本論文研究如何以帶內通道資訊補助帶外通道估測，我們核心的構想是透過估測帶內通道的延遲擴展 (Delay Spread) 、入射角度 (Angle of Arrival) 及增益，並利用這些通道資訊來「重建」帶外通道。為了估計帶內通道的延遲擴展及增益，本論文採用牛頓正交匹配追蹤 (Newtonized Orthogonal Matching Pursuit，簡稱NOMP)，由於估計的資訊並非完全精準，雖然僅是微小誤差，卻可能導致帶外通道完全失真，因此，我們更進一步利用帶外導頻訊號結合逼零演算法 (Zero Forcing，簡稱ZF) 重新估計帶外增益，大幅提升帶外通道估計的精確度。
本論文除了理論研究外，亦通過實際平台驗證其可行性。本平台建構是以長期演進技術 (Long Term Evolution，簡稱LTE) 的下行鏈路作為基礎，其功能包含同步搜尋 (Synchronization)、通道估測 (Channel Estimation)、解調器 (Detector) 以及解碼器 (Decoder)，我們將 NOMP 重建通道的研究結果實現於此系統，並利用驗證平台實際進行空口 (Over The Air，簡稱OTA) 測試，結果顯示此做法確實可以應用於實際系統。此外，論文也詳細說明同步搜尋、通道估測演算法的實現以及軟體與硬體開發過程中遇到的問題以及解決方式。

In this thesis, we investigate a way to estimate out-of-band channel via in-band channel information. The key idea is that we first estimate delay spread (DS), angel of arrival (AOA), and propagation gain in in-band channel, and then we use these estimated information to reconstruct the channel response of the out-of-band channel. However, we find that the out-of-band channel is serious degenerated as long as the estimated DS and AOA are not exactly accurate even they exit only a little bit errors. In order to address this problem, we propose to use a few pilots in out-of-band for gain re-estimation.
We evaluate the propose idea not only through the computer simulations but also through the practical experiments. To realize the practical experiment, we develop the software platform based on the Long Term Evolution, in which we implement the time/frequency synchronization, channel estimation, MIMO detector, and decoder. We use the developed platform to examine the proposed reconstruct method over the air (OTA). The results show that the proposed method can apply to the practical systems. In addition, we also present the synchronization and channel estimation and point out the development problems in terms of the software and hardware.

第1章 緒論 1
1.1 引言及動機 1
1.2 論文安排 2
第2章 LTE基本架構簡介 3
2.1 正交分頻多工簡介 3
2.1.1 子載波間的正交性 4
2.1.2 循環字首 4
2.2 多輸出多輸入技術 5
2.3 LTE系統架構 6
2.3.1 訊框與資源架構 6
2.3.2 LTE傳送與接收系統架構 9
2.3.3 同步序列 10
2.3.4 參考訊號 11
第3章 牛頓正交匹配追蹤法重建帶外資訊 13
3.1 匹配追蹤 13
3.2 正交匹配追蹤 14
3.3 牛頓正交匹配追蹤 16
3.4 牛頓正交匹配追蹤應用於LTE系統 18
3.4.1 LTE 單輸入單輸出系統 18
3.4.2 LTE 單輸入多輸出系統 19
3.5 帶外重建 22
第4章 軟硬體整合與 LTE 軟體處裡演算法介紹 25
4.1 同步搜尋 25
4.1.1 匹配濾波解調器 26
4.1.2 K-均值聚類演算法 27
4.2 通道估測 29
4.2.1 最小平方法 30
4.2.2 MMSE估測 31
4.2.3 時間內插 32
4.2.4 低複雜度估測： 33
4.3 硬體與軟體整合之方式 35
4.3.1 硬體介紹及傳送方案 35
4.3.2 傳送端的時間延遲與解決方式 36
4.3.3 振盪器頻率偏移 40
第5章 演算法效能模擬結果 42
5.1 軟體效能模擬 42
5.2 空口測試 44
5.2.1 SISO 空口測試 45
5.2.2 MISO 空口測試 48
第6章 結論 52
參考文獻 53

[1] C. Gessner, Long term evolution a concise introduction to LTE and its measurement requirements. Germany. Rohde & Schwarz, May 2011.
[2] B. Mamandipoor and D. Ramasamy and U. Madhow, “Newtonized orthogonal matching pursuit: frequency estimation over the continuum,” IEEE Trans. Signal Process, vol. 64, no. 19, pp. 5066-5081, Oct. 2016
[3] Y. C. Pati and R. Rezaiifar and P. S. Krishnaprasad, “Orthogonal matching pursuit: recursive function approximation with applications to wavelet decomposition,” in Proc. 27th Asilomar Conf. Signals, Systems, Computers, Pacific Grove, USA, Nov. 1993, vo1. 1, pp. 40-44
[4] Z. Marzi and D. Ramasamy and U. Madhow, “Compressive channel estimation and tracking for large arrays in mm-Wave picocells,” IEEE J. Sel. Topics Signal Process, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 514-527, Apr. 2016
[5] M. H. Nassralla and M. M. Mansour and L. M. A. Jalloul, “A low-complexity detection algorithm for the primary synchronization signal in LTE,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 65, no. 10, pp. 8751-8757, Oct. 2016
[6] M. Noh, Y. Lee and H. Park, “Low complexity LMMSE channel estimation for OFDM,” IEE P-Commun., vol. 153, no. 5, pp. 645-650, Oct. 2006.
[7] Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG. R&S SGT100A SGMA vector RF source user manual. [Online]. Available: https://cdn.rohde-schwarz.com/pws/dl_downloads/ dl_common_library/dl_manuals/gb_1/s/sgt100a_1/SGT100A_UserManual_en_07.pdf
[8] Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG. R&S RTO digital oscilloscope user manual. [Online]. Available: https://cdn.rohde-schwarz.com/pws/dl_downloads/dl_common_ library/dl_manuals/gb_1/r/rto_1/rto2000/RTO_UserManual_en_08.pdf.
[9] Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG. Generating multiple phase coherent signals aligned in phase and time application note. [Online] Available: https://www.rohde -schwarz.com/applications/generating-multiple-phase-coherent-signals-aligned-in-phase-and-time-application-note_56280-187650.html?rusprivacypolicy=0
[10] Y. S. Cho, J. Kim, W. Y. Yang, and C. G. Kang, MIMO-OFDM wireless communications with matlab. John Wiley & Sons, Nov. 2010, pp. 153-156.
[11] Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG. Testing of LTE beamforming. Germany, [Online] Available: https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/us/applications/testing-of-lte-be- amforming-application-card_56279-315522.html