摘 要
關鍵詞：亞細亞生產模式、前資本主義生產模式、官僚資本階級、
國家機器、資本累積、商品化、 世襲關係。

近代印尼歷史的發展從殖民時代開始，最明顯的現象是內部社會長期缺少本地「資本階級」作為政經變遷的主導力量，相反地七○年代以後大型財團卻如雨後春筍般的出現。學術界為此問題爭論喋喋不休。本文以「國家機器」、「階級」和「資本」三個概念，試圖從歷史結構中剖析它的發展脈絡和原因。本論文劃分三個歷史階段集中焦點討論為何荷蘭殖民時期本地「資本階級」形成失敗得原因？；戰後為何在蘇卡諾總統的「國家資本主義」路線下「私人資本」無法形成？；蘇哈托總統時期卻出現大批依賴「國家機器」挹注資金而形成的「官僚資本階級」。全文採取「國家中心」的觀點對當代印尼國內出現的「官僚資本階級」從歷史結構中探討其內在、外在結構性因素。此外，並對當代西方印尼研究的重要學術作品進行理論對話和批判，收集相關實證資料以及個案研究剖析七○年代以來印尼國內「資本階級」的演進和形成。

ABSTRACT
During Dutch Colonial domination, one of the most controversial themes was that why the Indonesian society had failed to generate an indigenous bourgeoisie. Since the post-colonial era, most developing countries are facing three dilemmas: the state building, the formation of social classes, the capital accumulation. For the methodology, the dissertation both takes a“state-center”view and tries to apply an approach to explore the formation of Bureaucratic Capitalist during Suharto time with a view of historical-structure from the concept of state, class and capital. Furthermore, the studies will focus on three fields. First, why over 350 years, the mercantile policy of the colonial regime had failed to penetrate into the whole Indonesia shaping an indigenous bourgeoisie. Secondly, from 1950 to 1965, President Sukarno had taken the state-capitalism as a developmental strategy why Indonesian society still had not found indigenous bourgeoisie strong enough to take responsibility of leading capitalist revolution. Thirdly, after 1965, in the power of Suharto, the state has played a decisive role in the shaping the development of big entrepreneurs in the post-colonial Indonesia. In addition, the studies will review and provide a critical analysis of the works of Indonesia Studies in the West, and continues to dialogue with the contemporary academician in the field.
Key Words: Agricultural Involution, Asian Mode of Production, Pre-capitalism, Dual Economy,
Articulation Theory, State Apparatus, Capital Accumulation, Commercialization, Bureaucratic-Capitalist Class

第一章 緒論
第一節、 研究動機與目的……………………………………… 1
第二節、 研究範圍……………………………………………… 4
第三節、 研究架構……………………………………………… 14
第四節、 研究方法與限制………………………………………. 17
第五節、 論文章節安排………………………………………… 22

第二章 印尼研究之理論與文獻探討
緒 論
第一節、 第三世界政經發展的研究典範……………………….. 26
第二節、 現代化理論研究途徑………………………………….. 33
第三節、 歷史結構主義的研究途徑……………………………….39
第四節、 新馬克思學派的研究途徑………………………………44
第五節、 制度學派研究途徑…………………………………….. 49
第六節、 小結…………………………………………………….. 55

第三章 殖民時期：「資本階級」形成失敗之分析
緒 論
第一節、 「資本主義萌芽」理論的探討……………………….. 58
第二節、農業「商品化」的弔詭現象………………………….. 63
第三節、村落共同體的調整與反應：尼加拉（Negara）
V.丹薩（Desa）………………………………………. 77
第四節、「博雅易」（Priyayi）：沒落的「統治階級」………. 96
第五節、殖民時代華人的商業活動…………………………… 103
第六節、殖民時代本地人的商業活動……………………….. 109
第七節、小結…………………………………………………... 117



第四章 戰後國內私有資本形成失敗之分析
緒 論
第一節、 後殖民時代「兩條路線」之爭……………………. 120
第二節、 蘇卡諾「國家機器」背景分析……………………... 131
第三節、 「國家機器」與「國家資本」……………………… 137
第四節、 「國家機器」與「華人資本」………………………. 145
第五節、 「國家機器」與「本地資本」……………………….. 153
第六節、 私有資本形成失敗之分析………………………….. 160
第七節、 小結…………………………………………………. 164

第五章 新秩序時期的「國家機器」與「資本階級」關係
緒 論
第一節、 新秩序時期「國家機器」的本質分析……………… 168
第二節、 究竟誰在宰制「國家機器」？ …………………… 177
第三節、 「國家機器」如何替「資本階級」服務？………… 188
第四節、 「國家機器」如何擴大影響力？…………………… 193
第五節、 「依恃主義」：「原始資本累積」的工具…………… 198
第六節、 小結…………………………………………………… 202

第六章 蘇哈托時期：「官僚資本階級」興起
緒 論
第一節、 「官僚資本階級」的研究途徑………………………. 206
第二節、 蘇哈托時期「國家機器」與「國家資本」………… 214
第三節、 蘇哈托時期「國家機器」與「華人資本」…………. 218
第四節、 蘇哈托時期「國家機器」與「本地資本」…………. 224
第五節、 「國家機器」與「國際資本」的關係…………………… 229
第六節、 蘇哈托時期「資本形成」的觀察面向………………. 235
第七節、 小結……………………………………………………. 266

第七章 展望與結論………………………………………… 267








圖 表 目 錄
表4-1印尼政府「國有化政策」相關法令彙整………………………………….141
表4-2「意識型態」、「政治」、「經濟」衝突下的經濟政策……………………..148
表4-3 蘇卡諾時期（1950 -1965）本地資金形成的企業………………………...154
表5-1 戰後印尼「意識型態」影響經濟政策表…………………………………174
表5-2「依恃關係」與企業關係的類型分析表…………………………………..200
表6-1「依恃關係」與企業關係的類型分析表…………………………………..235
表6-2「依恃關係」與企業關係的類型分析表…………………………………..238
表6-3「依恃關係」與企業關係的類型分析表…………………………………..244
表6-4印尼國內投資成長比例統計表，1975-90…………………………………245
表6-5 GDP每年平均成長率………………………………………………………245
表6-6官僚集團投資所形成之財團……………………………………………….248
表6-7有軍人/官僚背景之財團負責人基本資料…………………………………249
表6-8 布洛格官員投資P.T. Garida Mataram的公司股權……………………..251
表6-9印尼華人主要大型財團排行榜…………………………………………….253
表6-10重要華人資本家基本資料...……………………………………………...257
表6-11本地重要商人的基本資料...……………………………………………...258
表6-12印尼各大集團之間聯盟...………………………………………………...265
圖1-1本土性「資本階級」無法形成…………………………………..15
圖1-2戰後國內兩條路線的鬥爭………………………………………..16
圖3-1爪哇地區彭納祺「強迫耕種制度」統計表（1840-1859）…….67
圖3-2爪哇地區蔗糖區之收穫量統計表（1885-1940）………………..70
圖3-3 1840年「強迫種植制度」下蔗糖栽培耕作報酬費….………….73 圖3-4 1840 年靛青染料耕作收穫報酬………………………………….74
圖4-1 戰後兩條發展路線的衝突……………………………………….123

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