目前台灣現場觀測內波多在南中國海或東海，利用SAR影像分析和ADCP或溫度串等儀器錨碇，長期量測其振幅變化及流速；然因影響現場觀測的因數過多，且不易掌握其各別對內波的影響，對內波內水粒子運動軌跡研究亦無法檢驗。
本研究於中山大學二維內波水槽(12×0.5×0.7 m)，於總水深0.5 m的條件下，在雙層流水體中製造界面孤立內波，觀測內波傳遞時水粒子運動軌跡，計算內波流速分佈，並與孤立內波傳遞數值模式之結果相比較。隨後利用實驗室實驗結果修正數值模式結果，求得迴歸式縮小數值與實驗結果差異，再結合數值與實驗之相關物理特性，研究內波各層水體間流速變化及流場分佈情形。水槽中之上、下層水深比 、造波區位能差及追蹤粒子密度為實驗主要控制變因。在不同實驗條件配合下，以影像分析技術求得水粒子運動之物理量，並與數值模式計算結合，探討在不同水深處之水粒子運動特性。
由量測實驗室下沉型與上舉型孤立內波的水粒子運動，得知內波流場中密躍層上、下水體的水平流速呈不對稱型態。在界面上、下水體產生反向流場，與波同向的水層其水平速度大於反向的水層。水平流速在界面形成分隔，界面水平流速為零，在其上下發生互相反向的流場；而垂直流速的分隔點則是發生在內波波谷或波峰，在此處垂直流速為零，最大的垂直流速則發生在波谷或波峰前後兩側的界面水深處。數值計算之孤立內波流場分佈，發現渦漩不會發生在波谷或波峰的上下，而在下沉型孤立內波的波谷上方至界面水深或上舉型孤立內波波峰下方至界面水深處，界面明顯阻隔上下水體的交換。
由結合修正的數值模式與實驗室試驗資料，可建立孤立內波在水平底床傳遞時的流場分佈，對孤立內波之水粒子運動特性有更深入的暸解，能做為未來驗證基礎理論或現場研究之參考。

Many oceanographers have conducted field experiments on internal waves in the South China Sea using SAR imagery, ADCP and CTD. The results arising from these field studies are mostly in terms of wave amplitudes and flow velocities. Despite schematic diagram depicting the orbits of water particle motion has been accepted for more than decades, evidence has not been available from field observations or laboratory experiments.
Laboratory experiments on water-particle motion were conducted on the propagation of elevation and depression ISW in a stratified two-layer fresh/brine fluid system in a steel-framed wave tank of 12 m long with cross section of 0.7 m high by 0.5 m wide. Numerical modeling was also performed using in put data identical to laboratory experiments.
Based on our results of the numerical and laboratory experiments, the velocity field displays significant vortex while an internal solitary wave (ISW) propagates on a flat bottom. The strong vortex appears in the region of wave crest or trough. The track of fluid particle velocity in the upper layer is asymmetric and is moving in the opposite direction to that in the lower layer. The maximum horizontal velocity occurs at the crest of an elevation ISW and at the trough of a depression ISW. However, no horizontal flow is found on the interface of the still water level, and no vertical velocity at the wave peak. The vertical and horizontal velocities are antecedent with the water depth. For an elevation ISW, the maximum horizontal velocity appears in the lower layer, and vice versa for a depression ISW. The direction of the horizontal velocity in the upper layer is opposite to that in the lower layer.
This study presents the results of numerical calculations and laboratory observations of the particles originally resting on a specific level and their movements within an ISW. The finding generated from this research would benefit others on the verification of field results or analytical theory for fluid particle motions associated with ISW.

謝誌
摘要 I
Abstract II
目錄 IV
符號表 VI
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 X

第一章 緒論 1-1
1.1 前言 1-1
1.2 文獻回顧 1-3
1.2.1 現場研究調查 1-3
1.2.2 實驗室研究 1-6
1.2.3 理論研究 1-7
1.3 研究目的 1-9
1.4 本文架構 1-10
第二章 內波基本理論與理論推導 2-1
2.1 內波的生成與傳遞 2-1
2.1.1 水體的分層 2-1
2.1.2 內波的生成 2-2
2.1.3 內波的型態 2-3
2.1.4 內波的傳遞 2-4
2.1.5 內波的流場 2-4
2.2 內波水粒子運動理論 2-6
第三章 實驗室佈置 3-1
3.1 實驗設置 3-1
3.1.1 實驗設備與儀器設置 3-1
3.1.2 實驗步驟與流程 3-4
3.1.3 實驗儀器之設置 3-7
3.1.4 實驗條件 3-7
3.1.5 實驗項目 3-10
3.2 數值模式設定 3-13
第四章 實驗數據整理 4-1
4.1 實驗室實驗說明 4-1
4.1.1 粒子運動軌跡 4-1
4.1.1.1 下沈型孤立內波 4-1
4.1.1.2 上舉型孤立內波 4-3
4.1.2 實驗室孤立內波粒子速度量測 4-5
4.1.3 實驗室實驗條件參數 4-11
4.2 數值試驗結果分析 4-15
4.2.1 數值試驗之流場及流速 4-15
4.2.2 數值試驗計算之物理量 4-21
第五章 實驗結果分析與討論 5-1
5.1 實驗室數據分析 5-2
5.1.1 水平流速與垂直流速 5-3
5.1.2 振幅與水平流速關係 5-6
5.1.3 內波波形對最大水平流速的影響 5-8
5.2 實驗與數值模式比較結果 5-12
5.2.1 密度分層的差異性 5-12
5.2.2 水平及垂直最大流速比較 5-16
5.2.3 建立流速修正經驗式 5-21
5.3 修正數值模式結果及比較 5-28
5.3.1 流速修正比較 5-28
5.3.2 分析數值計算結果 5-34
第六章 結論與建議 6-1
6.1 結論 6-1
6.2 建議 6-5
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