隨著能源需求及環保意識的成長，人們開始尋找乾淨的能源，各國制定了許多法案來促進再生能源的發展，如太陽能、風力及水力等。但需求的成長在未來將對電力系統造成沉重的負擔，虛擬電廠的概念成為了解決這種困境的方法之一。虛擬電廠整合了供電端及需求端的資產運作，來滿足客戶在短期及長期的用電需求。運用先進的通訊、量測及自動化控制技術配合短期負載的變化進行設備的運轉排程，來滿足用戶之用電需求。長期而言，透過更有效的設備投資、整合分散式能源及需量反應等方案，可降低能源的需求，減少設備在尖峰時刻的運轉，以達到降低碳排放量的效果。
近年來，需求端的管理亦被重視，透過時間電價及需量反應等概念，使用戶根據電價的高低改變用電習慣，將非緊急用電移至離峰時段使用，如洗衣機、除濕機及烘碗機等。需量反應的概念為需求端管理的延伸，透過提供用戶回饋金的機制，要求用戶於尖峰負載時刻提供卸載服務，可降低系統在尖峰時刻超載的風險。
本文將建立虛擬電廠系統，配合既有的分散式能源，如太陽能及儲能設備等，配合時間電價機制進行儲能設備的調度，使電廠獲利增加；另一方面運用需量反應概念與用戶簽訂需量反應合約，提供用戶回饋金並要求用戶提供降載。透過不同情境的模擬，探討虛擬電廠在不同儲能設備成本、電價機制、用戶類型等因素所造成的調度影響。

Owing to the increase of power demand and rising awareness of environmental protection, people start to adopt clean power. Many countries enact codes to promote the development of renewable energy, including photovoltaic, wind turbine and hydro generator. The growing demand has been a heavy burden on the power system. In order to meet the demand, the concept of virtual power plant has been proposed. The concept integrates the operation of supply-side and demand-side assets to meet customer demand for energy services in both the short-term and long-term. In short-term, virtual power plant makes extensive and sophisticated use of information technology, smart meter, automated control capabilities and electricity storage to match load fluctuations. The concept also treats long-term load reduction achieved through energy efficiency investments, distributed generation, and demand response.
Using real-time pricing and demand response schemes, customer energy usage can be charged according to tariff structure to move the non-critical demand to off-peak periods, such as washing machines, dehumidifiers and dish driers. Demand response is one of demand side management schemes. Through adequate incentive offers to customers, peak load demand can be reduced at rush hours, and customer bills can be reduced.
In this thesis, we build a virtual power plant model and use the concept of demand response and time of use pricing to control the distributed energy resources, such as battery energy storage system, to maximize the profits. A demand response contract is designed and different factors are taken into account in operation scheduling.

論文審定書 i
致謝 ii
中文摘要 iii
Abstract iv
目錄 v
圖目錄 vii
表目錄 xiii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 相關文獻回顧 3
1.3 論文架構 10
第二章 結合需量反應之虛擬電廠 11
2.1 虛擬電廠之系統架構 11
2.2 太陽能發電 13
2.2.1太陽能隨機發電模型 16
2.3 儲能系統充放電模型 18
2.3.1 電池特性介紹 18
2.3.2 儲能電池等效模型 22
2.3.2儲能設備運轉成本 25
2.4 用戶用電模型 28
2.5 需量反應模型 29
2.5.1 需量反應簡介 29
2.5.2 需量反應執行時機 33
2.5.3 需量反應模型 35
2.6 時間電價方案 38
第三章 結合需量反應之虛擬電廠最佳化運轉管理 46
3.1 無需量反應之虛擬電廠運轉 47
3.1.1系統架構 47
3.1.2 最佳化運轉數學模型 48
3.2 含需量反應之虛擬電廠運轉 51
3.2.1系統架構 51
3.2.2 最佳化運轉數學模型 52
第四章 使用模型預測控制法之虛擬電廠運轉調度 57
4.1 模型預測控制法介紹 57
4.2 不含需量反應之虛擬電廠運轉 64
4.3含需量反應之虛擬電廠運轉 69
第五章 案例模擬與分析結果 73
5.1 無需量反應之虛擬電廠運轉 76
5.2 含需量反應之虛擬電廠運轉 87
5.3 應用模型預測控制法調度虛擬電廠運轉 123
第六章 結論與未來研究方向 133
6.1結論 133
6.2未來研究方向 136
參考文獻 138

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