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博碩士論文 etd-0704112-163245 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0704112-163245
論文名稱
Title
恆春半島兇狠圓軸蟹的繁殖生態
Reproductive ecology of Cardisoma carnifex (Brachyura) in Hengchun Peninsula, Taiwan
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
73
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2012-06-14
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2012-07-04
關鍵字
Keywords
兇狠圓軸蟹、繁殖、幼蟲釋放時機、水分蒸散喪失、鹽度耐受度
larval release timing, reproduction, salinity tolerance, evaporative water loss, Cardisoma carnifex
統計
Statistics
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中文摘要
本研究探討恆春半島後灣兇狠圓軸蟹族群之繁殖生態學,包括繁殖力、繁殖季、幼蟲釋放時機、抱卵雌蟹降海繁殖遷移過程水分蒸散喪失及第一期蚤狀幼蟲對各種鹽度的耐受程度。族群結構上,繁殖雌蟹平均頭胸甲寬為70.5 ± 6.57 mm,體型範圍介於56.0-93.7 mm。雌蟹的體型愈大繁殖力愈高,一次抱卵所釋放的幼蟲數量介於90,000-490,000個。繁殖釋幼季節始於雨季開始,並在雨季末期結束,2009年繁殖季為6月至10月,2010年為5月至9月,兩年之繁殖高峰皆發生在7月,部分個體在一個繁殖季內可重複繁殖。兇狠圓軸蟹的抱卵雌蟹具有同步降海釋幼的現象,釋幼時機與環境週期因子的相關性順序依序為日夜週期、半月週期、潮汐振幅週期,而與潮汐週期的相關性低。兇狠圓軸蟹於新月或滿月日開始釋幼,持續6-8天,釋幼高峰發生在新月或滿月後4-6天,每日的幼蟲釋放時間則集中在日落後2-3小時發生,時間介於1930H至2130H之間。兇狠圓軸蟹的幼蟲釋放時機與行為明顯與其它地蟹科蟹類不同,其他地蟹科蟹類的繁殖釋幼週期呈現月週期,兇狠圓軸蟹的繁殖釋幼週期呈現半月週期,而兇狠圓軸蟹的釋幼個體超過一半在水中停留的時間較長,平均為 5.5 ± 2.87 min,並且進入到水深處 (120 cm) 才進行幼蟲釋放,少數個體甚至會在淡水環境中釋放幼蟲。脫水實驗得知兇狠圓軸蟹的致死失水率約為原體重的15%,此時的體液滲透壓值為856 mOsm kg-1,而降海繁殖的抱卵雌蟹在釋幼前的體液滲透壓平均值為694 ± 6.3 mOsm kg-1,顯示後灣地區兇狠圓軸蟹的抱卵雌蟹並未因降海釋幼而承受龐大失水壓力。兇狠圓軸蟹第一期蚤狀幼蟲在淡水環境下無法生存超過2小時,但只要鹽度超過5‰,大多數幼蟲能存活三天以上,結果顯示其幼蟲已能適應河口較低之海水鹽度。
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the reproductive ecology including fecundity, reproductive season, timing of larval release, evaporative water loss during reproductive migration, and the salinity tolerance of first zoeal stage of Cardisoma carnifex in Houwan, Hengchun Peninsula. The average carapace width of ovigerous females was 70.5 ± 6.57 mm, with a size range of 56.0-93.7 mm. Fecundity intimates increased with size and the number of hatched larvae from individual female varied from 90,000 to 490,000. The reproductive season of C. carnifex began at the onset of the rainy season and ends approximately at the end of that season. The reproductive season was from June to Oct. in 2009 and May to Sept. in 2010. The peaks of larval release occurred in July in 2009, 2010. Some females had the capacity in spawning twice during a reproductive season. Ovigerous females releasing larvae synchronously. The relationship between larval release timing and environmental cycle is listed in decreasing order of importance: diel rhythm, semilunar rhythm, tidal amplitude rhythm, and a low correlation was found with the tidal rhythm. Ovigerous females of C. carnifex started to release larvae after the new and full moon, lasting for 6-8 days with peaks occurring 4-6 days after the new and full moon. The peaks of larval release occurred within 2-3 hours after the sunset time (i.e., between 1930H and 2130H). This species exhibits different larval release timing and behavior compare to other species of Gecarcinidae; ovigerous females of gecarcinid crabs follow a lunar rhythm but C. carnifex follow a semilunar rhythm. More than half of the ovigerous females stayed in the water for up to 10 min (average 5.5 ± 2.87 min) and could move to deep water (i.e., 120 cm) to release their larvae. A few females even released their larvae in the freshwater environment. For C. carnifex, a mean of 15% of its original weight was lost by the time they died and the osmolality of the hemolymph is 856 mOsm kg-1. Compare with the hemolymph osmolality of ovigerous females (694 ± 6.3 mOsm kg-1), the results indicated that the ovigerous females at Houwan may not experience severe water loss during larval release migration. The first zoeal stage of C. carnifex could not survive in the freshwater, all larvae died within 2 hours. However, at salinities large than 5‰, most larvae could survive for more than 3 days. The results show first zoeal stage of C. carnifex had adapted to the low salinity in the estuary.
目次 Table of Contents
謝誌 I
摘要 II
Abstract III
目錄 V
表目錄 VI
圖目錄 VII
附錄 VIII
壹、前言 1
1.1 陸蟹的定義與重要性 1
1.2 陸生適應 2
1.3 繁殖 4
1.4 兇狠圓軸蟹的分類與簡介 7
1.5 研究目的與假說 8
貳、材料與方法 9
2.1 樣區概述 9
2.2 研究時間 9
2.3 幼蟲釋放時機與行為 10
2.4 體液滲透壓測定與脫水實驗 11
2.5 幼蟲鹽度耐受度 12
2.6 資料分析 13
參、結果 14
3.1 棲地與體型分布 14
3.2 繁殖、幼蟲釋放時機與行為 15
3.3 抱卵雌蟹降海釋幼之水分喪失 18
3.4 幼蟲鹽度耐受度實驗 20
肆、討論 21
4.1 抱卵雌蟹體型分布 21
4.2 繁殖、幼蟲釋放時機與行為 22
4.3 繁殖雌蟹降海釋幼水分喪失 28
4.4 幼蟲鹽度耐受度 31
參考文獻 32
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