. 1990. Checklist for change: A pragmatic approach to creating controlling change. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Hay, P., & Hartel, C. E. J. 2000. Toward improving the success of change management efforts: modeling the factors contributing to employee’s resistance during change implementation. Management development forum, 91-119.
Hay and McBer Company. 1993. Total quality management readiness index. Boston: Author.
Henkel, A. G., Repp-Begin, C., & Vogt, J. F. 1993. Empowerment-readiness survey: Foundations for total quality. Developing human resources, San Diego, CA: Pfeiffer and Company.
Herscovitch, L., & Meyer, J. P. 2002. Commitment to organizational change: Extension of a three-component model. Journal of applied psychology, 97: 474-487.
Human Resource Development Press. 1995. Change abilitator leader’s guide: A tool for managing change. Amherst, MA: Author.
Hutchison, S. 1997. A path model of perceived organizational support. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 12(1): 159-174.
Hurt, H. T., Joseph, K., & Cook, C. D. 1977. Scales for the measurement of innovativeness. Human Communications Research, 4(1): 58-65.
Holt, D. T., Armenakis, A. A., Field, H. S., Harris, S. G. 2007. Readiness for organizational change. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43(2): 232-255.
Ilandura, A, A, 1982, Selt-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37: 122-147.
Jones, J. E., & Bearley, W. L. 1996. Organizational change-readiness scale: Facilitator’s guide. Amherst, MA: HRD Press.
Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Pucik, V., & Welbourne, T. M. 1999. Managerial coping with organizational change: A dispositional perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84: 107-122.
Kanter, R. M. 1985. Managing the human side of change. Management Review, 74: 52–56.
Keith, K. L. 1986. The development and analysis of a “ perceived readiness for change” measure as a part of an organizational change process. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of Utah, Provo, UT.
Kersting, K. 2003. Turning happiness into economic power. Monitor on Psychology,34(11):26.
Konovsky, M. A. and Folger, R. (1991) The effects of procedures, social accounts and benefits level on victims’ layoff reactions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21(8): 630–650.
Kotter, J. P., & Schlesinger, L. A. 1979. Choosing strategies for change. Harvard business review, 106-114.
Kotter, J. P. 1996. Leading change. Boston: Harvard business school press.
Kubler-Ross, E. 1969. On death and dying. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc.
Larson, M., & Luthans, F. 2006. Potential added value of psychological capital in predicting work attitudes. Journal of leadership & organizational studies, 13(2).
Levinson, H. 1965. Reciprocation: The relationship between man and organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 9: 370-390.
Lewin, K. 1951. Field theory in social science. New York: Harper and Row.
Luthans, F., Luthans, K. W., Luthans, B.C. 2004. Positive psychological capital beyond human and social capital. 47(1): 45-50.
Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S. M., Combs, G. M. 2006. Psychological capital development: toward a micro-intervention. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(3): 387-393.
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. 2007. Psychological Capital: Developing the Human Competitive Edge. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Clapp-Smith, R., & Li, W. 2008. More evidence on the value of Chinese workers’ psychological capital: A potentially unlimited competitive resource? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19: 818-827.
Luthans, F., Norman, S. M., Avolio, B. J., & Avey, J. B. 2008. The mediating role of psychological capital in the supportive organizational climate - employee performance relationship. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29: 219-238.
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. 2005. The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success. Psychological Bulletin, 131: 803-855.
Madsen, S. R. Miller, D., & John, C. R. 2005. Readiness for organizational change：Do organizational commitment and social relationships in the workplace make a difference? Human resource development quarterly, 16(2).
McNabb, D. E., & Sepic, F. T. 1995. Culture, climate and total quality management: measuring readiness for change. Public Production & Management Review, 18(4): 369-385.
Meyer, J. P, Srinivas, E. S., Laland, J. B., Topolnytsky, L. 2007. Employee commitment and support for an organizational change：Test of the three-component model in two cultures.
Morera, O. F., Johnson, T. P., Freels, S., Parsons, J., Crittenden, K. S., Flay, B. R., & Warnecke, R. B. 1998. The measure of state of readiness to change: Some psychometric considerations. Psychological Assessment, 10 (2):182-186.
Mowday, R., & Sutton, R. 1993. Organizational behavior: Linking individuals and groups to organizational contexts. Annual Review of Psychology, 44: 195-229.
Nunnally, J. 1978. Psychometric Methods, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Oreg, S. 2003. Resistance to Change：Developing an Individual Differences Measure. Journal of applied psychology, 88(4): 680-693.
Piderit, S. K. 2000. Rethinking resistance and recognizing ambivalence: a multidimensional view of attitudes toward organizational change. Academy of management review, 25(4): 783-794.
Portes, A. 1998. Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24: 1-24.
Prochaska, J. O., Redding, C. A., & Evers, K. E. 1997. The transtheoretical model and stages of change. In K. Glanz, F. M. Lewis, & B. K. Rimer (Eds.), Health behavior and health education, 60-84. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Quinn, R. E. 2004. Building the Bridge as You Walk On It: A Guide for Leading Change , San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Randall, M. L., Cropanzano, R., Bormann, C. A., & Birjulin, A. 1994. The relationship of organizational politics and organizational support to employee attitudes and behavior. Academy of Management, Dallas, TX.
Reichers, A. E., Wanous, J. P., & Austin, J. T. 1997. Understanding and managing cynicism about organizational change. Academy of management executive, 11(1): 48-59.
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger R. 2002. Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4): 698-714.
Schein, E. A. 1992. Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2d edition, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Schneider, Benjamin, & Rentsch, J. 1988. Managing climates and cultures: a futures perspective. Futures of Organizations, J. Hage, ed., Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 181-200.
Schweiger, D. M., & DeNisi, A. S. 1991. Communication with employees following a merger: A longitudinal field experiment. Academy of Management Journal, 34:110–135.
Self, D. R., Armenakis A. A., & Schraeder, M. 2007. Organizational Change Content, Process, and Context: A Simultaneous Analysis of Employee Reactions. Journal of Change Management, 7(2): 211-229.
Shapiro, D. L., & Kirkman, B. L. 1999. Employee’s reaction to the change to work teams: The influence of “anticipatory” injustice. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12, 51-66.
Shore, L. M., & Shore, T. H. 1995. Perceived organizational support and organizational justice. In R. Cropanzano & K. Kacmar (Eds.), Organizational politics, justice, and support, 149-164. Westport, CT: Quorum.
Shore, L. M.,&Wayne, S. J. 1993. Commitment and employee behavior: Comparison of affective commitment and continuance commitment with perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78: 774-780.
Stanley, D. J., Meyer, J. P., & Topolntsky, L. 2005. Employee cynicism and resistance to organizational change. Journal of business and psychology, 19: 429-459.
Stewart, T. A. 1994. Your company’s most valuable asset：Intellectual capital. Fortune, 28-33.
Stinglhamber, F., & Vandenberghe, C. 2003. Organizations and supervisors as sources of support and targets of commitment: A longitudinal study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(3): 251-270.
Storseth, F. and Rundmo, T. 2002. Organizational change and work motivation—case 1, Norwegian title: Organisasjonsendring og arbeidsmotivasjon—bedriftscase 1, Rotunde publications.
Trumbo, D. A., 1961. Individual and Group Correlates of Attitudes toward Work-Related Change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 45: 338-344.
Wanberg, C. R., & Banas, J. T. 2000. Predictors and outcomes of openness to changes in a reorganizing workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85:132-142.
Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Austion, J. T. 2000. Cynicism about organizational change: Measurement, antecedents, and correlates. Group and organization management, 25: 132-153.
Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., & Liden, R. C. 1997. Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40: 82-111.
Weber, P. S., & Weber, J. E. 2001. Changes in employee perceptions during organizational change. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 22 (6): 291-300.
Zaltman, G., & Duncan, R. 1977. Strategies for planned change. New York: Wiley.