本論文共包含FlexRay ECU (Electronics Control Unit, 電子控制單元) 傳接器的兩個關鍵電路：具過電流保護功能與延緩開關之電路，以及數位過溫度保護電路。
關於具過電流保護功能與延緩開關之FlexRay傳接器，本論文提出了在訊號傳送端增加延緩開關之電路，我們可以利用此架構，來減少驅動電路上時產生之短暫突波。在過電流保護電路中，本論文提出利用電流比較方式判斷驅動電路時是否高於FlexRay之額定電流，並針對電流源電路設計。當高於額定電流時立即停止傳送端傳送訊號狀態，為確保傳送端元件狀態之機制。
FlexRay ECU傳接器須具有溫度保護功能，因此在本論文中，提出數位過溫度保護電路。本論文提出利用震盪器架構作為溫度感測裝置，其頻率輸入後端數位電路頻率轉數位轉換器輸出溫度值。在震盪器設計中，輸出頻率在不同角落以及溫度條件下產生類似線性關係，使得可偵測範圍增加以及精準度上升。

This thesis is composed of two critical circuit designs for FlexRay ECU (Electron-ics Control Unit), i.e., a transceiver with over-current protection, and a digital over-temperature protection circuit.
Regarding the transceiver with over-current protection, to reduce the glitch prob-lem, we propose to use delay cells in the transmitter. In order to avoid the transmitter current which is higher than the upperbound defined by FlexRay specifications, we propose a current comparator circuit to detect the state where the transmitter should stop sending signals.
The temperature protection is required for FlexRay specifications. We propose an over-temperature circuit in the thesis. By utilizing an oscillator-based structure, fre-quency to digital converter (FDC) circuit is developed as the core of the temperature protection mechanism. It will convert the frequency signal and output the sensed tem-perature in a digital code format. The output frequency at different process and temper-ature corners show a linear feature such that the range and accuracy of temperature de-tection is enhanced.

致謝 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
圖次 vi
表次 viii
第一章 概論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 相關技術與文獻探討 5
1.2.1 FlexRay產品與文獻 5
1.2.2 溫度偵測電路 6
1.3 論文大綱 9
第二章 具過電流保護電路與延緩開關之FlexRay ECU傳接器 11
2.1 簡介 11
2.2 BD電路架構與設計 12
2.3 BD電路設計 15
2.3.1 傳送端電路與分析 15
2.3.2 接收端電路設計 21
2.3.3 匯流排錯誤偵測 22
2.4 BD電路模擬與預計規格 24
2.4.1 電路模擬結果 24
2.4.2 預計規格列表 29
2.5 晶片佈局 30
2.6 晶片實作與量測結果 31
2.7 結果與討論 35
第三章 FlexRay ECU的數位過溫度保護電路 37
3.1 簡介 37
3.2 電路架構與設計 38
3.3 過溫保護電路設計 39
3.3.1 溫度感測器(TS) 39
3.3.2 頻率轉數位轉換器 46
3.4 電路模擬與預計規格 52
3.5 晶片佈局 53
3.6 結果與討論 55
第四章 研究結果與結論 56
參考文獻 59

[1] Road Vehicles-Interchange of Digital Information-Controller Area Network (CAN) for High-Speed Communications, International Standards Organiza-tion (ISO). ISO Standard-11898, Nov. 1993.
[2] http://www.lin-subbus.org
[3] http://www.mostcooperation.com/home/index.html
[4] G.-N. Sung, C.-Y. Juan, and C.-C. Wang, “Bus guardian design for automo-bile networking ECU nodes compliant with FlexRay standards,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. on Consumer Electronics (ISCE), pp. 1-4, Apr. 2008.
[5] FlexRay Communications System - Electrical Physical Layer Specification V3.0.1, (http://www.flexray.com), 2010.
[6] MB88121 FlexRay ASSP, Rev 1.45, Sep. 2008.
[7] MFR4310 FlexRay Communication Controllers, Rev. 2, Mar. 2008.
[8] TJA1080 FlexRay transceiver, Rev. 2, Jul. 2007.
[9] FlexRay Communications System - Electrical Physical Layer Specification V2.1, (http://www.flexray.com), 2005.
[10] G. Caruso, “FlexRay transceiver in a 0.35 um CMOS high-vlotage technolo-gy,” in Proc. Design, Automation and Test in Europe(DATE), vol. 2,pp. 1-5, Mar. 2006.
[11] A. Techmer and P. Leteinturier, “Implementing FlexRay on Silicon,” in Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Networking, Int. Conf. on Systems and Int. Conf. on Mobile Communications and Learning Technologies (ICNICONSMCL), pp. 34- 40, Apr. 2006.
[12] P. M. Szecowka and M. A. Swiderski, “On hardware implementation of FlexRay bus guardian module,” in Proc. Design, Int. Conf. on Mixed Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems(MIXDEX), pp. 309-312, Jun. 2007.
[13] C.-C. Wang, C.-L Chen, T.-H. Yeh, Y. Hu, and G.-N. Sung, “A high speed transceiver front-end design with fault detection for FlexRay-based automo-tive communication systems,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. on Circuits and Sys-tems (ISCAS), pp. 434-437, May 2011.
[14] M-C. Weng and J.-C. Wu, “A temperature sensor in 0.6um CMOS technolo-gy,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Asia Pacific Conference on ASICs (APASIC), pp. 116-119, Aug. 1999.
[15] A. Bakker, ”CMOS smart temperature sensor - an overview,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Science Education for Next Society (ICSENS), vol. 2, pp. 1423-1427, Jul. 2002.
[16] M. A. P. Pertijs, K. A. A. Makinwa, and J. H. Huijsing, “A COMS smart tem-perature sensor with a 3 inaccuracy of ±0.1 oC from -55 oC to 125 oC,” IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits (JSSC), vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 2805-2815, Dec. 2005.
[17] Z. Shenghua and W. Nanjian, “A novel ultra low power temperature sensor for UHF RFID tag chip,” in Proc. IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (ASSCC)., pp. 464-467, Nov. 2007.
[18] C.-C. Chen, P. Chen, C.-S Hwang, and W. Chang, “A precise cyclic CMOS time-to-digital converter with low thermal sensitivity,” IEEE Trans. on Nu-clear Science, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 834-838, Aug. 2005.
[19] C.-C. Wang, G.-N. Sung, and P.-C. Chen, “A transceiver design for ECU nodes in FlexRay-based automotive communication systems,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), pp. 1-2, Jan. 2008.
[20] C.-C. Wang and G.-N. Sung, “Physical layer design for ECU nodes in FlexRay-based automotive communication systems,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), pp. 1-2, Jan. 2009.
[21] C.-C. Wang, G.-N. Sung, P.-C. Chen, and C.-L. Wey, “A transceiver frond end for electronic control units in FlexRay-based automotive communication systems,” IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems I (TCAS-I), vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 460-470, Jan. 2010.
[22] S. Sengupta, K. Saurabh, and P.E. Allen, “A process ,voltage ,and temperature compensated CMOS constant current reference,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), vol. 1, pp. I-325-I-328, Sep. 2004.
[23] Austriamircosystems DataSheet: AS8223, FlexRay Active Star IC, Nov. 2010.
[24] B. Razavi “Bandgap reference,” in Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Cir-cuits, 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001, pp. 377-404.
[25] S. R. Boyle and R. A. Heald,“ A CMOS circuit for real-time chip temperature measurement,” in Proc. Compcon Spring, Digest of Papers, pp. 286-291, Mar. 1994.
[26] R. J. Baker, H. W. Li, and D. E. Boyee, “Voltage reference,” in CMOS Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation, 3rd ed., New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2010, pp. 745-772.
[27] K. Ueno, T. Asai, and Y. Amemiya, “Temperature-to-frequency converter consisting of subthreshold mosfet circuits for smart temperaturesensor LSIs,” in Proc. Int. Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conf., pp. 2433-2436, Jun. 2009.
[28] S. Park, C. Min, and S.-H. Cho, “A 95nW ring oscillator-based temperature sensor for RFID tags in 0.13um CMOS”, in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. on Circuits and Systems (ISACS), pp. 1153-1156, May 2009.
[29] C.-L. Chen, S.-C Lin, and C.-C. Wang, “A digital over-temperature protector for FlexRay system,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), pp. 1991-1994, May 2012.