本研究利用LpDNPH−Cartridge及微電腦空氣採樣器分析高雄市 (楠梓站及小港站)與高雄縣(仁武站及林園站)四季大氣中醛酮類化合物(Carbonyls)之濃度特徵，並探討醛酮類化合物濃度四季變化及日變化，最後利用因子分析推估高雄地區境內之可能污染來源。

楠梓站及小港站濃度最高為乙醛，年平均濃度為27.83 μg/m3及28.91 μg/m3，其次為甲醛，年平均濃度為5.03 μg/m3及6.92 μg/m3；仁武站及林園站濃度最高為乙醛，年平均濃度為11.46 μg/m3及10.06 μg/m3，其次為甲醛，年平均濃度為7.88 μg/m3及6.59 μg/m3。

季節性方面，楠梓站與小港站均以夏季(65.42及85.09 μg/m3)最高，冬季(25.06及37.12 μg/m3)最低；仁武站與林園站均以冬季(49.94及55.24 μg/m3)最高，秋季(24.48及11.78 μg/m3)最低，另外此兩地區其他Carbonyls物種分布均不相似，可知在都市及鄉村Carbonyls之來源及分布不同。日變化方面，早上及晚上時段因交通車流量較高，使得Carbonyls濃度較高。

以因子分析法解析Carbonyls濃度，推估出楠梓地區主要污染物來源為移動源(汽車與柴油車)、工業源(金屬、廢棄物處理、造紙)、餐飲源及其他污染源；小港地區污染物貢獻來源為移動源(汽車與柴油車)、工業源(皮革、化學製程)及餐飲源；仁武地區主要污染物為工業源(金屬、化學製程)、移動源(汽車)、餐飲源及其他排放源；林園地區污染物貢獻來源為工業源(金屬、皮革、鋼鐵)、移動源(柴油車)及餐飲源。

The concentrations of atmospheric carbonyls were studied by the LpDNPH-Cartridge and the microcomputer air sampling device at Nan-Chie 、Hsiung-Kong、Ren-Wu and Lin-Yuan sites. Factor analysis was also used to determine the source apportionment in the Kaoshiung area.

The results showed that the highest concentrations of carbonyls was acetaldehyde (27.83, 28.91, 11.46 and 10.06 μg/m3) at four sites, followed by formaldehyde (5.03, 6.92, 7.88 and 6.59 μg/m3), respectively.

The highest concentration of total carbonyls at Nan-Chie and Hsiung-Kong was 65.42 μg/m3 and 85.09 μg/m3 in summer, the lowest concentration was 25.06 μg/m3 and 37.12 μg/m3 in winter, relatively, the highest concentration of total carbonyls at Ren-Wu and Lin-Yuan was 49.94 μg/m3 and 55.24 μg/m3 in winter, the lowest concentration was 24.48 μg/m3 and 11.78 μg/m3 in autumn. Additionally, peak rush hours of the traffics, either in the morning or at night, would result in increased concentration of Carbonyls.

The results of factor analysis showed that the principle sources at Nan-Chie were traffic exhausts (diesel and gasoline vehicle) and stationary sources (metal assembly, waste treatment, pulp and restaurant). The principle sources at Hsiung-Kong were traffic exhausts (diesel, and gasoline vehicle), stationary sources (leather, chemical process and restaurant). The main sources at Ren-Wu were traffic exhausts (gasoline vehicle) and stationary sources (metal assembly, chemical process and restaurant). The main sources at Lin-Yuan were traffic exhausts (diesel vehicle) and stationary sources (metal assembly, leather, steel production and restaurant).

目 錄

謝誌 I
中文摘要 II
英文摘要 III
目錄 IV
表目錄 VI
圖目錄 VIII
附表目錄 IX
附圖目錄 X

第一章 前言 1-1
1.1 研究緣起 1-1
1.2 研究目標 1-1

第二章 相關研究及文獻回顧 2-1
2.1 高雄縣市近年空氣及氣象背景資料概述 2-1
2.1.1 空氣品質PSI變化趨勢 2-1
2.1.2 各空氣污染物濃度變化趨勢 2-5
2.1.3 高雄市空氣污染物排放量概估 2-16
2.1.4高雄市空氣污染物排放量概估 2-17
2.1.5高雄地區氣象概述 2-21
2.2 醛酮類化合物 2-24
2.2.1 醛酮類化合物之特性 2-24
2.2.2 醛酮類化合物之來源及排放特徵 2-26
2.2.3醛酮類化合物在大氣環境中之生成 2-29
2.2.4醛酮類化合物在大氣環境中之轉化 2-32
2.2.5醛酮類化合物及其前驅物致臭氧生成特性 2-34
2.2.6醛酮類化合物之健康危害 2-35
2.2.7醛酮類化合物之濃度分布 2-37
2.3 受體模式 2-38
2.3.1主成分分析/絕對主成分分析 2-38

第三章 研究方法與步驟 3-1
3.1 研究架構與流程 3-1
3.2大氣中醛酮類化合物(Carbonyls)採樣地點及時段規劃 3-2
3.2.1 大氣多環芳香烴化合物採樣規劃 3-2
3.3 採樣方法與設備 3-5
3.3.1空氣採樣器 3-5
3.3.2吸附管 3-7
3.4採樣程序 3-8
3.5樣品分析 3-8
3.6分析設備及程序 3-8
3.7因子分析與受體模式之理論基礎 3-9
3.7.1因子分析 3-9
3.8 Carbonyls分析之品質保證與品質控制 3-13
3.8.1空白試驗 3-13
3.8.2方法偵測極限 3-13
3.8.3檢量線之配置 3-14
3.8.4準確度 3-14
3.8.5精密度(RSD) 3-15

第四章 結果與討論 4-1
4.1大氣中醛酮類化合物(Carbonyl compounds)濃度 4-1
4.1.1採樣時間之氣象資料 4-1
4.2大氣中醛酮類化合物濃度 4-5
4.2.1大氣中醛酮類化合物之特性 4-5
4.2.2大氣中醛酮類化合物濃度之季節變化分布 4-16
4.2.3大氣中醛酮類化合物濃度之日變化分布 4-27
4.3大氣中醛酮類化合物貢獻來源分析 4-38
4.3.1醛酮類化合物指紋之建立 4-38
4.3.2醛酮類化合物之夏季及冬季貢獻來源分析 4-46
4.3.3醛酮類化合物之貢獻來源分析 4-57

第五章 結論與建議 5-1
5.1 結論 5-1
5.2 建議 5-3

參考文獻 ..參-1
附錄A 空氣中氣態之醛類化合物檢驗方法 附A-1
附錄B 高雄市(楠梓站及小港站)與高雄縣(仁武站及林園站)
四季採樣時程之各時段風花圖 附B-1
附錄C高雄市(楠梓站及小港站)與高雄縣(仁武站及林園
站)carbonyls大氣採樣之各時段濃度表 附C-1
附錄D 個人簡歷 附D-1

表目錄

表2.1-1 民國87-96年高雄市四空品測站臭氧(O3)事件日每年之天數 2-3
表2.1-2 民國87-96年高雄市四空品測站懸浮微粒(PM10)事件日每年之天數 2-3
表2.1-3 民國87-96年高雄縣四空品測站臭氧(O3)事件日每年之天數 2-4
表2.1-4 民國87-96年高雄縣四空品測站懸浮微粒(PM10)事件日每年之天數 2-4
表2.1-5 高雄市污染來源排放總表 2-19
表 2.1-6 高雄縣污染來源排放總表 2-20
表2.1-7 高雄地區近十年各月份平均氣象資料統計表 2-23
表2.2-1 18種Carbonyls之分子量及物理特性 2-25
表2.2-2 各污染源之Carbonyls濃度特徵之比較 2-28
表2.2-3 Carbonyls之健康危害資料 2-36
表3.2-1 本研究分析之18種Carbonyls物種 3-3
表3.2-2 高雄地區空氣品質監測網測站環境資料一覽表 3-4
表3.2-3 高雄地區之採樣日期 3-5
表3.8-1 Carbonyls標準品之成分及濃度(Rescek) 3-16
表3.8-2 標準品檢量線 3-17
表3.8-3 18種Carbonyls之回收率 3-18
表4.1-1 採樣時間氣象資料 4-3
表4.2-1 高雄地區Carbonyls濃度 4-6
表4.2-2 高雄地區(四測站)各Carbonyls濃度之百分比 4-10
表4.2-3 本研究Carbonyls濃度與其他地區之相關文獻比較 4-13
表4.2-4 高雄市(楠梓站及小港站)Carbonyls之四季濃度分布 4-21
表4.2-5 高雄縣(仁武站及林園站)Carbonyls之四季濃度分布 4-23
表4.2-6 高雄市(楠梓站及小港站)Carbonyls各時段濃度 4-32
表4.2-7 高雄縣(仁武站及林園站)Carbonyls各時段濃度 4-34
表4.3-1 移動源排放之Carbonyls百分比 4-43
表4.3-2 工業源排放之Carbonyls濃度百分比 4-44
表4.3-3 各餐飲源排放之Carbonyls百分比 4-45
表4.3-4 其他排放源之Carbonyls濃度百分比 4-46
表4.3-5 楠梓站夏季之Carbonyls平均濃度因子分析結果 4-48
表4.3-6 楠梓站冬季之Carbonyls平均濃度因子分析結果 4-49
表4.3-7 小港站夏季之Carbonyls平均濃度因子分析結果 4-51
表4.3-8 小港站冬季之Carbonyls平均濃度因子分析結果 4-52
表4.3-9 仁武站夏季之Carbonyls平均濃度因子分析結果 4-54
表4.3-10 仁武站冬季之Carbonyls平均濃度因子分析結果 4-55
表4.3-11 林園站夏季之Carbonyls平均濃度因子分析結果 4-57
表4.3-12 林園站冬季之Carbonyls平均濃度因子分析結果 4-58
表4.3-13 楠梓站之Carbonyls平均濃度因子分析結果 4-60
表4.3-14 小港站之Carbonyls平均濃度因子分析結果 4-61
表4.3-15 仁武站之Carbonyls平均濃度因子分析結果 4-63
表4.3-16 林園站之Carbonyls平均濃度因子分析結果 4-64

圖目錄

圖2.1-1 高屏地區空氣品質現況(87-96年) 2-2
圖2.1-2 高雄市各測站SO2逐月濃度變化趨勢(87-96年) 2-6
圖2.1-3 高雄市各測站CO逐月濃度變化趨勢(87-96年) 2-7
圖2.1-4 高雄市各測站O3逐月濃度變化趨勢(87-96年) 2-8
圖2.1-5 高雄市各測站PM10逐月濃度變化趨勢(87-96年) 2-9
圖2.1-6 高雄市各測站NOX逐月濃度變化趨勢(87-96年) 2-10
圖2.1-7 高雄縣各測站SO2逐月濃度變化趨勢(87-96年) 2-11
圖2.1-8 高雄縣各測站CO逐月濃度變化趨勢(87-96年) 2-12
圖2.1-9 高雄縣各測站O3逐月濃度變化趨勢(87-96年) 2-13
圖2.1-10 高雄縣各測站PM10逐月濃度變化趨勢(87-96年) 2-14
圖2.1-11 高雄市各測站NOX逐月濃度變化趨勢(87-96年) 2-15
圖3.1-1 研究架構流程圖 3-1
圖3.2-1 高雄地區Carbonyls採樣點周界環境示意圖 3-3
圖3.3-1 Airchek 2000空氣採樣器 3-6
圖3.3-2 LpDNPH-Cartridge吸附管示意圖 3-7
圖4.2-1 高雄地區(四測站)之總 Carbonyls 年平均濃度 4-8
圖4.2-2 高雄地區四測站各Carbonyls年平均濃度百分比分布 4-11
圖4.2-3 高雄地區四測站採樣時段CO濃度 4-16
圖4.2-4 高雄市(楠梓站及小港站)之總Carbonyls四季濃度分布 4-19
圖4.2-5 高雄縣(仁武站及林園站)之總Carbonyls四季濃度分布 4-19
圖4.2-6 高雄市(a)楠梓站與(b)小港站四季之各Carbonyls濃度 百分比分布 4-26
圖4.2-7 高雄縣(a)仁武站與(b)林園站四季之各Carbonyls濃度百分比分布 4-27
圖4.2-8 高雄市(楠梓站及小港站)四時段之總Carbonyls濃度 4-29
圖4.2-9 高雄縣(仁武站及林園站)四時段之總Carbonyls濃度 4-29
圖4.2-10 高雄市(a)楠梓站與(b)小港站四時段之各Carbonyls濃度百分比分布 4-37
圖4.2-11 高雄縣(a)仁武站與(b)林園站四時段之各Carbonyls濃度百分比分布 4-38



附表目錄

附表C-1 楠梓站春季carbonyls大氣採樣之各時段濃度表 附C-1
附表C-2 楠梓站夏季carbonyls大氣採樣之各時段濃度表 附C-2
附表C-3 楠梓站秋季carbonyls大氣採樣之各時段濃度表 附C-3
附表C-4 楠梓站冬季carbonyls大氣採樣之各時段濃度表 附C-4
附表C-5 小港站春季carbonyls大氣採樣之各時段濃度表 附C-5
附表C-6 小港站夏季carbonyls大氣採樣之各時段濃度表 附C-6
附表C-7 小港站秋季carbonyls大氣採樣之各時段濃度表 附C-7
附表C-8 小港站冬季carbonyls大氣採樣之各時段濃度表 附C-8
附表C-9 仁武站春季carbonyls大氣採樣之各時段濃度表 附C-9
附表C-10 仁武站夏季carbonyls大氣採樣之各時段濃度表 附C-10
附表C-11 仁武站秋季carbonyls大氣採樣之各時段濃度表 附C-11
附表C-12 仁武站冬季carbonyls大氣採樣之各時段濃度表 附C-12
附表C-13 林園站春季carbonyls大氣採樣之各時段濃度表 附C-13
附表C-14 林園站夏季carbonyls大氣採樣之各時段濃度表 附C-14
附表C-15 林園站秋季carbonyls大氣採樣之各時段濃度表 附C-15
附表C-16 林園站冬季carbonyls大氣採樣之各時段濃度表 附C-16

附圖目錄

附圖B-1 楠梓站春季採樣日期 (時段)之風花圖 B-1
附圖B-2 楠梓站夏季採樣日期 (時段)之風花圖 B-3
附圖B-3 楠梓站秋季採樣日期 (時段)之風花圖 B-5
附圖B-4 楠梓站冬季採樣日期 (時段)之風花圖 B-7
附圖B-5 小港站春季採樣日期 (時段)之風花圖 B-9
附圖B-6 小港站夏季採樣日期 (時段)之風花圖 B-11
附圖B-7 小港站秋季採樣日期 (時段)之風花圖 B-13
附圖B-8 小港站冬季採樣日期 (時段)之風花圖 B-15
附圖B-9 仁武站春季採樣日期 (時段)之風花圖 B-17
附圖B-10 仁武站夏季採樣日期 (時段)之風花圖 B-19
附圖B-11 仁武站秋季採樣日期 (時段)之風花圖 B-21
附圖B-12 仁武站冬季採樣日期 (時段)之風花圖 B-23
附圖B-13 林園站春季採樣日期 (時段)之風花圖 B-25
附圖B-14 林園站夏季採樣日期 (時段)之風花圖 B-27
附圖B-15 林園站秋季採樣日期 (時段)之風花圖 B-29
附圖B-16 林園站冬季採樣日期 (時段)之風花圖 B-31

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