Responsive image
博碩士論文 etd-0703108-175409 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0703108-175409
論文名稱
Title
摻鉻釔鋁石榴石超寬頻雙纖衣晶體光纖放大器之研製
The Study and Fabrication of Ultra-broadband Optical Amplifier Based on Cr4+:YAG Double-clad Crystal Fiber
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
112
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2008-06-22
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2008-07-03
關鍵字
Keywords
鉻、雙纖衣、放大器、光纖、石榴石
YAG, optical amplifier, crystal fiber, Cr
統計
Statistics
本論文已被瀏覽 5685 次,被下載 0
The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5685 times, has been downloaded 0 times.
中文摘要
中文摘要
由於光通訊的快速成長與需求,傳輸資訊量每年皆以倍數成長,加上消除OH-離子光纖的技術突破,使得低損耗波段可傳輸的波長擴展為1.3 um~1.6 um。伴隨著光纖通訊的需求急速增加,亦發展出分波多工技術,但仍要有光放大器加以搭配,才能充分發揮這項新技術。Cr4+:YAG晶體,其自發輻射光譜涵蓋了1.3 um ~1.6 um的範圍,且其吸收頻譜在0.9 um~1.2 um波長範圍內,與目前摻鉺光纖放大器0.98 um激發光源相容,故非常適合於晶體光纖放大器之應用。

本論文將介紹雷射加熱基座生長法製備的超寬頻雙纖衣Cr4+:YAG晶體光纖放大器的發展。目前以端面對接耦合方式在SMF28-Cr4+:YAG DCF-SMF28 (Cr4+:YAG DCF即雙纖衣Cr4+:YAG晶體光纖)架構,訊號光全波段(1.26 ~ 1.64 um)系統插入損耗已降至2.0 dB ~ 2.9 dB,雙向各輸入0.7 W激發光功率時,可產生增益3.2 dB,系統淨損耗為1.3 dB。此外,本論文亦對雙纖衣Cr4+:YAG晶體光纖做完整的數值模擬分析,並與實驗結果比對,進而找出實驗上的改善方向。藉數值模擬分析可知泵浦光的激發態吸收將嚴重阻礙雙纖衣Cr4+:YAG晶體光纖放大器進展。

未來我們將試著藉由cladding pump取代core pump架構以及用波長925 nm取代波長1064 nm作為泵浦光源,以期能降低pump ESA。同時我們將嘗試生長纖心直徑更小的光纖並拉長其長度,以改善系統的增益。
Abstract
Abstract
The maximum capacity of an optical fiber transmission system is more than doubled every year to cater the fast-growing communication need. The technology breakthrough in dry fiber fabrication opens the possibility for fiber bandwidth from 1.3 um to 1.6 um. The fast increasing demand of communication capacity results in the emergence of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology, which results in the need for ultra-broadband optical amplifier. Cr4+:YAG has a strong spontaneous emission spectrum covers from 1.3 um to 1.6 um. In addition, its absorption spectrum is between 0.9 um to 1.2 um, which matches with the pumping source in current erbium doped optical amplifier. Such fiber is, therefore, eminently suitable for optical amplifier applications.

In this thesis, we introduce the development of ultra-broadband optical amplifier using the double-clad Cr4+:YAG crystal fiber, which is grown by the laser heated pedestal growth (LHPG) technique. With the butt-coupling method, the insertion loss decreases to 2.0 dB ~ 2.9 dB in a SMF-Cr4+:YAG DCF-SMF configuration at signal wavelength from 1.26 to 1.64 um. A gross gain of 3.2 dB is demonstrated at 0.7 W bi-directional pump power at present. Moreover, theoretical models and numerical simulations have been developed to find out a better method for experiments. Numerical simulation indicates that the pump ESA will seriously impede the development of optical amplifier using the double-clad Cr4+:YAG crystal fiber.

In the future, in order to reduce pump ESA we attempt to use cladding pump scheme instead of core pump scheme and to choose pump wavelength at 925 nm instead of 1064 nm,. At the same time, we will also try to grow crystal fiber of smaller core diameter and to extend its length to improve gain performance.
目次 Table of Contents
中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
致謝 iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 x
第一章 緒論 1
第二章 雙纖衣Cr4+:YAG晶體光纖的特性 8
2.1 YAG晶體之結構與特性 8
2.2 Cr4+:YAG的能階模型與吸收及放射頻譜 14
2.3雙纖衣Cr4+:YAG晶體光纖之生長方法 17
2.4雙纖衣Cr4+:YAG晶體光纖之晶體分析 25
2.5雙纖衣Cr4+:YAG晶體光纖中之傳輸 28
第三章 理論分析與數值模擬 38
3.1 理論模型 38
3.1.1速率方程式 38
3.1.2泵浦光源、訊號光源與ASE之光強度變化 40
3.2 數值模擬分析 42
第四章 雙纖衣Cr4+:YAG晶體光纖放大器樣品製備 49
4.1雙纖衣Cr4+:YAG晶體光纖樣品端面之研磨拋光 49
4.2雙纖衣Cr4+:YAG晶體光纖之散熱封裝 54
第五章 雙纖衣Cr4+:YAG晶體光纖放大器之特性量測 56
5.1雙纖衣Cr4+:YAG晶體光纖之耦光 56
5.2插入損耗量測 59
5.2.1單邊插入損耗 60
5.2.2雙邊插入損耗 61
5.3 增益實驗量測架構與結果 65
5.3.1 系統增益 65
5.3.2 雙向泵浦雙纖衣Cr4+:YAG晶體光纖 66
5.3.3 雙向泵浦且雙次傳輸量測 70
5.4 不同波長之激發態吸收截面積之量測 73
5.5 小訊號頻擾參數(Chirp)量測 75
第六章 結論 79
參考文獻 83
中英對照表 87
附錄:CDFA之模擬程式 90
參考文獻 References
參考文獻
[1] 山下真司,“圖解光纖通信原理與散新應用技術”,建興文化,2003年。
[2] D. W. Hewak, “Progress towards a 1300 nm fiber amplifier,” IEEE Colloquium, vol. 26, pp. 12/1-12/5, 1998.
[3] S. Q. Man, H. W. Liu, Y. H. Wong, E. Y. B. Pun, and P. S. Chung, “Tellurite glasses for 1.3 um optical amplifiers,” Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (LEOS) Annual Meeting, vol. 1, pp. 196-197, 1998.
[4] S. Aozasa, H. Masuda, H. Ono, T. Sakamoto, T. Kanamori, Y. Ohishi, and M. Shimizu, “1480-1510 nm-band Tm doped fiber amplifier (TDFA) with a high power conversion efficiency of 42%,” Optical Fiber Communication (OFC) Conference, vol. 4, pp. PD1, 2001.
[5] Y. Miyajima, T. Kamukai, and T. Sugawa, “1.31-1.36 um optical amplification in Nd3+-doped fluorozirconate fiber,” Electron. Lett., vol. 26, pp. 194-195, 1990.
[6] G. P. Agrawal and N. K. Dutta, “Long-wavelength Semiconductor Lasers,” New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1986, Ch. 3.
[7] A. Mecozzi and J. M. Wiesenfeld, “The roles of semiconductor optical networks,” Optics & Photonics News, pp. 37-42, March 2001.
[8] E. Desurvire, “Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifiers: Principles and Applications,” New York: Wiley, 1994, Ch. 4.
[9] S. Shimada and H. Ishio, “Optical Amplifiers and their Applications,” New York: Wiley, 1994, Ch. 2.
[10] Y. Shi and O. Poulsen, “High-power broadband single mode Pr3+-doped fiber superfluorescence light source,” Electron. Lett., vol. 29, pp. 1945-1946, 1993.
[11] N. Islam, “Raman amplifiers for telecommunications,” IEEE J. Quant. Electron., vol. 8, pp. 548-559, 2002.
[12] R. S. Feigelson, W. L. Kway, and R. K. Route, “Single crystal fibers by the laser-heated pedestal growth method,” Opt. Eng., vol. 24, pp. 1102-1107, 1985.
[13] J. S. Haggerty, “Production of fibers by a floating zone fiber drawing technique,” Final Report NASA-CR-120948, 1972.
[14] C. A. Burrus and J. Stone, “Single-crystal fiber optical devices: A Nd:YAG fiber laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 26, pp. 318-320, 1975.
[15] M. M. Fejer, G. A. Magel, and R. L. Byer, “High-speed high-resolution fiber diameter variation measurement system,” Appl. Opt., vol. 24, pp. 2362-2368, 1985.
[16] S. Sudo, A. Cordova-Plaza, R. L. Byer, and H. J. Shaw, “MgO:LiNbO3 single-crystal fiber with magnesium-ion in-diffused cladding,” Opt. Lett., vol. 12, pp. 938-940, 1987.
[17] S. Ishibashi, K. Naganuma, and I. Yokohama, “Cr,Ca:Y3Al5O12 laser crystal grown by the laser-heated pedestal growth method,” J. Crys. Growth, vol. 183, pp. 614-621, 1998.
[18] S. Ishibashi and K. Naganuma, “Diode-pumped Cr4+:YAG single-crystal fiber laser,” in Advanced Solid State Lasers, OSA Technical Digest Series (Optical Society of America, 2000), paper MD4.
[19] M. A. Gulgun, W. Y. Ching, Y. N. Xu, and M. Ruhle, “Electron states of YAG probed by energy-loss near-edge spectrometry and ab initio calculations,” Phil. Mag. B, vol. 79, pp. 921-940, 1999.
[20] H. Eilers, W. M. Dennis, W. M. Yen, S. Kuck, K. Peterman, G. Huber, and W. Jia, “Performance of a Cr:YAG laser,” IEEE J. Quant. Electron., vol. 29, pp. 2508-2512, 1993.
[21] S. Kuck, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Spectroscopic investigation of the Cr4+-center in YAG,” OSA Proceedings on Advanced Solid-State Lasers, vol. 10, pp. 92-94, 1991.
[22] B. M. Tissue, W. Jia, L. Lu, and W. M. Yen, “Coloration of chromium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet single-crystal fibers using a divalent codopant,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 70, pp. 3775-3777, 1991.
[23] G. Keiser, “Optical Fiber Communications,” 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, 2000, Ch. 2 and Ch. 3.
[24] A. Sennaroglu, “Analysis and optimization of lifetime thermal loading in continuous-wave Cr4+-doped solid-state lasers,” J. Opt. Soc. Am., vol. 18, pp. 1578-1586, 2001.
[25] G. A. Magel, M. M. Fejer, and R. L. Byer, “Quasi-phase-matched second harmonic generation of blue light in periodically poled LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 56, pp. 108-110, 1990.
[26] L. Hesseling and S. Redfield, “Photorefractive holographic recording in strontium barium niobate fiber,” Opt. Lett., vol. 13, pp. 877-879, 1988.
[27] R. S. Feigelson, D. Gazit, and D. K. Fork, “Superconducting Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O fibers grown by the laser-heated pedestal growth method,” Science, vol. 240, pp. 1642-1645, 1988.
[28] 張金倉,霍玉晶,何豫生,“激光加熱浮區生長強織構高溫超導晶纖的研究”,中國激光,第20卷,第8期,1993年。
[29] B. E. A. Saleh and M. C. Teich, “Fundamentals of Photonics,” 1st ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1991, Ch. 6 and Ch. 7.
[30] J. D. Love, W. M. Henry, W. J. Stewart, R. J. Black, S. Lacroix, and F. Gonthier, “Tapered single-mode fibers and devices Part 1: Adiabaticity criteria,” IEE Proc., vol. 138, pp. 343-354, 1991.

[31] N. I. Borodin, V. A. Zhitnyuk, A. G. Okhrimchuk, and A. V. Shestakov, “Oscillation of a Y3Al5O12 : Cr4+ laser in wavelength region of 1.34-1.6 um,” Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Ser., vol. 54, pp. 54-60, 1990.
[32] I. J. Miller, A. J. Alcock, and J. E. Bernard, “Experimental Investigation of Cr4+ in YAG as a passive Q-switch,” in OSA Proceedings on Advanced Solid-state Lasers, vol. 13, pp. 322-325, 1992.
[33] H. Eilers, K. R. Hoffman, W. M. Dennis, S. M. Jacobsen, and W. M. Yen, “Saturation of 1.064 um absorption in Cr,Ca:Y3Al5O12 crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 61, pp. 2958-2960, 1992.
[34] K. Spariosu, W. Chen, R. Stultz, M. Birnbaum, and A. V. Shestakov, “Dual Q switching and laser action at 1.06 and 1.44 um in a Nd3+:YAG-Cr4+:YAG oscillator at 300 K,” Opt. Lett. vol. 18, pp. 814-816, 1993.
[35] E. Eilers, U. Hommerich, S. M. Jacobsen, and W. M. Yen, “Spectroscopy and dynamics of Cr4+:Y3Al5O12,” Phys. Rev. B, vol. 49, No. 22, pp. 15505-15513, 1994.
[36] Y. Shimony, Z. Burshtein, and Y. Kalisky, “Cr4+:YAG as passive Q-switch and Brewster plate in a pulsed Nd:YAG laser,” IEEE J. Quant. Electron., vol. 31, pp. 1738-1741, 1995.
[37] S. Kuck, K. Petermann, U. Pholmann, and G. Huber, “Near-infrared emission of Cr4+-doped garnets: lifetimes, quantum efficiencies, and emission cross sections,” Phys. Rev. B, vol. 51, pp. 17323-17331, 1995.
[38] S. C. Lopez, R. P. M. Green, G. J. Crofts, and M. J. Damzen, “Intensity-induced birefringence in Cr4+:YAG,” J. Mod. Opt., vol. 44, pp. 209-219, 1997.
[39] A. Suda, A. Kadoi, K. Nagasaka, H. Tashiro, and K. Midorikawa, “Absorption and oscillation characteristics of a pulsed Cr4+:YAG laser investigated by a doubled-pulse pumping technique,” IEEE. J. Quant. Electron., vol. 35, pp. 1548-1553, 1999.
[40]
J. C. Diettrich, I. T. McKinnie, and D. M. Warringtion, “The influence of active ion concentration and crystal parameters on pulsed Cr:YAG laser performance,” Opt. Commun., vol. 167, pp. 133-140, 1999.
[41] R. Feldman, Y. Shimony, and Z. Burshtein, “Dynamics of chromium ion valence transformations in Cr,Ca:YAG crystals used as laser gain and passive Q-switching media,” Opt. Mater., vol. 24, pp. 333-344, 2003.

[42]
Z. Burshtein, P. Blau, Y. Kalisky, Y. Shimony, and M. R. Kokta, “Excited-state absorption studies of Cr4+ ions in several garnet host crystals,”IEEE J. Quant. Electron., vol.34, pp. 292-299, 1998.
[43] 吳祖修,“電致光吸收調變器之高速特性與系統應用”,國立中山大學光電工程研究所碩士論文,2005年。
[44] S. M. Yeh, D. J. Feng, Y. C. Huang, T. S. Lay, S. L. Huang, P. Yeh, and W. H. Cheng, “Mode matching and insertion loss in ultra-broadband Cr-doped multimode fibers,” Opt. Lett., vol. 33, pp. 785-787, 2008.
電子全文 Fulltext
本電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的,進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定,切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送,以免觸法。
論文使用權限 Thesis access permission:校內校外均不公開 not available
開放時間 Available:
校內 Campus:永不公開 not available
校外 Off-campus:永不公開 not available

您的 IP(校外) 位址是 18.232.113.65
論文開放下載的時間是 校外不公開

Your IP address is 18.232.113.65
This thesis will be available to you on Indicate off-campus access is not available.

紙本論文 Printed copies
紙本論文的公開資訊在102學年度以後相對較為完整。如果需要查詢101學年度以前的紙本論文公開資訊,請聯繫圖資處紙本論文服務櫃台。如有不便之處敬請見諒。
開放時間 available 已公開 available

QR Code