本論文提出一新型串列太陽能板在部分遮陰情況下的最大功率追蹤方法。根據實測結果發現，太陽能板之電壓-電流特性曲線可根據照度以等比例水平伸縮之方式得到不同光照強度下的曲線。因此，可利用各太陽能板之短路電流，採水平伸縮方式建立每一片太陽能板的電壓-電流特性曲線，再由個別的電壓-電流特性曲線疊加得到整體的電壓-電流特性曲線。最後藉由特性方程式計算出各區域最大功率點功率並找出最大值，即可找到全域最大功率點。本方法不須偵測與計算特性曲線中各點的電壓、電流及功率，僅偵測短路電流後，估算所有區域最大功率點的功率來完成最大功率追蹤。此外，系統的部分遮陰狀態發生改變時也能夠迅速偵測到變化並快速將串列太陽能板操作於新的全域最大功率點。本研究建構一小型串聯太陽能板實驗系統，設計偵測電路與控制策略，驗證此方法的可行性與正確性。

This thesis proposes a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method for serially connected photovoltaic (PV) panels under partially shaded conditions. Experimental results indicate that the voltage-current (V-I) characteristic curves of PV panels can be obtained by stretching the currents in proportional to the irradiance levels. The overall V-I characteristic curve for a number of PV panels in series can be obtained by superimposing all V-I curves figured from horizontally scaling the short-circuit currents of each PV panel. Accordingly, all powers at the local maximum power points (LMPP) can be calculated from the characteristic equations and thus the global maximum power point (GMPP) is found. Instead of scanning the overall V-I curve with time consuming power calculations, the proposed approach measures the short-circuit currents and estimates only the powers at LMPPs. Moreover, the new GMPP can be found rapidly when an irradiance change happens to the serial PV panels. A laboratory system with serially connected PV panels and sampling circuits were set up to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the MPPT strategy.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iii
圖目錄 v
表目錄 vii
第一章 緒論 8
1-1 研究背景 8
1-2 研究動機 9
1-3 論文大綱 10
第二章 太陽能電池板概述與部分遮陰介紹 11
2-1 太陽能電池種類與發電原理 11
2-2 太陽能板特性曲線與最大功率點 14
2-3 部分遮陰現象 17
2-4 常見之部分遮陰最大功率追蹤方法 20
2-4-1 功率曲線斜率法 21
2-4-2 功率增量法 21
2-4-3 功率估測法 22
2-4-4 負載直線最大功率追蹤法 23
2-4-5 斐波那契搜尋法 25
2-4-6 人工神經網路法 27
2-4-7 粒子群聚最佳化法 28
第三章 串列太陽能板部分遮陰之最大功率追蹤法 31
3-1 全域最大功率點判斷法則 31
3-2 最大功率追蹤流程 36
3-3 部分遮陰狀態變化偵測 37
第四章 實做與驗證 40
4-1 實驗系統配置 40
4-2 控制單元 42
4-3 追蹤控制流程 45
4-4 實例驗證 47
4-5 部分遮陰狀態變化實例 55
第五章 結論與未來研究方向 58
5-1 結論 58
5-2 未來研究方向 59
參考文獻 60

[1] A. O. Converse, “Seasonal Energy Storage in a Renewable Energy System,” Proceedings of IEEE, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 401-409, Feb. 2012.
[2] B. Cancino, E. Galvez, P. Roth, and A. Bonneschky, “Introducing Photovoltaic Systems into Homes in Rural Chile,” IEEE Technology and Society Mag., vol. 20, no.1, pp. 29-36, Spring 2001.
[3] 歐文生，2008，“台灣太陽能設計用標準日射量之研究”，中華建築學會建築學報，六十四期。
[4] H. L. Willis and W. G. Scott, “Distributed Power Generation-Planning and Evaluation,” Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2000.
[5] M. Rabinowitz, “Power Systems of the Future. I,” IEEE Power Engineering Review, vol. 20, pp. 5-16, Jan. 2000.
[6] “Engineering Guide for Integration of Distributed Generation and Storage into Power Distribution Systems,” EPRI Technical Report TR-100419, Dec. 2000.
[7] J. Leppaaho and T. Suntio, “Dynamic Characteristics of Current-Fed Superbuck Converter,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 200-209, Jan. 2011.
[8] H. Matsuo and F. Kurokawa, “New Solar Cell Power Supply System Using a Boost Type Bidirectional DC-DC Converter,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. IE-31, no. 1, pp. 51-55, Feb. 1984.
[9] Y. Du and D. D. C. Lu, “Analysis of a Battery-Integrated Boost Converter for Module-Based Series Connected Photovoltaic System,” in Proc. IEEE International Power Electronics Conference, pp. 694-698, June 2010.
[10] M. Veerachary, T. Senjyu, and K. Uezato, “Maximum Power Point Tracking of Coupled Inductor Interleaved Boost Converter Supplied PV System,” in Proc. IEE Electric Power Applications, vol. 150, no. 1, pp. 71-80, Jan. 2003.
[11] J. A. Gow and C. D. Manning, “Controller Arrangement for Boost Converter Systems Sourced from Solar Photovoltaic Arrays or Other Maximum Power Sources,” in Proc. IEE Electric Power Applications, vol. 147, no. 1, pp. 15-20, Jan. 2000.
[12] D. T. Lobera and S. Valkealahti, “Mismatch Losses in PV Power Generators Caused by Partial Shading Due to Clouds,” in Proc. IEEE Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems, pp.1-7, July 2013.
[13] L. F. L. Villa, H. Tien-Phu, J. C. Crebier, and B. Raison, “A Power Electronics Equalizer Application for Partially Shaded Photovoltaic Modules,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 1179-1190, Mar. 2013.
[14] F. Spertino and J. S. Akilimali, “Are Manufacturing I-V Mismatch and Reverse Currents Key Factors in Large Photovoltaic Arrays?,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 4520–4531, June 2009.
[15] H. Patel and V. Agarwal, “MATLAB-Based Modeling to Study the Effects of Partial Shading on PV Array Characteristics,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 302–310, Mar. 2008.
[16] A. E. Ghitas and M. Sabry, “A Study of the Effect of Shadowing Location and Area on the Si Solar Cell Electrical Parameters,” Vacuum, vol. 81, pp. 475–478, Nov. 2006.
[17] M. Drif, P. J. P´erez, J. Aguilera, and J. D. Aguilar, “A New Estimation Method of Irradiance on a Partially Shaded PV Generator in Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems,” Renewable Energy, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 2048–2056, Sep. 2008.
[18] A. Maki and S. Valkealahti, “Power Loss in Long String and Parallel-Connected Short Strings of Series-Connected Silicon-Based Photovoltaic Modules Due to Partial Shading Conditions,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 173–183, Mar. 2012.
[19] E. V. Paraskevadaki and S. A. Papathanassiou, “Evaluation of MPP Voltage and Power of Mc-Si PV Modules in Partial Shading Conditions,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 923–932, Sep. 2011.
[20] R. A. Mastromauro, M. Liserre, and A. Dell’Aquila, “Control Issues in Single-Stage Photovoltaic Systems: MPPT, Current and Voltage Control,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Informatics, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 241–254, Feb. 2012.
[21] R. Gules, J. De Pellegrin Pacheco, H. L. Hey, and J. Imhoff, “A Maximum Power Point Tracking System with Parallel Connection for PV Stand-Alone Applications,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 2674–2683, July 2008.
[22] “太陽能/光電電池之IV及CV特性分析-B1500A應用手冊”，Agilent Technologies。
[23] 財團法人光電科技工業協進會，http://www.pida.org.tw/welcome.asp。
[24] 莊嘉琛，2001，“太陽能工程-太陽能電池篇”，全華科技圖書股份有限公司。
[25] 張宇翔，2010，“太陽能電池模擬器之研製”，國立高雄應用科技大學，碩士論文。
[26] 蔡進譯，2005，“超高效率太陽能電池-從愛因斯坦的光電效應談起”，物理雙月刊，廿七卷，五期，第701-719頁，10月。
[27] 林明獻，2007，“太陽能電池技術入門”，全華科技圖書股份有限公司。
[28] 吳財福、張健軒、陳裕愷，2003，“太陽能供電與照明系統綜論”，全華科技圖書股份有限公司。
[29] D. S. H. Chan, J. R. Phillips, and J. C. H. Phang, “A Comparative Study of Extraction Methods for Solar Cell Model Parameters,” Solid-State Electronics, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 329-337, Mar. 1986.
[30] S. Liu and R. A. Dougal, “Dynamic Multiphysics Model for Solar Array,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 285-294, June 2002.
[31] 黃惠良等編著，2008，“太陽能電池：太陽能轉換成電能的最佳裝置”，五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
[32] W. D. Xiao, F. F. Edwin, G. Spagnuolo, and J. Jatskevich, “Efficient Approaches for Modeling and Simulating Photovoltaic Power Systems,” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 500-508, Nov. 2012.
[33] M. G. Villalva, J. R. Gazoli, and E. R. Filho, “Comprehensive Approach to Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic Arrays,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 1198-1208, Mar. 2009.
[34] T. Tafticht, K. Agbossou, M. L. Doumbia, and A. Cheriti, “An Improved Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Photovoltaic Systems,” Renewable Energy, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 1508-1516, July 2008.
[35] E. V. Solodovnik, S. Liu, and R. A. Dougal, “Power Controller Design for Maximum Power Tracking in Solar Installations,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1295-1304, Sep. 2004.
[36] A. Karavadi, “Power Electronics Design Implications of Novel Photovoltaic Collector Geometries and Their Application for Increased Energy Harvest,” M. S. thesis, Dept. Electr. Comput. Eng., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, 2011.
[37] W. Herrmann, W. Wiesner, and W. Vaassen, “Hot Spot Investigations on PV Modules—New Concepts for a Test Standard and Consequences for Module Design with Respect to Bypass Diodes,” in Proc. Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, pp. 1129–1132, Sep. 1997.
[38] M. C. A. Garc´ıa, W. Herrmann, W. B¨ohmer, and B. Proisy, “Thermal and Electrical Effects Caused by Outdoor Hot-Spot Testing in Associations of Photovoltaic Cells,” Progress in Photovoltaics : Research and Applications, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 293–307, July 2003.
[39] H. Patel and V. Agarwal, “Maximum Power Point Tracking Scheme for PV Systems Operating under Partially Shaded Conditions,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1689–1698, Apr. 2008.
[40] L. Gao, R. A. Dougal, S. Liu, and A. P. Iotova, “Parallel-Connected Solar PV System to Address Partial and Rapidly Fluctuating Shadow Conditions,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 1548–1556, Jan. 2009.
[41] A. Bidram, A. Davoudi, and R. S. Balog, “Control and Circuit Techniques to Mitigate Partial Shading Effects in Photovoltaic Arrays,” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 532–546, Oct. 2012.
[42] E. Koutroulis and F. Blaabjerg, “A New Technique for Tracking the Global Maximum Power Point of PV Arrays Operating under Partial-Shading Conditions,” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 184–190, Feb. 2012.
[43] M. Miyatake, M. Veerachary, F. Toriumi, N. Fujii, and H. Ko, “Maximum Power Point Tracking of Multiple Photovoltaic Arrays: A PSO Approach,” IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 367–380, Jan. 2011.
[44] T. Esram and P. L. Chapman, “Comparison of Photovoltaic Array Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 439–449, June 2007.
[45] Y. Wang, Y. Li, and X. Ruan, “High-Accuracy and Fast-Speed MPPT Methods for PV String Under Partially Shaded Conditions,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 235–245, Jan. 2016.
[46] K. Kobayashi, I. Takano, and Y. Sawada, “A Study of a Two Stage Maximum Power Point Tracking Control of a Photovoltaic System under Partially Shaded Insolation Conditions,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 90, no. 18-19, pp. 2975–2988, Nov. 2006.
[47] A. Safari and S. Mekhilef, “Implementation of Incremental Conductance Method with Direct Control,” in Proc. IEEE Region 10 Conference, pp. 944–948, Nov. 2011.
[48] Y. H. Ji, D. Y. Jung, C. Y. Won, J. G. Kim, T. W. Lee, and J. H. Kim, “A Real Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Mismatching Compensation in PV Array under Partially Shaded Conditions,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1001–1009, Oct. 2010.
[49] N. A. Ahmed and M. Miyatake, “A Novel Maximum Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Applications under Partially Shaded Insolation Conditions,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 777–784, May 2008.
[50] M. Miyatake, T. Inada, I. Hiratsuka, Z. Hongyan, H. Otsuka, and M. Nakano, “Control Characteristics of a Fibonacci-Search-Based Maximum Power Point Tracker when a Photovoltaic Array is Partially Shaded,” in Proc. International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, vol. 2, pp. 816–821, Aug. 2004.
[51] D. D. Nguyen, B. Lehman, and S. Kamarthi, “Solar Photovoltaic Array’s Shadow Evaluation Using Neural Network with On-Site Measurement,” in Proc. Electrical Power Conference, pp. 44–49, Oct. 2007.
[52] 林原立，2008，“粒子群式太陽能最大功率追蹤轉換器之研製”，國立彰化師範大學，碩士論文。
[53] J. Kennedy and R. Eberhart, “Particle Swarm Optimization,” in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, vol. 4, pp. 1942-1948, Nov. 1995.
[54] R. Eberhart and J. Kennedy, “A New Optimizer Using Particle Swarm Theory,” in Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Micro Machine and Human Science, pp. 39-43, Oct. 1995.
[55] K. Ishaque, Z. Salam, M. Amjad, and S. Mekhilef, “An Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-Based MPPT for PV with Reduced Steady State Oscillation,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 3627–3638, Jan. 2012.
[56] 林信利，2012，“電流漣波對太陽能電池輸出功率之影響”，國立中山大學，碩士論文。