國內南部淨水場之淨水程序已由傳統處理提升為高級處理，其中使用超過濾膜(Ultrafiltration, UF)及逆滲透膜(Reverse Osmosis, RO)之高級淨水程序對生物可利用有機碳(Assimilable Organic Carbon, AOC) 去除率約為47%，去除效果較臭氧及生物活性碳濾床(Biological Activated Carbon, BAC)約為62%之效率差。
故本研究整合生物活性碳與薄膜處理成為薄膜生物反應程序，應用在處理飲用水有機物上，探討AOC及消毒副產物潛勢(Disinfection By-Products Formation Potential, DBPFP)之去除成效。粒狀及粉狀生物活性碳處理系統對於AOC都有一定的去除效果，發現水力停留時間1hr之去除效能均可達到50%以上(可由44.28±9.84μg acetate-C/L降為20.93±4.25μg acetate-C/L及由45.92±17.75μg acetate-C/L降至21.23±4.25μg acetate-C/L)，當水力停留時間延長至6hr，兩系統之AOC平均去除率均可達70%以上，平均值均可降至15μg acetate-C/L以下及符合文獻建議限值AOC 50μg acetate-C/L。
在消毒副產物潛勢去除效果上，粒狀及粉狀生物活性碳處理系統對於三鹵甲烷潛勢(Trihalomethanes Formation Potential, THMFP)及鹵化乙酸潛勢(Haloacetic acids Formation Potential, HAA5FP)皆有一定去除效能。THMFP出流水平均濃度分別由20.54±6.48μg/L降為14.21±4.47μg/L及由24.64±6.74μg/L降至14.75±4.04μg/L，而HAA5FP出流水平均濃度分別可由39.64±10.38μg/L降至17.35±4.00μg/L及由17.86±5.13μg/L降至11.76±3.76μg/L，均低於國內外法規標準值。顯示本研究中兩種活性碳處理系統對於AOC及DBPFP均有良好之處理成效，及符合國內外法規標準(THMs 80μg/L, HAA5 60μg/L)，可達到生物穩定性高且品質良好之飲用水訴求。

Taiwan Water Supply Cooperation (TWSC) has upgraded traditional purification processes into advanced treatment systems in south Taiwan for many years. The removal efficiency of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) by ultrafiltration (UF) with reverse osmosis (RO) systems was 47% was lower than that of 62% by ozone with biological activated carbon system (BAC).
In this work, we investigate the removal of AOC and disinfection by products formation potential (DBPFP) of raw water took from a water treatment plant by using BAC and membrane treatment units. BAC system of granular activated carbon(GAC) and powder activated carbon (PAC) showed two kind carbons have certain efficiency for AOC removal. Results we found could reach above 50% (from 44.28±9.84μg acetate-C/L reduce to 20.93±4.25μg acetate-C/L for GAC and from 45.92±17.75μg acetate-C/L reduce to 21.23±4.25μg acetate-C/L for PAC), when hydraulic retention time (HRT) in BAC reactor was at 1 hour. When HRT raised to 6 hours the concentration of AOC in effluent of BAC systems were reduced under 15 μg/L, and removal efficiency could reach above 70%. The suggested limit level of AOC is 50 μg/L of drinking water.
In removal of DBPFP, BAC of two carbons has showed certain efficiency on trihalomethanes formation potential (THMFP) and haloacetic acids formation potential (HAA5FP). The results were done in removal of THMFP (from 20.54±6.48μg/L reduce to 14.21±4.47μg/L for GAC and from 24.64±6.74μg/L reduce to 14.75±4.04μg/L for PAC) and HAA5FP (from 39.64±10.38μg/L reduce to 17.35μg/L for GAC and from 17.86±5.13μg/L reduce to 11.76±3.76μg/L for PAC) in BAC reactors. They were all lower than national standard of drinking water (THMs 80μg/L, HAAs 60μg/L). It is believed that two kind carbons in BAC system could all reduce effectively on AOC and DBPFP to obtain high quality of drinking water with biological stability at HRT of 6 hours.

摘要 ............................................................................................................. I
Abstract ..................................................................................................... III
目錄 ............................................................................................................ V
表目錄 ...................................................................................................... IX
圖目錄 ...................................................................................................... XI
第一章 前言............................................................................................... 1
1-1 研究緣起 ...................................................................................... 1
1-2 研究目的 ...................................................................................... 2
1-3 研究內容 ...................................................................................... 3
第二章 文獻回顧 ...................................................................................... 4
2-1 飲用水有機物 .............................................................................. 4
2-1-1 水中有機物之來源與分類 ................................................ 4
2-1-2 天然有機物質對淨水工程之影響 .................................... 5
2-2 淨水流程 ...................................................................................... 6
2-2-1 臭氧 .................................................................................... 7
2-2-2 活性碳 ................................................................................ 9
2-2-3 薄膜 .................................................................................. 12
2-3消毒副產物 ................................................................................. 21
2-3-1三鹵甲烷 ........................................................................... 23 �
2-3-2鹵化乙酸 ........................................................................... 28
2-3-3 三鹵甲烷及鹵化乙酸之生成潛勢 .................................. 33
2-3-4消毒副產物之控制 ........................................................... 34
2-4生物穩定性 ................................................................................. 34
2-4-1 配水管網水質之生物穩定性 .......................................... 34
2-4-2 生物可分解有機質之測定 .............................................. 36
2-4-3 生物可利用有機碳AOC ................................................ 38
2-5 薄膜生物反應器 ........................................................................ 44
2-5-1 MBR配置型式 ................................................................. 44
2-5-2 活性碳生物處理系統 ...................................................... 46
第三章 研究方法 .................................................................................. 48
3-1實驗流程之規劃 ......................................................................... 48
3-2 水質項目與分析方法 ................................................................ 49
3-2-1 pH與水溫 ......................................................................... 49
3-2-2 導電度 .............................................................................. 50
3-2-3 氨氮 .................................................................................. 50
3-2-4 硝酸鹽氮 .......................................................................... 50
3-2-5總溶解固體 ....................................................................... 51
3-2-6 溶解性有機碳 .................................................................. 51
3-2-7 UV254 ................................................................................. 51
3-2-8 生物可利用有機碳 .......................................................... 52
3-2-9餘氯 ................................................................................... 64
3-2-10 三鹵甲烷生成潛勢 ........................................................ 64
3-2-11 鹵化乙酸生成潛勢 ........................................................ 67
3-2-12 掃描式電子顯微鏡 ........................................................ 72
3-3 微生物馴養 ................................................................................ 73
3-3-1活性碳 ............................................................................... 73
3-3-2人工合成基質 ................................................................... 74
3-3-3實驗用水 ........................................................................... 75
3-4 活性碳生物處理系統 ................................................................ 75
3-4-1儀器與設備 ....................................................................... 77
第四章 結果與討論 ................................................................................ 79
4-1 活性碳馴養 ................................................................................ 79
4-1-1粉狀生物活性碳馴養 ....................................................... 79
4-1-2 粒狀生物活性碳馴養 ...................................................... 82
4-2 曝氣實驗 .................................................................................... 86
4-3 粉狀生物活性碳處理系統 ........................................................ 87
4-3-1生物可利用有機碳 ........................................................... 88
4-3-2 溶解性有機碳 .................................................................. 90
4-3-3 UV254 ................................................................................. 92
4-3-4 三鹵甲烷生成潛勢 .......................................................... 94
4-3-5 鹵化乙酸生成潛勢 .......................................................... 97
4-4 粒狀生物活性碳處理系統 ...................................................... 103
4-4-1生物可利用有機碳 ......................................................... 104
4-4-2溶解性有機碳 ................................................................. 106
4-4-3 UV254 ............................................................................... 108
4-4-4三鹵甲烷生成潛勢 ......................................................... 110
4-4-5 鹵化乙酸生成潛勢 ........................................................ 113
4-5 粒狀與粉狀生物活性碳處理系統成效比較 .......................... 118
4-6二座高級淨水場處理效能比較 ............................................... 123
4-6-1 溶解性有機碳 ................................................................ 124
4-6-2 生物可利用有機碳 ........................................................ 126
第五章結論與建議 ................................................................................ 129
5-1結論 ........................................................................................... 129
5-2 建議 .......................................................................................... 130
參考文獻 ................................................................................................. 131
口試委員審查意見及答覆 ........................................................................ 1

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