摘 要

本研究在實驗室的環境中，探討食物種類與溫度因子對於短角異劍水蚤(Apocyclops royi)生長及生殖的影響。共進行三項實驗，包括以(1)四種微藻(牟氏角毛藻、東港等鞭金藻、周氏扁藻、擬球藻)及七種市售之人工飼料(咭卵粉、咭蝦精、藻麥克ω30、藻麥克2000、蛋白質熊克、培養熊克及麵包酵母)、(2)不同的人工飼料投餵頻度及(3)不同的培養溫度下，觀察記錄劍水蚤之活存率與發育所需時間，雌、雄壽命，雌蟲比例，生殖期間及生產量(力)等項目。

實驗結果顯示，除了擬球藻外，以其它三種微藻為餌者之生長及生殖均優於人工飼料，其中以周氏扁藻為餌者之生長速率和生產力最佳，平均孵化後8.7天便可以成熟生產，每隻雌蟲每日的生產力平均為13.5隻仔蟲。人工飼料中，只有以培養熊克為餌者之活存率較高，為70.8﹪，與藻類相當，但成熟時間較長(17.5天)；生產力則以藻麥克ω30為餌者較高，但每隻雌蟲每日僅產9.1隻仔蟲。改變投餵頻度後，咭卵粉及蛋白質熊克兩組之活存率雖有改善，但仍較一次投餵時之培養熊克組為低；生產力雖有增加(蛋白質熊克組)，但也仍低於藻麥克ω30組。短角異劍水蚤在25~35℃培養時，其活存率及生產量不受溫度影響，但是成熟時間隨溫度的升高而縮短，在35℃時僅需6.7天便可成熟產子，雌蟲平均每天可生產14.2隻仔蟲。

綜合以上所述，餌料的種類是影響短角異劍水蚤生長及生殖的主要因子，微藻是較佳的培養餌料；而溫度的影響主要在生長速率上，較高的水溫可提高生長速率、縮短成熟時間。此外，本研究也發現測試餌料中之蛋白質含量較高者，並未使劍水蚤有較佳的生長及生殖；幾乎不含DHA之周氏扁藻並未造成劍水蚤生長及生殖不良，故可知餌料中DHA的含量不能作為評估餌料營養價值的指標。就生長速率及生產量而言，可以看出短角異劍水蚤在大量培養上十分有潛力。

Abstract

In the laboratory, we examined the effects of food types and temperatures on the growth and reproduction of the copepod Apocyclops royi. Three types of experiments were conducted: (1) effects of food type using four microalgae, Chaetoceros muelleri, Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis chui and Nannochloropsis oculata, and seven artificial feeds, BP-1000E, GSP-500, Micro-Macω30, Algamac-2000, DHA-Protein Selco, Culture Selco, and Baker's yeast; (2) effects of feeding frequency of artificial diets; and (3) effects of temperature. The survival rate, development time, longevity, female ratio, reproduction duration and fecundity were used to assess the responses of copepod.
The results showed that growth and reproduction of copepods fed with algae, exclusive of Nannochloropsis oculata, are better than those fed with artificial diets. The copepods fed with T. chui grew fastest, matured in average 8.7 days after hatching and have the maximal fecundity, 13.5 nauplii/female/day. Among artificial diets, copepods fed with Culture Selco have the highest survival, 70.8﹪, which is comparable to those fed with alage, but took longer time, 17.5 day in average, to become matured. Those fed with Micro-Macω30 have the higher fecundity but only 9.1 nauplii/female/day. After changing feeding frequency from one to three times a day, the survival rate of those fed with BP-1000E and DHA-Protein Selco was significantly improved but it was still lower than those fed with Culture Selco once per day. Although the production of copepods fed with DHA-Protein Selco increased, it was still lower than those fed with Micro-Macω30. When cultured at 25, 30 and 35℃, the survival rate and production of copepod A. royi were not affected by temperature but the maturation time decreased with increasing temperature. At 35 ℃, females became matured in 6.7 day and the fecundity is 14.2 napulii/female/day.
In conclusion, food type is the major factor affecting growth and reproduction of A. royi and algae is the better food in this study. Temperature mainly affects the growth rate. High water temperature can increase growth rate and shorten the maturation time. In addition, our studies also found that the food containing higher contents of protein did not assure better survival rate or reproduction of copepod. The algae T. Chui barely containing DHA did not cause the lower survival rate or reduced reproduction. In term of growth rate and production, the estuarine copepod A. royi is a potential food organism for mass culture.

目 錄

謝辭……………………………………………………………………….….I
中文摘要…………………………………..…………….…………………….II
英文摘要………………………………………………….………………….III
目錄………………………………………………………….…………….….V
表目錄……………………………………………………….……………..….VII
圖目錄……………………………………………………….……………..…VIII
照片………………………………………………………………………IX
壹、 前言…………………………………………………….……………….1
貳、 材料方法……………………………………………….……………….6
一、實驗材料及實驗生物的來源與培養……………….……………..6
1、短角異劍水蚤……………………………………….…………...6
2、藻類……………………………………………………..…………...6
2-1、牟氏角毛藻………………………………………….………....7
2-2、東港等鞭金藻……………………………………….….……..7
2-3、周氏扁藻…………………………………………….….……..7
2-4、擬球藻……………………………………………….….……..8
2-5、韋音培養液………………………………………….….……..8
3、人工飼料…………………………………………………….……....9
二、實驗……………………………..………………………………...9
1、實驗方法………………………………………………….………9
2、不同餌料種類……………………………………………….……11
2-1、藻類………………………………………………………………………11
2-2、人工飼料…………………………………………………………………12
3、投餵頻度……………………………………………...…….……12
4、溫度………………………………………………...……….……13
5、評估標準及資料分析……………………………………………..13
參、 結果……………………….…………………………………………….15
一、不同餌料的影響……………….…………………………………………..15
1、無節幼蟲活存率…………..…………………………………………...15
2、發育時間…….…………………………………………………………15
3、成蟲活存率…………………..…………………….………………….16
4、成熟時間……………………..…………………..…………………….17
5、壽命……………………..…………………….……………………….18
6、雌蟲比例……………………………………………………………….18
7、生殖期間……………………………….……………………………….19
8、生產量及生產力………………………………………………………..19
二、不同投餵頻度…………………….………………………..……………20
1、無節幼蟲活存率…………..…………………………………………...20
2、發育時間…….………………………………………………………21
3、成蟲活存率…………………..…………………….………………….21
4、成熟時間……………………..…………………..…………………….21
5、壽命……………………..…………………….……………………….22
6、雌蟲比例……………………………………………………………….22
7、生殖期間……………………………….……………………………….22
8、生產量及生產力………………………………………………………..23
三、溫度………………………………………………………………….23
1、無節幼蟲活存率…………..…………………………………………...23
2、發育時間…….…………………………………………………………23
3、成蟲活存率…………………..…………………….………………….24
4、成熟時間……………………..…………………..…………………….24
5、壽命……………………..…………………….……………………….24
6、雌蟲比例……………………………………………………………….24
7、生殖期間……………………………….……………………………….25
8、生產量及生產力………………………………………………………..25
肆、 討論…………………………………………………………..……………….26
伍、 參考文獻……………………………………………………..……………….34

伍、參考文獻

黃哲崇，1988。澎湖內灣橈腳動物現存量及生產量之研究。台灣大學海洋學刊第二十期，35-63。

蕭澤民，1988。海產橈腳類Schmackeria dubia(Kiefer, 1936)之攝食選擇性。國立台灣大學海洋研究所碩士論文，121頁。

蘇惠美，雷淇祥，廖一久，1988。環境因子對三種餌料微藻脂肪酸組成之影響。臺灣省水產學會刊，15(1)，21-34。

張文炳，1992。橈腳類短角異劍水蚤之生理生態學研究。國立台灣大學海洋研究所 博士論文，167頁。

蘇呈旭，1996。南海北部幾種Oncaea和Rhinclalnus(甲殼綱:橈足亞綱)的日夜垂直分佈特性之研究。國立台灣海洋大學海洋生物研究所 碩士論文，60頁。

陳俊興，1996。利用海洋微藻生產ω-3族系之多元不飽和脂肪酸。大葉工學院食品工程研究所 碩士論文，184頁。

李佳蓉，1998。台灣西南海域橈足類哲水蚤(Calanoida)攝食效應之研究。國立台灣海洋大學海洋生物研究所 碩士論文，57頁。

邱仕彰，1998。台南地區草蝦養殖池的橈腳類組成與生產量估計。國立台灣大學海洋研究所 碩士論文，49頁。
廖一久，1998。廖一久所長指出「沒有種苗就遑論養殖」應積極建設台灣成為亞太種苗供應中心。水產種苗第五期，8頁。

Abu-Rezq T.S., Yule A.B. and Teng S.K., 1997. Ingestion, fecundity, growth rates and culture of the harpacticoid copepod, Tisbe furcata, in the laboratory . Hydrbiologia 347, 109-118.

Ahlgren, G., Lundstedt, L., Brett, M. and Forsberg, C., 1990. Lipid composition and food quality of some freshwater phyto-plankton for cladoceran zooplankters. J. Plankton Res. 12, 809-818.

Amarasinghe, P.B., Boersma, M. and Vijverberg, J., 1997. The effect of temperature, and food quantity and quality on the growth and development rates in laboratory-cultured copepods and cladocerans from a Sri Lankan reservoir. Hydrobiologia 350, 131-144.

Bell, M.V., Henderson, R.J. and Sargent, J.R., 1985. Changes in the fatty acid composition of phospholipids from turbot (Scophthubmus maximus) in relation to dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiencics. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 81, 193-198.

Berggreen, U., Hansen, B. and Kiorboe, T., 1988. Food size spectra, ingestion and growth of the copepod Acartia tonsa during development: implications for determination of copepod production. Mar. Biol. 99, 341-352.

Betouhim-El, T. and Kahan, D., 1972. Tisbe pori n.sp. (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from the Mediterranean Coast of Israel and its cultivation in the laboratory. Mar. Biol. 16, 201-209.

Brown, M.R., Jeffrey, S.W., Volkman, J.K. and Dunstan, G.A., 1997. Nutritional properties of microalgae for mariculture. Aquaculture 151, 315-331.

Chang, W.B. and Lei, C.H., 1993. Development and energy content of a brackish-water copepod, Apocyclops royi (Lindberg) reared in a laboratory. Bull. Inst. Zool., Academia Sinica 32(1), 62-81.

Checkley, D.M., 1980. The egg production of a marine planktonic copepod in relation to its food supply: laboratory studies. Limnol. Oceanogr. 25, 430-446.

Chieregato, A.R., 1981. Ricerca preliminare sul regime alimentare di avannorti di orate, branzino e mugini nella sacca di scardovari (delta del Po). Quad. Lab. Technol. Pesca 3 (Suppl. 1), 249-263.

Corkett, C.J. and McLaren, I.A., 1978. The biology of Pseudocalanus. Adv. Mar. Biol. 15, 1-231.

Corkett, C.J. and Zillioux, E.J., 1975. Studies on the effect of tem-perature on the egg laying of three species of calanoid cope-pods in the laboratory (Acartia tonsa, Temora longicornis and Pseudsocalanus elongatus). Bull. Plankton Soc. Jap. 21, 79-85.

Cowles, T.J., Olson, R.J. and Chisholm, S.W., 1988. Food selection by copepods: discrimination on the basis of food quality. Mar. Biol. 100, 41-49.

Frost, B.W., 1972. Effects of size and concentration of food particles on the feeding behavior of the marine planktonic copepod Calanus pacificus. Limnol. Oceanogr. 17, 805-815.

Fyhn, H.J., 1989. First feeding of marine fish larvae: Are free amino acids the source of energy? Aquaculture 80, 111-120.

Gatten, R.R., Sargent, J.R., Forsberg, T.E.V., O'Hara, S.C.M. and Corner, E.D.S., 1980. On the nutrition and metabolism of zooplank-ton. XIV. Utilization of lipid by Calanus helgolandicus dur-ing maturation and reproduction. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK. 60, 391 -399.

Gaudy, R. and Guerin, J.P., 1977. Dynamique des populations de Tisbe holothuriae (Crustacea: Copepoda) en elevage sur trots regimes artificiels differents. Mar. Biol. 39, 137-145.

Guerin, J.P. and Gaudy, R., 1977. Etude des variations du poids sec et de la constitution chimique elementaire de Tisbe holorhuriae (Copepoda: Harpacocoida) eleve sur differents regimes anificiels. Mar. Biol. 44, 65-70.

Guidi, L.D., 1984. The effect of food composition on ingestion, development, and survival of a harpacocoid copepod. Tisbe cucumariae. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 84, 101-110.

Hansen, A.M., and Santer, B., 1995. The influence of food resources on the development, survival and reproduction of the two cyclopoid copepods: Cyclops vicinus and Mesocyclops leuckarti. J. Plank-ton Res. 17, 631-46.

Hart, R.C. and Santer, B., 1994. Nutritional suitability of some uni-algal diets for freshwater calanoids: unexpected inade-quacies of commonly used edible greens and others. Freshwat. Biol. 31, 109-116.

Hopp, U., Maier, G. and Bleher R., 1997. Reproduction and adult longevity of five species of planktonic cyclopoid copepods reared on different diets: a comparative study. Freshwat. Biol. 38, 289-300.

Houde, S.E.L. and Roman, M.R., 1987. Effects of food quality on the functional ingestion response of the copepod Acartia tonsa. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 40, 699-717.

Huntley, M.E., Ciminiello, P. and Lopez, M.D.G., 1987. Importance of food quality in determining development and survival of Calanus pacificus (Copepoda: Calanoida). Mar. Biol. 95, 103-113.

Iwasaki, H., Endo, K., Ishi, J. and Nishihara, S., 1984. Cultivation of marine copepods, Acartia clausi Giesbrecht. II Fundamental experiments on mass culture. Bull. Fac. Fish., Mie. Univ. 11, 75-93. (in Japanese, with English abstract)

James, C.M. and Al-Khars, A.M., 1986. Studies on the production of planktonic copepods for aquaculture. In Schriever, G., H. K. Schminke & C. T. Shih (Eds.), Proceeding of the Second International Conference on Copepoda Ottawa. Canada. 1317 August 1984, 333-340.

Johnson, M.W. and Olson, I.B., 1948. The life history and biology of a marine harpacticoid copepod, Tisbe furcata (Baird). Biol. Bull. Mar. Biol. Lab., Wood Hole 95, 320-332.

Jonasdottir, S.H., 1989. Effects of food concentration on egg- production rates of two species of Pseudocalanus: laboratory observations. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 130, 33-43

Jonasdottir, S.H., 1994. Effects of food quality on the reproductive success of Acartia tonsa and Acartia hudsonica: laboratory observations. Mar. Biol. 121, 67-81.

Jonasdottir, S.H. and Kiorboe, T., 1996. Copepod recruitment and food composition: do diatoms affect hatching success? Mar. Biol. 125, 743-750.

Kahan, D., 1979. Vegetables as food for marine harpacticoid copepods. Aquaculture 16, 345-350.

Kattner, G., Krause, M. and Trahms, J., 1981. Lipid composition of some typical North Sea copepods. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 4(1), 69-74.

Kinne, O. (Editor), 1977. Cultivation of Animals. Marine Ecology, III. Cultivation, Part 2. Wiley. London, pp.579-1293.

Kiorboe, T., Mohlenberg, F. and Hambuger, K., 1985. Bioenergetics of the planktonic copepod Acartia tonsa: relation between feeding, egg production and respiration, and composition of specific dynamic action. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 26, 85-97.

Kiorboe, T., Mohlenberg, F. and Tiselius, P., 1988. Propagation of planktonic copepods: production and mortality of eggs. Hydrobiologia 167/168, 219-225.

Klein Breteler, W.C.M., Schogt, N. and Gonzales, S.R., 1990. On the role of food quality in grazing and development of life stages, and genetic change of body size during cultivation of pelagic copepods. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 135, 177-189.

Klein Breteler, W.C.M. and Schogt, N., 1994. Development of Acartia clausi (Copepoda, Calanoida) cultured at different condi-tions of temperature and food. Hydrobiologia 292/293, 467-479.

Koski, M., Klein Breteler, W., Schogt N., 1998. Effect of food quality on rate of growth and development of the pelagic copepod Pseudocalanus elongatus (Copepoda, Calanoida). Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 170, 169-187.

Landry, M.R., 1983. The development of marine calanoid copepods with comment on the isochronal rule. Limnol. Oceanogr. 28, 614-624.

Lee, C.S. and Hu, F., 1981. Salinity tolerance and salinity effects on brood size of Tigriopus japonicus Mori. Aquaculture 22, 377-381.

Lei, C.H. and Su, H.M., 1985. Growth and survival of Penaeus monodon larvae fed with selected food organisms. J. Fish. Soc. Taiwan 12(1), 54-69.

Liao, I.C., Su, H.M. and Lin, J.H., 1993. Larval foods for Penaeid prawns. In McVey, J.P. (Editor), CRC Handbook of Mariculture, 2nd edn. Vol. I, Crustacean Aquaculture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 29-59. (in chinese)

Lubzens, E., Marko, A. and Tietz, A., 1985. De novo synthesis of fatty acids in the rotifer, Brachianus plicatilis. Aquaculture 47, 27-37.

Maruyama, I., Nakamura, T., Matsubayashi, T., Ando, Y. and Maeda, T., 1986. Identification of the alga known as "marine chlorella" as a member of the Eustigmatophyceae. Jap. J. Phycol. 34, 319-325.

McEvoy, L.A., Navarro, J.C., Bell, J.G. and Sargent, J.R., 1995. Autoxidation of oil emulsions during the Artemia enrichment process. Aquaculture 134, 110-112.

Meyer, H.A. and Bell, S.S., 1989. Response of harpactiocoid copepods to detrital accumulation on seagrass blades: a field experiment with Metis holothuriae (Edwards). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 13, 141-149.

Nanton, D.A., I. and Castell, J.D., 1998. The effects of dietary fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of the harpacticoid copepod, Tisbe sp., for use as a live food for marine fish larvae. Aquaculture 163, 251-261.

Norsker, N.H., Stottrup, J.G., 1994. The importance of dietary HUFAs for fecundity and HUFA content in the harpacticoid, Tisbe holothuriae Humes. Aquaculture 125, 155-166.

Ohno, A. and Okamura, Y., 1988. Propagation of calanoid copepod, Acartia suensis, in outdoor tanks. Aquaculture 70, 39-51.

Paffenhofer, G.A. and Van-Sant, K.B., 1985. The feeding response of a marine planktonic copepod to quantity and quality of particles. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 27, 55-65.

Parrish, C.C., Castell. J.D.. Brown. J.A., Boston. L., Strickland. J.S. and Somerton. D.C., 1994. Fatty acid composition of Atlantic halibut eggs in relation to fertilization. Bull. Aquacult. Assoc. Can. 94(2), 36-38.

Razouls, S., Razouls, C. and Huntley, M., 1991. Development and expression of sexual maturity in female Calanus pacificus (Copepoda: Calanoida) in relation to food quality. Mar. Biol. 110, 65-74.

Rieper. M., 1982. Feeding preferences of marine harpacicoid copepods for various species of bacteria. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 7, 303-307.

Rothbard, S., 1976. Experiments in mass culture of the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus (Mori) on a bed of crushed sea weed Ulva petrusa (Kjelrnan). Bamidgeh 4, 80-105.

Sabatini, M. and Kierboe, T., 1994. Egg production, growth and development of the cyclopoid copepod Oithona similis. J. Plankton Res. 16, 1329-1351

Santer, B. and van den Bosch, F., 1994. Herbivorous nutrition of Cyclops vicinus: the effect of a pure algal diet on feeding, development, reproduction and life cycle. J. Plankton Res. 16, 171-195.

Scott, A.P. and Middleton, L., 1979. Unicellular algae as a food for turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) larvae. The importance of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Aquaculture 18, 227-241.

Smith, S.L. and Lane, P.V.Z., 1985. Laboratory studies of the marine copepod Centropages typicus: egg production and development rates. Mar. Biol. 85, 153-162.

Smyly, W.J.P., 1980. The effect of constant and temperature on the development time of the eggs of three freshwater cyclopoid copepod, Acanthocyclops viridis (Jurine). Arch. Hydrobiol. 89, 355-362.

Sterner, R.W. and Hessen, D.O., 1994. Algal nutrient limitation and the nutrition of aquatic herbivores. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25, 1-29.

Stottrup, J.G. and Norsker, N.H., 1997. Production and use of copepods in marine fish larviculture. Aquaculture 155, 231-247.

Su, H.M., Su, M.S., and Liao I.C., 1997. Collection and culture of live foods for aquqculture in Taiwan. Hydrobiologia 358, 37-40.

Tan, T.H., 1963. Report on the species of Cyclops in Taiwan. Rept. Inst. Fish. Biol., MOEA and NTU. 1, 7-20.

Tan, T.H., 1967a. Ecological study of copepods in Tanshui River. Rept. Inst. Fish. Biol., MOEA and NTU. 2, 21-29.

Tan, T.H., 1967b. On distribution of copepoda in the surrounding waters of Taiwan. Rept. Inst. Fish. Biol., MOEA and NTU. 2, 14-20.

Tan, T.H., Hsieh, W., 1978. A study of production and productivity of copepod Calanus sp. Surrounding Taiwan. Sinica Academia zoologica. 4, 31-46.

Twombly, S. and Burns, C.W., 1996. Effects of food quality on individual growth and development in the freshwater copepod Boeckella triarticulata. J. Plankton Res. 18(11), 2179-2196.

Uhlig, G., 1984. Progress in mass cultivation of harpacticoid copepods for mariculture purposes. In Rosenthal, H. & S. Sarig (Eds.), Research on Aquaculture. Special Publication No. 8, European Mariculture Society, Bredene, Belgium, 261-273.

Uye, S.I., 1996. Induction of reproductive failure in the planktonic copepod Calanus pacificus by diatoms. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 133, 89-97.

Van der Meeren, T., 1991. Selective feeding and prediction of food consumption in turbot larvae (Scophthalmus maximus L.) reared on rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and natural zooplankton. Aquaculture 93, 35-55.

Vidal, J., 1980a. Physioecology of zooplankton. I. Effects of phytoplankton
concentration, tempera-ture, and body size on the growth rate of Calanus pacificus and Pseudocalanus sp. Mar. Biol. 56, 111-134.

Vidal, J., 1980b. Physioecology of zooplankton. II. Effects of phytoplankton concentration, tempera-ture, and body size on the development and molting rates of Calanus pacificus and Pseudocalanus sp. Mar. Biol. 56, 135-146.

Vijverberg, J., 1989. Culture techniques for studies on the growth, development and reproduction of copepods and cladocerans under laboratory and in situ conditions: a review. Freshwat. Biol. 21, 317-373.

Walne, P.R., 1974. Culture of Bivalve Molluscs. 50 years' experience at Conwy. Fishing News (Books) Ltd. Surrey, England. 173pp.

Watanabe, T., 1982. Lipid nutrition in fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 73B(1), 3-15.

Watanabe, T. and Kiron, V., 1994. Prospects in larval dietetics. Aquaculture 124, 223-251.

Watanabe, T., Kitajima, C. and Fujita, S., 1983. Nutritional values of live organisms use in Japan for mass propagation of fish : a review. Aquaculture 34, 115-143.

Weglenska, T., 1971. The influence of various concentrations of natural food on the development fecundity and production of planktonic crustacean filtrators. Ekol. Pol., 19: 427-473
Xu, Z. and Burns, C.W., 1991. Development, growth and survivorship of juvenile calanoid copepods on diets of cyanobacteria and algae. Int. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiol. 76, 73-87.

Yule, A.B. and Crisp, D.J., 1983. A study of feeding hehaviour in Temora longicornis (Muller) (Crustacea:Copepoda). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 71, 271-282.