本研究的目的是為了解台灣西南近岸海域中底棲蝦類群聚之種類組成及其時空變化之環境影響因子。採樣時間自2002年4月至2003年7月止，每季以2次之頻率於茄萣、左營、中洲、林園、大鵬、林邊及枋寮海域，水深15m及25m處，利用底拖網進行採樣，並同時收集溫度、鹽度、溶氧、底質粒徑組成及有機質等環境因子。結果顯示本海域中底質有顯著的空間差異，水文環境則有明顯的季節變化。依底質粒徑組成之不同可分為粗粒徑之北邊測站（中洲以北）及細粒徑之南邊測站（林園以南）。依溫度及鹽度則可將季節變化分為乾（低溫高鹽）及濕（高溫低鹽）兩季。在11個航次154網次之採樣中，共捕獲底棲蝦類10科20屬39種15,591尾。前四優勢種類依序為婆羅門赤對蝦（88.2%）、彎角鷹爪對蝦（3.6%）、鬚赤對蝦（3.5%）及角突彷對蝦（1.4%）。這些底棲蝦類種類組成的空間差異，主要是因優勢蝦種組成之差異所致。婆羅門赤對蝦雖在各測站皆為優勢種，但其豐度百分比上卻在枋寮及茄萣測站較低，在枋寮海域取而代之為彎角鷹爪對蝦，而在茄萣卻為鬚赤對蝦及角突彷對蝦。底棲蝦類的種類組成與底質及水文特性有關。彎角鷹爪對蝦、凹陷管鞭蝦、疣鷹爪對蝦出現於高溫低鹽，含極細砂的環境（以雨季的林邊和枋寮海域為代表）；多棘蝟蝦、滑殼新對蝦、劍角新對蝦及婆羅門赤對蝦出現於低溫高鹽，底質含粉砂和黏土高的環境（以乾季的林園、林邊海域為主）出現；戴氏赤對蝦、鬚赤對蝦則偏好高溫低鹽，且底質為細砂、中細砂和粗砂高的環境（以雨季的左營和中洲為主）；皺褶蟬蝦與角突彷對蝦則偏好底質為細砂、中細砂和粗砂高的環境，但較不受溫度及鹽度的影響（以茄萣至林園間海域為主）。豐度的季節變化則與優勢物種族群的季節消長相關。在夏末秋初，當婆羅門赤對蝦成蝦外游時，整體蝦類群聚的豐度驟降。至秋季時，婆羅門赤對蝦與鬚赤對蝦之稚蝦雖同時洄游至本海域棲息，但鬚赤對蝦較婆羅門赤對蝦為多，而成為優勢種。春季時，鬚赤對蝦外游，而婆羅門赤對蝦的稚蝦持續補充至近岸海域，使得近岸底棲蝦類豐度達到高峰。彎角鷹爪對蝦及角突彷對蝦分別為本研究中最南與最北測站的優勢種，因此對整體底棲蝦類群聚之季節變化並無顯著之影響。

This study is aiming to investigate the distribution of epibenthic shrimp communities in relation to the environmental factors of their habitats in the coastal sandy bottom of southwestern Taiwan. Shrimp samples were collected from April 2002 to July 2003, with a beam trawl operated at seven stations along the coasts. Simultaneously, water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen were measured and sediments were collected. Particle size and organic matter of the sediments were then analyzed in the laboratory. The results of PCA analyses on these environmental factors revealed that the observations could be segregated into two groups along the PC1, representing rainy season with high temperature, low salinity and dry season with low temperature, high salinity, respectively. The observations with coarse particle (>0.125 mm), representing samples from north sites, were found to distribute in the upper part of the PC2; while those with fine particle (<0.125 mm), representing samples from south sites, distributed in the lower part. In total, 15,591 individuals of shrimp were collected, including 20 genus, 39 species. Metapenaeopsis palmensis (88.2%), Trachysalambria curvirostris (3.6%), M. barbata (3.5%) and Parapenaeopsis cornuta (1.4%) were the four dominant species.
Significant differences in the spatial distribution were due to the different composition of the dominant species. Although M. palmensis was the most abundant species in most stations, its percentage abundance was the lowest at Fangliao and Jiading, where the dominant species were T. curvirostris for the former and M. barbata and P. cornuta for the latter. Species preferences for various combinations of environmental variables are responsible for shifts in the structure and overall abundance of assemblages and dictated some patterns. Higher abundances of T. curvirostris, Trachypenaeus granulosus, and Solenocera koelbeli were associated with the appearance of high temperature, low salinity and very fine sand, representing the environmental features of Fangliao and Linbian during the rainy season. Stenopus hispidus, Metapenaeus moyebi, Metapenaeus ensis and M. palmensis were abundant coinciding with low temperature, high salinity and high silt and clay that reflecting the dry season of Linyuan and Linbian waters. Metapenaeopsis dalei and M. barbata appeared in large numbers at habitats with high temperature, low salinity and coarse sand, which mainly occurred in Zouying to Jhongjhou during the rainy season. Moreover, Scyllarus rugosus and Parapenaeopsis cornuta seemed to prefer coarse sandy bottom mainly distributed from Jiading to Linyuan.
Temporal fluctuations were associated with the population dynamic of the dominant species. The abundance was reduced while the M. palmensis migrated to open sea in late summer and early autumn. As the juveniles of M. palmensis and M. barbata back to the inshore waters, the abundance were increased and reached the peak in spring. Because of the limited distribution, T. curvirostris and P. cornuta were not influence the overall temporal fluctuations but the local fluctuations.
Overall, temporal fluctuations act more at a specific level even structural one, and may be linked to some particular stages of the benthic shrimp life cycle, but do not significantly influence the spatial organization.

摘要.................................................................................................................................i

目錄................................................................................................................................v

表目錄.........................................................................................................................viii

圖目錄...........................................................................................................................ix

附表...............................................................................................................................xi

附錄..............................................................................................................................xii

謝辭.............................................................................................................................xiv

一、前言........................................................................................................................1
1.1底棲蝦類群聚研究之重要性..............................................................................1
1.2國外文獻回顧......................................................................................................2
1.3國內文獻回顧......................................................................................................3
1.4緣起與目的..........................................................................................................4

二、材料與方法............................................................................................................6
2.1採樣地點..............................................................................................................6
2.2採樣方法..............................................................................................................6
2.2.1環境因子.......................................................................................................6
2.2.2底棲蝦類樣品...............................................................................................6
2.3樣品處理..............................................................................................................7
2.3.1底質樣品.......................................................................................................7
2.3.1.1底質粒徑分析........................................................................................7
2.3.1.2有機物含量............................................................................................7
2.3.2底棲蝦類樣品...............................................................................................8
2.4數據分析..............................................................................................................8
2.4.1原始數據處理...............................................................................................8
2.4.2群聚分析.......................................................................................................9
2.4.2.1歧異度....................................................................................................9
2.4.2.2變方分析..............................................................................................10
2.4.3多變量統計分析.........................................................................................10
2.4.3.1集群分析..............................................................................................10
2.4.3.2多空間尺度分析..................................................................................11
2.4.3.3相似度分析..........................................................................................11
2.4.3.4典型對應分析......................................................................................11

三、結果......................................................................................................................13
3.1水文與底質環境................................................................................................13
3.1.1溫度.............................................................................................................13
3.1.2鹽度.............................................................................................................13
3.1.3溶氧.............................................................................................................14
3.1.4水文環境時空變化.....................................................................................14
3.1.5粒徑組成.....................................................................................................14
3.1.6有機質.........................................................................................................15
3.1.7底質環境之時空變化.................................................................................16
3.1.8環境時空之變化.........................................................................................16
3.2底棲蝦類之種類組成........................................................................................17
3.3群聚生物多樣性................................................................................................19
3.3.1空間差異.....................................................................................................19
3.3.2月別變化.....................................................................................................19
3.4種類數、豐度、生物量之空間變化................................................................20
3.5種類數、豐度、生物量之時間變化................................................................20
3.6底棲蝦類群聚時空變化分析............................................................................21
3.7底棲蝦類群聚與環境因子................................................................................22
3.8優勢種生物學....................................................................................................23
3.8.1婆羅門赤對蝦.............................................................................................23
3.8.1.1平均頭胸甲長的月別變化及地點差異..............................................23
3.8.1.2頭胸甲長頻度分布..............................................................................24
3.8.2彎角鷹爪對蝦.............................................................................................24
3.8.2.1平均頭胸甲長月別變化......................................................................24
3.8.2.2頭胸甲長頻度分布..............................................................................25
3.8.3鬚赤對蝦.....................................................................................................25
3.8.3.1平均頭胸甲長月別變化......................................................................25
3.8.3.2頭胸甲長頻度分布..............................................................................26
3.8.4角突彷對蝦.................................................................................................26
3.8.4.1平均頭胸甲長月別變化......................................................................26
3.8.4.2頭胸甲長頻度分布..............................................................................26

四、討論......................................................................................................................28
4.1水文環境............................................................................................................28
4.2種類組成............................................................................................................28
4.3底棲蝦類群聚之時空分布................................................................................30
4.4底棲蝦類群聚與環境因子................................................................................32
4.4.1底質因子.....................................................................................................33
4.4.2水文因子.....................................................................................................35
4.5優勢種生物學....................................................................................................37
4.5.1婆羅門赤對蝦（Metapenaeopsis palmensis）...........................................37
4.5.2彎角鷹爪對蝦（Trachysalambria curvirostris）.......................................38
4.5.3鬚赤對蝦（Metapenaeopsis barbata）......................................................39
4.4.4角突彷對蝦（Parapenaeopsis cornuta）...................................................40
4.6底棲蝦類群聚與生物因子..................................................................................41

五、參考文獻..............................................................................................................43
5.1中文部分............................................................................................................43
5.2英文部分............................................................................................................46

表..................................................................................................................................55

圖..................................................................................................................................79

附表............................................................................................................................116

附錄............................................................................................................................123

圖版............................................................................................................................153

中日文部分
丁雲源, 1990 白蝦、大正蝦在台灣養殖現況及其將來性。潮訊14。行政院農業委員會水產試驗所。

川村多實二, 1940 動物群聚研究法。In：宮邊富次郎（編）, 生物學實驗法講座，B. 動物學關係，第6卷。建文館。東京，日本。49 pp.

三宅貞祥, 1982 原色日本大型甲殼類圖鑑（I）。保育社。大阪，日本。vii+261 pp.

方力行、葉庭芳, 1990 中國鋼鐵公司 爐石海拋區之漁業、生物相調查＜第一年研究報告＞。國立中山大學海洋資源系。中國鋼鐵公司研究發展處。

方新疇、莫顯喬、楊善通、陳餘鋆、陳天毅、陳正旺, 1997 海研三號研究船之魚類採集網具設計及使用。漁業推廣127。57 - 60。

王永泓、陳國通, 1994 南麂島鄰近海域底棲生物群落結構分析。東海海洋12（2）。62 - 69。

安田治三郎, 1956 內&#28286;&#12395;於&#12369;&#12427;蝦類&#12398;資源生物學的研究（Ⅱ）：各論 各種類&#12398;生態&#12395;&#38306;&#12377;&#12427;研究。內海區水產研究所研究報告 9。1 - 81。

安田治三郎, 1958內&#28286;&#12395;於&#12369;&#12427;蝦類&#12398;資源生物學的研究。內海區水產研究所研究報告 11。171 - 198。

安田治三郎、篠岡久夫、小林歌男, 1957 瀨戶內海&#12398;&#12456;&#12499;漁業&#12398;合理化&#12395;&#38306;&#12377;&#12427;研究Ⅱ &#12456;&#12499;&#12398;種類, 分布, 移動並&#12403;&#12395;組成&#12395;就&#12356;&#12390;。內海區水產研究所研究報告 10。28 – 36。

朱春華, 2002 鹽度對南美白對蝦生長性能的影響。水產科技情報 29（4）。166 - 168。

池末&#24357;, 1963 有明海&#12395;&#12362;&#12369;&#12427;&#12456;&#12499;&#8226;&#12450;&#12511;類&#12398;生活史, 生態&#12395;&#38306;&#12377;&#12427;研究。西海水產研究所研究報告 30。1 - 124。

吳啟泉、江錦祥、徐惠州、蔡爾西、林雙淡、鄭風武、李榮冠、何明海、黃心光, 1994 臺灣海峽西部及臺灣淺灘附近底棲生物群落結構研究。海洋學報16（2）。101 - 109。

宋海棠、俞存根、姚光展, 2004 東海鷹爪蝦的數量分布和變動。海洋漁業 26(3)。184 - 188。

阪本俊雄、林健一, 1977 紀伊水道&#12395;&#12362;&#12369;&#12427;小型底曳網漁業&#12398;&#12456;&#12499;類。日水誌 43（11）。1259 - 1268。

阪地英男, 1995 &#12488;&#12521;&#12456;&#12499;Metapenaeopsis acclivis（Rathbun）,&#12450;&#12459;&#12456;&#12499;M. barbata（De Haan）,&#12461;&#12471;&#12456;&#12499;M. dalei（Rathbun）及&#12403;&#12469;&#12523;&#12456;&#12499;Trachypenaeus curvirostris（Stimpson）&#12398;&#28508;砂能力。南西海區水產研究所研究報告 28。1 - 7。

阪地英男, 2004土佐&#28286;&#12395;&#12362;&#12369;&#12427;&#12463;&#12523;&#12510;&#12456;&#12499;科&#12456;&#12499;類&#12398;資源生物&#23398;的研究。水&#29987;&#32207;合研究&#12475;&#12531;&#12479;&#12540;研究報告 6。73 - 127。

周耀烋、蘇偉成, 2002 臺灣漁具漁法。行政院農業委員會漁業署。307pp。

孫春錄、趙仁勇、王轟、張榭令, 1997 周氏新對蝦越冬群體的環境因子和生物學特徵。齊魯漁業14（3）。28 - 29。

馬藏允、劉海、王惠卿、王世權, 1997 底棲生物群落結構變化多元變數統計分析。中國環境科學17（4）。297 - 300。

堵南山, 1993 甲殼動物學。科學出版社。北京，中國。1003 pp.

許皓捷、李培芬, 2003 群聚變異梯度長度對排序結果的影響。台灣林業科學18（3）。201 - 211。

通山正弘, 1980土佐&#28286;&#12395;&#12362;&#12369;&#12427;&#12469;&#12523;&#12456;&#12499;&#23646;3種&#12398;形態的特徵&#12392;&#12381;&#12428;&#12425;&#12398;生態&#12395;&#12388;&#12356;&#12390;。南西海區水產研究所研究報告 12。75 - 91。

通山正弘、林健一, 1982 土佐&#28286;&#12398;砂泥性, 浮遊性&#12456;&#12499;類&#12392;&#12381;&#12398;分布。南西海區水產研究所研究報告14。83 - 105。

郭立信, 1984 興達潮間帶底棲動物與環境之關係。碩士論文。海洋學研究所。國立台灣大學。

陳天任、游祥平, 1993 原色台灣龍蝦圖鑑。南天書局。台北，台灣。x+247 pp.

游祥平、陳天任, 1986 原色台灣對蝦圖鑑。南天書局。台北，台灣。xiv+183 pp.

游祥平、鄭明修、陳天任、何平合、施志昀, 1996 墾丁國家公園海域及陸域甲殼十足類生物相調查。內政部營建署墾丁國家公園管理處保育研究報告第95號。79 pp.。

華洪生、孫松、孫道元, 2001 膠州灣大型底棲生物群落的變化。海洋與湖沼32（2）。132 - 138。

葉永誠, 1987 高雄港水域底棲生物相及其分佈。碩士論文。海洋研究所。國立台灣大學。

劉瑞玉、鍾振如, 1986 南海對蝦類。農業出版社。北京，中國。278 pp.

厲紅梅, 2001 多變量分析在海洋環境底棲動物生態監測數據處理中的研究與應用。碩士論文。環境科學研究中心。廈門大學。

蔡立哲、洪華生、黃玉山, 1997 香港維多利亞港大型底棲生物群落的時空變化。海洋學報19（2）。65 – 70。

鄭明修, 1997 墾丁國家公園海域及陸域甲殼十足類生物相調查（第二年）－海域甲殼十足類群聚之調查研究。內政部營建署墾丁國家公園管理處保育研究報告第96號。66 pp.。

韓潔、張志南、于子山, 2003 渤海中、南部大型底棲動物物種多樣性的研究。生物多樣性11（1）。20 - 27。

龐元勳, 1981 香山潮間帶底棲生物與環境之關係。碩士論文。海洋學研究所。國立台灣大學。

蘇茂森、廖一久, 1987a 台灣西南沿岸海域重要經濟蝦類之生態研究－ I 大鵬灣草蝦之向海迴遊。臺灣水產學會刊14（1）。36 - 48。

蘇茂森、廖一久, 1987b 台灣西南沿岸海域重要經濟蝦類之生態研究－Ⅱ 大鵬灣熊蝦之向海迴遊。臺灣水產學會刊14（1）。49 - 59。

英文部分

Abele, L. G., 1976 Comparative species composition and relative abundance of decapod crustaceans in marine habitats of Panama. Marine Biology 38, 263 - 278.

Amara, R., Paul, C., 2003 Seasonal patterns in the fish and epibenthic crustaceans community of an intertidal zone with particular reference to the population dynamics of plaice and brown shrimp. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 56, 807 - 818.

Banner, A. H., Banner, D. M., 1983 An annotated checklist of the alpheid shrimp from the western Indian ocean. Travaux et Documents de L’ORSTOM 158, 1 - 164.

Bello, M. J., 1997 Species composition and recruitment seasonality of penaeoid shrimps at Bear Cut, Biscayne Bay, Florida. M. S. Thesis, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science. University of Miami. 62pp.

Beyst, B., Buysse, D., Dewicke, A., Mees, J. 2001a Surf zone hyperbenthos of Belgian sandy beach: seasonal patterns. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 53, 877 - 895.

Beyst, B., Hostens, K., Mees, J., 2001b Factor influencing fish and macrocrustacean communities in the surf zone of sandy beaches in Belgium：temporal variation. Journal of Sea Research 46, 281 - 294.

Beyst, B., Hostens, K., Mees, J., 2002 Factor influencing the spatial variation in fish and macrocrustacean communities in the surf zone of sandy beaches in Belgium. Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 82, 181 - 187.

Botero, L., Atema, J., 1982 Behavior and substrate selection during larval settling in the lobster Homarus Americans. Journal of Crustacean Biology 2(1), 59 - 69.

Branford, J. R., 1981a Sediment and distribution of penaeid shrimp in the Sudanese Red Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 13, 349 - 354.

Branford, J. R., 1981b Sediment preferences and morphometric equations for Penaeus monodon and Penaeus indicus from creeks of the Red Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 13, 473 - 476.

Brusher, H. A., Renfro, W. C., Neal, R. A., 1972 Notes on distribution, size, and ovarian development of some penaeid shrimps in the northwestern gulf of Mexico, 1961 – 1962. Contributions in Marine Science 16, 75 - 87.

Callaway, R., Alsv&aring;g, J., de Boois, I., Cotter, J., Ford, A., Hinz, H., Jennings, S., Kr&ouml;ncke, I., Lancaster, J., Piet, G., Prince, P., Ehrich, S., 2002 Diversity and community structure of epibenthic invertebrates and fish in the North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59, 1199 - 1214.

Cha, H. K., Oh, C. W., Choi, J. H., 2004 Biology of the cocktail shrimp, Trachysalambria curvirostris(Decapoda: Penaeidae) in Yellow Sea of Korea. Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84, 351 - 357.

Chan, T. Y., 1998a Shrimps and prawns. In: Carpenter, K. E., Niem, V. H. (eds.), FAOspecies identification guide for fishery purposes.The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 2. Cephalopods, crustaceans, holothurians and sharks. Rome, FAO. 851 - 971.

Chan, T. Y., 1998b Lobsters. In: Carpenter, K. E., Niem, V. H. (eds.), FAOspecies identification guide for fishery purposes.The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 2. Cephalopods, crustaceans, holothurians and sharks. Rome, FAO. 973 - 1043.

Chen, C. C., Chow, Y. S., 2001 Comparison of the catch compositions of the shrimp beam trawl fishery in the three areas off the southwestern coast of Taiwan. Joural of Fishery Society of Taiwan 28（4）. 287 - 303.

Chong, V. C., Sasekumar, A., Leh, M. U., D’Cruz, R., 1990 The fish and prawn communities of a Malaysian coastal mangrove system, with comparisons to adjacent mud flats and inshore waters. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 31, 703 - 722.

Chou, W. R., Lai, S. H., Fang, L. S., 1999 Benthic crustacean communities in waters of southwestern Taiwan and their relationships to environmental characteristics. Acta Zoological Taiwanica 10（1）, 25 - 35.

Clark, K. R., Gorley, R. N., 2001 PRIMER v5: User Manual/ Tutorial. PRIMER-E. Plymouth. U.K.

Clark, K. R., Warwick, R. M., 1994 Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation. Plymouth Marine Laboratory. Natural Environment Research Council, U.K. 144pp.

Cohen, B. F., Currie, D. R., McArthur, M. A., 2000 Epibenthic community structure in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Marine & Freshwater Research51（7）, 689 - 702.

Costa, R. C., Fransozo, A., 2004 Abundance and ecologic distribution of the shrimp Rimapenaeus constrictus (Crustacea: Penaeidae) on the northern coast of S&atilde;o Paulo State, Brazil. Journal of Natural History 38, 901 - 912.

Courtney, A. J., Masel, J. M., Die, D. J., 1995 Temporal and spatial patterns in recruitment of three penaeid prawns in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 41, 377 - 392.

Dall, W., Hill, B. J., Rothlisberg, P. C., Sharples, D. J., 1990 The biology of the Penaeidae. In: Blaxter, J. H. S., Southward, A. J. (eds.), Advances in Marine Biology, Vol.27. Academic press, London, UK. 489pp.

Desroy, N., Warembourg, C., Dewarumez, J. M., Dauvin, J. C., 2002 Macrobenthic resources of the shallow soft-bottom sediments in the eastern English Channel and southern North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 60, 120 - 131.

Dore, I., Frimodt, C., 1987 An illustrated guide to shrimp of the world. VanNostrand Reinhold. New York, USA. 299pp.

Dounas, C., Smith, C., Lampadariou, N., Eleftheriou, A., 1992 Community structure and seasonal changes of the decapod crustacean fauna in the Cretan continental shelf. First European Crustacean Conference. Aug. 31 - Sep. 5, 1992.

Eleftheriou, A., Holme, N. A., 1984 Macrofauna techniques. In: Holme, N. A., McIntyre, A. D. (eds.), Methods for the study of marine benthos. Blackwell, Oxford, England. 140 - 216.

El Hug, E. A., 1984 Food and food selection of the Penaeid prawn Penaeus monodon (Fabricius). Hydrobiologia 110 (1), 213 - 217.

Frid, C. L. J., Harwood, K. G., Hall, J. A., 2000 Long-term changes in the benthic communities on North Sea fishing grounds. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57, 1303 - 1309.

Garc&iacute;a Raso, J. E., Manj&oacute;n-Cabeza, M. E., 2002 An infralittoral decapod crustacean community of southern Spain affected by anthropogenic disturbances. Journal of Crustacean Biology 22(1), 83 - 90.

Grey, D. L., Dall, W., Baker, A., 1983 A guide to the Australian penaeid prawns. Northern Territory Department of Primary Production, Darwin.

Guidetti, P., Terlizzi, A., Fraschetti, S., Boero, F., 2003 Change in Mediterranean rocky-reef fish assemblages exposed to sewage pollution. Marine Ecology Progress Series 253, 269 - 278.

Gusso, C. C., Gravina, M. F., Maggiore, F. R., 2001 Temporal variations in soft bottom benthic communities in central Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy). Archivio di Oceanografia e Limnologia 22, 175 - 182.

Hayashi, K. I., Sakamoto, T., 1978 Taxonomy and biology of Metapenaeopsis palmensis (Haswell) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeodae) collected from the Kii Strait, central Japan. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 44(7), 709 - 714.

Holthuis, L. B., 1980 FAO species catalogue. Vol. 1. Shrimps and prawns of the world. An annotated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No.125, 1, 1 - 261.

Hostens, K., 2000 Spatial patterns and seasonality in the epibenthic communities of the Westerschelde（Southern bight of the North Sea） Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, 27 - 36.

Huh, S. H., An, Y. R., 1997 Seasonal variation of shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda) community in the eelgrass (Zostera marina) bed in Kwangyang Bay, Korea. Journal of the Korean Fisheries Society 30（4）, 532 - 542. (In Korean with English abstract).

Huh, S. H., An, Y. R., 1999 Species composition and seasonal variation of shrimp assemblage in the coastal waters of Kori, Korea. Journal of the Korean Fisheries Society 32（6）, 784 - 790. (In Korean with English abstract).

Jones, A. R., 1981 Crustacean community ecology of sublittoral sedimentary areas of Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. Second international symposium on biology and management of tropical shallow water communities (coral reefs, bays and estuaries). Papua New Guinea. Jul. 20 - Aug. 8, 1980. Bulletin of Marine Science31（3）, 809.

King, M., 1995 Fisheries biology: assessment and management. Fishing News Book. Oxford, England. 340pp.

Koranteng, K. A., 2001 Structure and dynamics of demersal assemblages on the continental shelf and upper slope off Ghana, West Africa. Marine Ecology Progress Series 220, 1 - 12.

Koutsoubas, D., Dounas, C., Arvanitidis, C., Kornilios, S., Petihakis, G., Triantafyllou, G., Eleftheriou, A., 2000 Macrobenthic community structure and disturbance assessment in Gialova Lagoon, Ionian Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57, 1472 - 1480.

Lasiak, T. A., 1984 Structural aspects of the surf-zone fish assemblage at King’s beach, Algoa Bay, South Africa: long-term fluctuations. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 18, 459 - 483.

Lee, D. A., Chan, T. Y., Yu, H. P., Liao, I. C., 1999 A revised checklist of the penaeoidae (Crustacea: Decapoda) from the waters around Taiwan. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 42（2）,441 - 447.

Lemaire, P., Bernard, E., Martinez-Paz, J. A., Chim, L., 2002 Combined effect of temperature and salinity on osmoregulation of juvenile and subadult Penaeus stylirostris. Aquaculture 209, 307 - 317.

Levy, J. M., Sullivan, K. M., 1994 Ecology of epibenthic crustaceans in hardbottom marine communities of the Florida Keys. Symposium on Florida Keys regional ecosystem. Miami, Florida. November, 1992. Bulletin of Marine Science 54 (3), 1078 - 1079.

Li, X., Burce, A. J., Manning, R. B., 2004 Some palaemonid shrimps ( Crustacea: Decapoda ) from Northern South China Sea, with descriptions of two new species. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2), 513 - 553.

Linke, T. E., Platell, M. E., Potter, I. C., 2001 Factor influencing the partitioning of food resources among six fish species in a large embayment with juxtaposing bare sand and seagrass habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 226, 193 - 217.

Maes, J., Vandamme, P. A., Taillieu, A., Ollevier, F., 1998 Fish communities along an oxygen-poor salinity gradient（Zeeschelde Estuary, Belgium）.Journal of Fish Biology.52（3）, 534 - 546.

Manj&oacute;n-Cabeza, M. E., Garc&iacute;a Raso, J. E., 1998 Structure and evolution of a decapod crustacean community from the coastal detritic bottom of Barbate（C&aacute;diz, Southern Spain）. Journal of Natural History 32（10-11）1619 - 1630.

McCune, B., Mefford, M. J., 1999 PC-ORD. Multivariate analysis of Ecological data, version 4. MjM Software Design. Gleneden Beach. Oregon, U.S.A.

McGarigal, K., Cushman, S., Stafford, S., 2000 Multivariate statistics for wildlife and ecology research. Springer-Verlag. New York, U.S.A. 283pp.

Moreno, S. V., 1997 Environmental heterogeneity and the biodiversity of interstitial polychaeta. Bulletin of Marine Science 60, 494 - 501.

Nybakken, J. W., 2001 Marine biology: an ecological approach 5th edition. Benjamin Cummings. California, U. S. A. 516pp.

Nucci, P. R., Turra, A., Morgado, E. H., 2001 Diversity and distribution of crustaceans from 13 sheltered sandy beaches along S&atilde;o Sebasti&agrave;o Channel south-eastern Brazil. Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 82, 181 - 187.

O’Connor N. J., Epifanio, C. E., 1985 The effect of salinity on the dispersal and recruitment of fidder crab larvae. Journal of Crustacean Biology 5 (1), 137 - 145.

Pallas, A., Grac&iacute;a-Calvo, B., Corgos, A., Freire, J., God&iacute;nez-Dom&iacute;nguez, E., Bern&aacute;rdez, C., Sampedro, P., 2003 Habitat diversity and postlarval benthic decapod crustacean assemblages in shallow waters of the R&iacute;a de A Coru&ntilde;a (NW Spain). 38th European Marine Biology Symposium. Universidade de Aveiro. Protugal. Sep. 8 – 12, 2003.

Palomer, N. E., Juinio-Me&ntilde;ez, M. A. J., Karplus, I., 2005 Behavior of the burrowing shrimp Alpheus macellarius in varing gravel substrate conditions. Journal of Ethology 23, 173 - 180.

P&eacute;rez-Casta&ntilde;eda, R., Defeo, O., 2004 Spatial distribution and structure along ecological gradient:penaeid shrimp in a tropical estuarine habitat of Mexico. Marine Ecology Progress Series 273, 173 - 185.

Pessanha, A. L. M., Ara&uacute;jo, F. G., 2003 Spatial, temporal and diel variations of fish assemblages at two sandy beaches in the Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 57, 817 - 828.

Ponec-Palafox, J., Mart&iacute;nez-Palacios, C. A., Ross, L. G., 1997 The effect of salinity and temperature on the growth and survival rates of juvenile white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, Boone, 1931. Aquaculture 157, 107 - 115.

Powers, S. P., Bishop, M. A. B., Grabowski, J. H., Peterson C. H., 2001 Intertidal benthic resources of the Copper River Delta, Alaska, USA. Journal of Sea Research 47, 13 - 23.

Primavera, J. H., 1998 Mangroves as nurseries: shrimp population in Mangrove and non-mangrove habitats. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 46, 457 - 464.

Putman, R. J., 1994 Community ecology. Chapman & Hall. London, U.K. 178pp.

Raymundo-Huizar, A. R., P&eacute;rez-Espa&ntilde;a, H., Mascar&oacute;, M., Chiappa-Carrara, X., 2005 Feeding habits of the dwarf weakfish (Cynoscion nannus) off the coasts of Jalisco and Colima, Mexico. Fisheries Bulletin 103, 453 - 460.

Shiu, H. J., Lee, P. F., 2003 Assessing avian point-count duration and sampling size using species accumulation functions. Zoological Studies 42(2), 357 - 367.

Somer, I. F., 1987 Sediment type as a factor in the distribution of the commercial prawn species of the western Gulf of Carpentaria. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38, 133 - 149.

Somer, I. F., 1994 Species composition and distribution of commercial Penaeid prawn catches in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia, in relation to depth and sediment type. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 45, 317 - 335.

Spanopoulos-Hern&aacute;ndez, M., Mart&iacute;nez-Palacios, C. A., Vanegas-P&eacute;rez, R. C., Rosas, C., Ross, L. G., 2005 The combined effects of salinity and temperature on the oxygen consumption of juvenile shrimps Litopenaeus stylirostris（Stimpson, 1874）. Aquaculture 244, 341 - 348.

Su, M. S., 1988 Some ecological considerations for stock enhancement of commercially important prawns along the coastal waters of southwest Taiwan. Acta Oceanographica Taiwanica 19, 146 - 165.

Su, M. S., Liao I. C., 1989 Community structure of penaeid prawns along the coastal waters of southwest Taiwan. Acta Oceanographica Taiwanica 24, 116 - 132.

Su, M. S., Liao, I. C., 1994 Ecology studies on commercially important prawns from the coastal waters of southwest Taiwan － Ⅲ emigration of Metapenaeus ensis from Dapong Bay. Joural of Fishery Society of Taiwan 21（2）,183 - 195.

Tzeng, T. D., Yeh, S. Y., 2001 Growth, mortality and recruitment of Trachypenaeus curvirostris in the Western coast of Taiwan. Joural of Fishery Society of Taiwan 28（2）,77 - 90.

Viscido, S. V., Stearns, D. E., Able, K. W., 1997 Seasonal and spatial patterns of an epibenthic decapod crustacean assemblages in north-west Atlantic continental shelf waters. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 45, 377 - 392.

Watson, R. A., Keating, J. A., 1989 Velvet shrimp (Metapenaeopsis spp.) of Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia. Asian Fisheries Science 3, 45 - 56.

Wentworth, C. K., 1922 A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediment. Journal of Geology 30, 377 - 392.