磁振造影(Conventional magnetic resonance imaging, MRI) 具有非侵入性的特
點，因此被廣泛地應用在臨床分析的研究上，而磁振頻譜(Proton MR spectroscopy)
可以顯示更明確的損傷特徵，因此被用來幫助不同的內部病理診斷。而LCModel
是可靠又方便操作的後處理工具，在此篇論文我們將利用它來分析絕對濃度。
我們所泡的假體內含有丙氨酸、氨基酸、乳酸鹽、N-acetyl aspartate，存放於
球狀的玻璃燒杯裡。分別使用三種basis sets 搭配不同的迴訊時間(TE: echo time)
來進行實驗。我們也研究在過去十年的腦膿瘍病患，所有病患皆接受磁振造影與
磁振頻譜掃描。並根據先前文獻描述的頻譜特性來將病患分成四類。
在本論文中，使用假體實驗與GAVA 模擬來製造出basis sets 做對照。然後利
用LCModel 搭配這些basis sets 分析腦膿瘍受試者，並且與臨床診斷做比較。我們
相信利用GAVA 模擬basis sets，代謝物有較好的一致性，因此可以達到磁振頻譜
更可靠的定量。

Conventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been widely applied to clinical analysis
studies due to its non-invasive property. Proton MR spectroscopy complements conventional
MR imaging by enabling better lesion characterization. Thus, proton MR spectroscopy
is used to assist in the differential diagnosis of intracranial pathologies. LCModel
is a reliable and user-friendly post-processing tool which is used to analyse absolute concentrations
in our thesis.
Our phantom are solution of alanine (Ala), cytosolic amino acids (AAs), lactate (Lac), and
n-acetyl aspartate (NAA) in a spherical flasks of glass. We used three basis sets with difference
echo time (TE) to experiment. We also performed a retrospective study of subjects
with brain abscesses referred during a span of 10 years. All subjects underwent conventional
MR imaging and in vivo proton MR spectroscopy, and subjects are classified four
groups according to the spectrum characteristics described in the literatures.
In this thesis, phantom experiments as well as GAVA simulation are included for the basis
sets comparison. Then, abscesses subjects are analyzed by LCModel using these basis
sets and compared with clinical diagnosis. Our result shows that using GAVA simulation
as the basis sets may provide better consistency among all metabolites and thus achieve
more reliable quantification of magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

List of Figures iii
List of Tables v
Chapter 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Organization of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chapter 2 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
2.1 In Vivo 1H MR Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Phase Reversal Characteristics of J-coupled Metabolites . . . . . . . . . 6
Chapter 3 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
3.1 LCModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 GAMMA and GAVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 Experiment Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3.1 Validation by Using Phantom Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3.2 Application- Abscess Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3.3 Basis Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3.4 Analysis Parameter of LCModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.4 Categorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Chapter 4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.1 Phantom Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2 Abscesses Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.1.1 Phantom Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.1.2 Abscesses Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.2 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

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