磁振頻譜已經被廣泛地使用在醫學應用上，在臨床上常常利用磁振頻譜提供準確的評估與診斷。隨著自動化的頻譜分析工具的發展，提供代謝物客觀的定量與絕對濃度也在臨床研究和應用中扮演重要角色。

在本次研究過程中，針對10名健康受試者使用LCModel 分析絕對定量的可靠性和精確度。我們使用LCModel提供的兩種定量方法，internal water scaling和phantom calibration來計算代謝物的濃度，並比較兩種方法所計算的代謝物濃度。為了進一步提升絕對濃度的精確度也加入的部分體積效應的考量。針對有興趣的量測範圍以自動分割將灰質與白質做分割，此分割結果將有利於未來加入部分體積校正使絕對定量結果更加精確。

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been widely used in medical applications, rendering precise evaluation and diagnosis in clinics. As the development of various tools for automatic spectra analysis, providing objective quantification of metabolites, absolute concentrations has been playing an important role in clinical studies and applications as well.

In this study, we investigate the reliability and accuracy of absolute concentration quantified by LCModel. Ten healthy subjects were included. We compared the resultant concentrations calculated by internal water scaling and phantom calibration, both of which are provided by LCModel. Partial volume effect was also taken into account to improve the accuracy of absolute concentrations. Automatic segmentation was applied to volume of interest in order to separate gray matter and white matter, which will facilitate the further partial volume correction and thus better accuracy of absolute quantification.

摘要 1
Abstract 2
表目錄 5
圖目錄 6
第一章　導論 8
第一節　前言 8
第二節　文獻回顧 8
第三節　動機與目的 11
第四節　圖表 13
第二章　方法與原理 14
第一節　氫質子磁振頻譜之成像原理與後處理方法 14
壹、　磁振頻譜的定位方法 15
一、 單一體素(single voxel ) 15
(一) STEAM 15
(二) PRESS 16
(三) PRESS與STEAM的差異比較 16
貳、　後處理方法 16
一、　DC offset 17
二、　Apodization 17
三、　Zreo filling 17
四、　Phase Correction 18
五、　Baseline Correction 18
第二節　LCModel之原理與理論 18
第三節　使用LCModel做絕對定量之方法 20
壹、　Water Scaling 20
貳、　Calibration Phantoms 21
第四節　部分體績效應 22
壹、　起因 22
貳、　Segmentation方法 22
一、　計算閥值 23
二、　完成分割 23
第五節　實驗參數與方法 24
壹、 掃描參數 24
貳、 分析方法 26
第六節　圖表 27
第三章　分析與實驗結果 39
第一節　二種校正方法分析結果 39
第二節　Segmentation驗證與結果 39
第三節　討論 41
第四節　圖表 42
第四章　結論 49
第五章　參考文獻 50

[1] O. Eriksson, P. Pollesello, and N. E. Saris, “Effect of Phenylephrine on the Compartmentation of Inorganic Phosphate in Perfused Rat Liver During Gluconeogenesis and Urea Synthesis: a 31P-n.m.r.-Spectroscopic Study, ” Biochem J, 298(1), 17–21, 1994.
[2] B. Hesslingera, T. Thielb, L. Tebartz van Elsta, J. Hennigb, and D. Eberta, “Attention-deficit Disorder in Adults with or without Hyperactivity:where is the difference? A Study in Humans using short echo1H-magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy,” Neuroscience Letters , 304, 117-119, 2001.
[3] C. Normand, P. Frank, J. Fogel, D. Waschbusch, S. Sullivan, and M. Schmidt, “Metabolite Changes Resulting From Treatment in Children With ADHD: A 1H-MRS Study,” Clinical Neuropharmacology Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 218–221, 2003.
[4] S. W. Provencher, “Estimation of Metabolite Concentrations from Localized in vivo Proton NMR Spectra,” MRM , 30, 672-679, 1993.
[5] S. W. Provencher, “Automatic quantitation of localized in vivo 1H spectra with LCModel NMR Biomed, 14, 260-264, 2001.
[6] A. Lin, B. D. Ross, K. Harris, W. Wong, “Efficacy of Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Neurological Diagnosis and Neurotherapeutic Decision Making,” NeuroRx, 2(2), 197-214, 2005.
[7] P. Sarchielli, O. Presciutti, G. P. Pelliccioli, R. Tarducci, G. Gobbi, P. Chiarini, A. Alberti, F. Vicinanza, and V. Gallai, “Absolute quantification of brain metabolites by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in normal-appearing white matter of multiple sclerosis patients,” Brain, Vol. 122, No. 3, 513-521, 1999.
[8] P. A. Narayana, “Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in the Monitoring of Multiple Sclerosis,” J Neuroimaging, 15(4 Suppl), 46S–57S, 2005.
[9]柯正雯。 Absolute Quantification and Automatic Post-processing of MR Proton Spectroscopic data 。國立台灣大學電機工程學系博士論文，未出版，台北市。
[10]H. I. J. Zandt, M. Graaf and A. Heerschap, “Common processing of in vivo MR spectra,” NMR Biomed, 14, 224-232, 2001.
[11]A. Naressi, C. Couturier, J. M. Devos, M. Janssen, C. Mangeat, R. Beer, and D. Graveron-Demilly, “Java-based graphical user interface for the MRUI quantitation package,” MAGMA, 12(2-3), 141-52, 2001.
[12]L. Vanhamme, A. Boogaart, and S. Huffel. “Improved method for accurate and efficient quantification of MRS data with use of prior knowledge,” J Magn Reson, 129(1),35-43, 1997.
[13]L. Vanhamme, S. Huffel, P. Hecke, and D. Ormondt, “Time-domain quantification of series of biomedical magnetic resonance spectroscopy signals,” J Magn Reson, 140(1), 120-30, 1999.
[14]S. F. Keevil, B. Barbiroli, J. C. Brooks, E. B. Cady, R. Canese, P. Carlier, D. J. Collins, P. Gilligan, G. Gobbi, J. Hennig, H. Kugel, M. O. Leach, D. Metzler, V. Mlynarik, E. Moser, M. C. Newbold, G. S. Payne, P. Ring, J. N. Roberts, I. J. Rowland, T. Thiel, I. Tkac, S. Topp, H. J. Wittsack, F odo, et al.“Absolute metabolite quantification by in vivo NMR spectroscopy: II. A multicentre trial of protocols for in vivo localised proton studies of human brain,” Magn Reson Imaging, 1998.
[15]Z. Y. TONG, T. YAMAKI , Y. J. WANG, “Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of normal human brain and glioma: a quantitive in vivo study,” Chinese Medical Journal, Vol. 118 No. 15, 1251-1257, 2005.
[16]B. J. Soher, P. C. van Zijl , J. H. Duyn, and P. B. Barker, “Quantitative proton MR spectroscopic imaging of the human brain,” Magn Reson Med, 1996.
[17]S. Provencher, LCModel1 & LCMgui2 User’s Manual, 2005.
[18]P. Christiansen, P. B. Toft, P. Gideon, E. R. Danielsen, P. Ring, and O. Henriksen, “MR-visible water content in human brain: a proton MRS study,” Magn Reson Imaging, 12(8),1237-44, 1994.
[19]K. P. Whittall, A. L. MacKay, D. A. Graeb, R. A. Nugent, D. K. Li, and D. W. Paty, “In vivo measurement of T2 distributions and water contents in normal human brain,” Magn Reson Med, 37(1),34-43, 1997.
[20]P. Christiansen, O. Henriksen, M. Stubgaard, P. Gideon, and H. B. Larsson, “In vivo quantification of brain metabolites by 1H-MRS using water as an internal standard,” Magn Reson Imaging,11(1),107-18, 1993.
[21]Z. Tong, T. Yamaki, K. Harada, and K. Houkin, “In vivo quantification of the metabolites in normal brain and brain tumors by proton MR spectroscopy using water as an internal standard,” Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 22, 1017–1024, 2004.
[22]B. Johnston, M. S. AtkiflSt, and K. S. Booth, “Partial volume segmentation in 3D of lesions and tissues in magnetic resonance images,” 28 ISPIE Vol. 2167, 1994.
[23]T. Ernst, R. Kreis, and B. D. Ross, “Absolute quantitation of water and metabolites in the human brain. I. Compartments and water,” J. Magn. Reson, B102, 1–8, 1993.
[24]N. Schuff, F. Ezekiel, A. C. Gamst, D. L. Amend, A. A. Capizzano, A. A. Maudsley, and M.W. Weiner, “Region and tissue differences of metabolites in normally aged brain using multislice 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging,” Magn Reson Med, 45(5), 899-907, 2001.
[25]http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/HIPR2/sobel.htm/
[26]P. B. Barker, B. J. Soher,S. J. Blackband, J. C. Chatham, V. P. Mathews, and R. N. Bryan, “Quantitation of proton NMR spectra of the human brain using tissue water as an internal concentration reference,” NMR Biomed, 6(1), 89-94, 1993.
[27]J. Pfeuffer, I. Tkac, S. W. Provencher, and R. Gruetter, “Toward an in Vivo Neurochemical Profile: Quantification of 18 Metabolites in Short-Echo-Time 1H NMR Spectra of the Rat Brain,” Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 141, 104–120, 1999.
[28]余明興、吳明哲、黃世陽、黃豐隆，2000，Borland C++ Builder 5 學習範本，台北：松崗電腦圖書資料股份有限公司。
[29]鄭明、鄭世偉，2002，C++ Builder5 & Windows API，台北：文魁出版社。
[30]http://www.dicom.com/