焚化爐是焚化廠的主體，良好之設計可使廢棄物的焚化效果良好，使廢棄物體積減少70%∼90%，並且在較好的燃燒條件下可減少污染性氣體的產生。一次室排出的氣體通常在二次室需加入重油燃燒以符合法規的排放標準。因此基於經濟和法規標準限制上的考量，焚化爐若能在最適當的條件下操作，不僅可以降低成本而且可以符合排放標準。

本文乃是以有限體積法模擬旋轉窯焚化爐內熱流場，以便於分析燃燒室內的流場結構、氣體組成分佈及燃燒效率。在燃燒熱流場的分析方面，採用修正之k –ε紊流模式，首先先建立燃燒室內三維、穩態燃燒反應的質量、動量、能量、物種方程式、及邊界條件。並以EDM模式來分析甲烷、氧氣、一氧化碳、二氧化碳及水之反應速率。本文主要在了解入滲空氣（Leak air）流量、旋轉窯爐體轉速及甲烷氣分佈對流場、溫度場及各物種分佈的影響的影響。

就模擬結果顯示在過剩空氣量為128﹪時燃燒效率最佳，若再增加過剩空氣量則燃燒效率會隨之降低。由斷面圖可以發現溫度及物種分布有垂直層化的現象。另外，模擬結果亦發現入滲空氣量越大、燃燒效率越低。

在旋轉窯轉速方面，模擬結果顯示，爐體之旋轉對於燃燒效率並無明顯之影響。

Finite volume method was employed for analyzing the three-dimensional turbulent flow structures, species distributions, and mixing behaviors of combustion flows in a rotary kiln under various operation conditions. The modified κ-εturbulence model together with wall functions was adopted. Devolatilization of solid wastes were simulated by gaseous methane (CH4) non-uniformly distributed along the kiln bed. Combustion process was considered as a two-step reaction when primary air entered and mixed with methane gas in the first combustion chamber. Mixing-controlled eddy-dissipation model was employed for predicting the reaction rates of CH4, O2, CO2, CO and H2O. Effects of inleakage air, kiln rotation speed and methane distribution along the kiln bed were also examined.

Results show that 128% excess air will get the best combustion efficiency, above which the combustion efficiency will decrease. The temperature and species are not uniformly distributed and are vertically stratified on cross-sectional plane. The combustion efficiency will also be lowered if there is inleakage airflow.

Results also show rotation speed and methane distributions have little effect on combustion efficiency.

目錄
誌謝……………………………………………………………………….….（i）
摘要 .（ii）
ABSTRACT ..（iv）
目錄 ……………………………………………………………………..（v）
圖索引 (viii)
表索引 (xvi)
符號說明 ..(xviii)

第一章 前言
1-1 研究背景與動機 …………………. (1)
1-2 研究目的 (3)

第二章 文獻回顧
2-1 焚化爐種類及特性概述 (7)
2-2 都市垃圾焚化爐及事業廢棄物焚化爐概述.. (11)
2-3 旋轉窯焚化爐之相關研究………….. (12)
2-4燃燒流場及數值模擬之研究. (18)
2-5預混焰與擴散焰的簡介………………………………………（23）
2-5-1 預混焰………………………………………………....（24）
2-5-2 擴散焰…………………………………………………（24）

第三章 理論模式
3-1 焚化廠及焚化爐之簡介…….. (29)
3-2 微分控制方程式…………………………..….. (33)
3-2-1 流場之基本假設………………….…………………..（33）
3-2-2 制御方程式………………………………………….（33）
3-3 燃燒模式………….. (39)
3-3-1 二階段計量化學式……… (39)
3-3-2 反應速率式…………………. (40)
3-3-3 EDM 模式………. (41)
3-4 邊界條件…….. (44)
3-4-1 廢棄物熱值計算.…………….. (44)
3-4-2 不同燃燒操作條件下邊界值.………….. (46)

第四章 數值方法及計算步驟. (53)
4-1 CFX軟體概述. (53)
4-2 有限體積法分析流程 (53)
4-2-1 前處理過程. (55)
4-2-2 計算機運算方法(Flow-3D) (57)
4-2-2-1 離散化 (58)
4-2-2-1-1 擴散項 (58)
4-2-2-1-2 對流項 (59)
4-2-2-2 SIMPLE法之計算過程 (61)
4-2-3 後處理過程…………………… (62)
4-3 元素的安排與收斂準則.. (64)
4-4 初始猜測值的輸入………………… (67)
4-5 計算結果的最佳化驗證……………… (68)

第五章 採樣方法及設備
5-1 採樣點位置…………………………………...…….….……（72）
5-2 氣體組成採樣與分析……………………………………….（72）
5-3 溫度及風速採樣…………………………………………….（75）

第六章 結果與討論…………… (77)
6-1 無入滲空氣時的火焰結構及燃燒效率…….. (77)
6-1-1 過剩空氣對流場的影響 (77)
6-1-2 過剩空氣量對於焚化爐內火焰溫度的影響……. (78)
6-1-3 過剩空氣量對焚化爐內物種分佈的影響…. (79)
6-1-4 過量空氣對燃燒效率之影響……. (79)
6-1-5 過剩空氣量對出口物種分布的影響……….………（80）
6-2 入滲空氣對火焰結構及燃燒效率的影響……. (80)
6-2-1 入滲空氣對流場的影響 (80)
6-2-2 入滲空氣對於焚化爐內火焰溫度的影響……………. (81)
6-2-3 入滲空氣對焚化爐內物種分佈的影響… (82)
6-2-4 入滲空氣對燃燒效率之影響 (82)
6-2-5 入滲空氣對出口物種分布的影響…………………（83）
6-3 氣體停留時間……. (83)
6-4 旋轉窯轉速對燃燒效率之影響… (86)
6-5 不同甲烷氣分佈對物種分佈及燃燒效率之探討………….(87)
6-6 模擬結果與實廠採樣值之比對 (88)

第七章 結論與建議.. (93)
7-1 結論………………………….. (93)
7-2 建議………. (94)
參考文獻…………………………………………………………………...(183)
附錄一…………………………….………………………………………（189）
附錄二………………………………………………………………………(190)

參考文獻

[1] 行政院環保署，’國家環境保護計劃”。
[2] 行政院環保署網站資料，"環保署施政構想簡報"，民國85年。
[3] 行政院環保署，"國家環境保護計劃"。
[4] 馬小康、葉永富"旋轉窯爐內溫度分佈和煙道氣污染排法之研究"，第八屆燃燒技術用研討會論文輯，民國87年，台南市。
[5] Leger, C. B., Cundy, V. A. and Sterling, A.M., "A three dimensional detail numerical model of field scale rotary kiln incinerator"， Environ.Sci.Technol.1993,27,677-690
[6] Dellinger, B., Graham, M. D., Tirey, D.A., "Predicting Emissions from the Thermal Processing of Hazardous Wastes", Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 293-307, 1986.
[7] Dellinger, B., Rubey, W. A., Hall, D. L., Graham, J. L., "Incinerator of Hazardous Wastes", Hazardous Wastes and Hazardous Materials, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 139-150, 1986.
[8] 陳錢銅，”事業廢棄物焚化處理規劃與營運管理” ，環保資訊，民國85.03，P67-73.
[9] Tillman, D. A., Rossi, A. J., Vick, K. M., "Incineration of Municipal and Hazardous Solid Wastes", San Diego, Academic Press, 1989
[10] Gregory A. Vogel, Alan S. Goldfarob, Robert E. Zier & Andrew Jewell, "Incinerator and Cement Kiln Capacity for Hazardous Waste Treatment", Nuclear and Chemical Waste Management, Vol. 17, pp. 53~57, 1987.
[11] William P. Linak, Joseph A. Mcsorley, "On The Occurrence of Transient Puffs in a Rotary Kiln Incinerator Simulation" JAPCA, Vol. 37, pp. 54~64, 1987
[12] Williams, J. D.; Becker,A. R.; Girovich, M. J. "On The Occurrence of Transient Puffs in a Rotary Kiln Incinerator Simulation" JAPCA 1988, Vol.38,p
1050-1054
[13] Cundy, V. A., Lester, T. W., Morse, J. S., Montestruc, A. N., Leger, C. B, S. Acharya, Sterling, A. M., and Pershing, D. W., "Rotary Kiln Injection Ⅰ. An Indepth Study Liquid Injection", JAPCA, Vol.39, No. l, p. 63~ 75, 1989
[14] Cundy, V. A., Lester, T. W., Morse, Sterling, A. M., Montestruc, A. N, Morse, J. S, leger, C. B., and S. Acharya, "Rotary Kiln Incineration III . An Indepth Study Kiln Exit/afterburner/Stack Train and Kiln Exit Partern Factor Measurement During Liquid CCI4 Processing", JAPCA, Vol. 39, No. 7, pp. 994~952, 1989
[15] Lighty, J. S., Britt, R. M., Pershing, D. W. and Owens, W. D. "Rotary Kiln Incineration II . Laboratory-Scale Desorption and Kiln - Simulator Studies - Solids", JAPCA, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. l87~193, 1989.
[16] Lighty J. S., E. G. Eddings, E. R. Lingren, D. Xiaoxue, and D. W. Pershing, "RateLimiting Process in the Rotary-kiln Incineration of Contaminated Solids", Combustion Science and Technolgy, Vol. 74, pp. 31~49, 1990.
[17] C. B. Leger, V. A. Cundy, A.M. Sterling, A.N. Montestruc, A. L. Jakway, and W. D. Owens, "Field-Scale Rotary Kiln Incineration of Batch Laded Toluene/sorbentⅠ. Data Analysis and Bed Motion Considerations", Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 34, pp. l~29, 1993.
[18] C. B. Leger, C. A. Cook, V. A. Cundy, A. M. Sterling, A. N. Montestruc, A. L. Jakway, and W. D. Owens, "Field - Scale Rotary Kiln Incineration of Batch Loaded Toluene/Sorbent. II. Mass Balance, Evolution Rates, and Bed Motion Comparisons", Journal of Hazardous Materials Vol. 3, pp. 31~50, 1993.
[19] W. P. Linak, J. D. Kilgroe, J.A. Mcsorley, J.O.L. Wendt, and J.E. dunn, "On the Occurrence of Transient Puff in a Rotary Kiln Incinerator Simulator. 1. Protrytpe Solid Plastic Wastes", JAPCA, Vol. 54 ~ 64, 1987.
[20] W. P. Linak & J. A. McSorley, "On the Occurrence of Transient Puff in a Rotary Kiln Incinerator simulator. II. Contained Liquid Wastes on Sorbent", JAPCA Vol. 37, pp. 934~942, 1987.
[21] C. B. Leger, V. A. Cundy, and A.M. Sterling, "A Three-Dimensional Detailed Numerical Model of a Field-Scale", Vol. 27, No.4, pp. 677~690, 1993.
[22] 杜建德，"旋轉窯焚化爐燃燒室內熱質傳遞模擬"，國立中山大學環境工程研究所碩士論文，pp20~22，民國82年6月。
[23] K. S. Chen. J. D. Tu and Y. R.Cang, "Simulation of Steady-State Heat and Mass Transfer in a Rotary Kiln Incinerator", Journal of hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials, Vo. 11, No. 4, pp. 397~441, 1993.
[24] Pershing,D.W.,J.s.Lightly,G.D.Slicox,M.P.Heap,W.D.Owens”Solid Waste Incineration in Rotary Kiln,”Combustion Science and Science and Technologhy.Vol.93,pp.245-276（1993）
[25] Silcox,G.D.,F.S.Larsen,W.D.Owens,M Chorosxy-Marshall,”Kinetic of Hydrocarbone and Pesticide Removal from Clay Soils during thermal Treatment in a Pilot-Scale Rotary Kiln,”Waste Management.Vol.15,pp.339-349（1995）
[26] Chen., Y. Y., and Lee., D. J., "A Steady State Model for Rotary Kiln Incinerator", Proc. 9th Conf. on Waste Management Technology in Republic of China, pp. 83~92, 1994.
[27] 李玫，"固體物熱解及旋窯爐內流場之觀測研究"，國立中山大學環境工程研究所碩士論文，民國83年6月。
[28] Field Investigation of The Temperature Distribution in a Commercial Hazardous Waste SlaggingEnviron. Sci .Technol. 30,3053-3060;1996
[29] 馬小康、葉永富"旋轉窯爐內溫度分佈和煙道氣污染排法之研究"，第八屆燃燒技術用研討會論文輯，民國87年，台南市。
[30] Magnussen, B. F. and Hjertager, B. H., "On Mathematical Modeling of Turbulent Combustion with Special Emphasis on Soot Formation and Combustion", Sixteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 719-729, The Combustion Institute, 1976.
[31] Lewis, M. H. and Smoot, L. D., "Turbulent Gaseous Combustion and Flame", Vol. 42, pp. 183-196, 1982.
[32] El-Babhawy Y. H. and Siv-Asegaram, S., "Premixed, Turbulent Combustion of a Sudden-Expansion flow", Combustion and Flame, vol. 50 pp.153-165, 1983.
[33] Bockhorn, H. and Lutz, G., "The Application of Turbulent Reaction Models to the Oxidation of CO in a Turbulent Flow", Twentieth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 377-386, The combustion institute, 1984.
[34] Clark, W.D.;Heap, M. P.;Richter, W.;Seeker, W.R. Presented at ASME/AIChE National Heat Transfer Conference, Niagara Falls,NY,1984;Paper Asme 84-HT-13.
[35] Wolbach, C. D.;Garman,A. R. Modeling of Destruction Efficiency in Pilot-Scale Combustor. American Flame Research Committee International Symposium on Alternative Fuels and Hazardous Waste, Tulsa,OK,1984
[36] Vanka, S. P., "Calculation of Axisymmetric, Turbulent, Confined Diffusion Flame", AIAA, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 462-469, 1986.
[37] Wendt, J. O. L. and Linak, W. P., "Medanism Governing Transients from the Batch Incineration of Liquid Wastes in Rotary Kiln", Combust. Sci. and Tech., Vol.61, pp. 169-185, 1988.
[38] Kodres, C. A., "Theoretical Thermal Evaluation of Energy Recovery Incinerators - Part I: Modeling", Journal of Energy Resources Technology, Vol. 109, pp. 84-89, 1987.
[39] 倪銘良，"焚化爐質能傳遞模擬分析"臺灣大學機械系工程研究所，碩士論文，1988。
[40] Scavuzzo, S. E. and Strempek, J. R., "The Determination of the Thermal Operating Characteristics in the Furnace of a Refuse-Fired Power Boiler", International Conference on Municipal Waste Combustion, pp. 7A-1, 1989.
[41] Cundy, V. A., Lester, T. W., Sterling, A. M., Montestruc, A. N., Morse, J. S., Leger, C. B., Acharya, S., "Rotary Kiln Incineration IV. An Independent Study-Kiln Exit/Afterburner/Stack, Train and Afterburner Sampling Exit Pattern Factor Measurements During Liquid CCl4 Processing", Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, Vol. 39, pp. 63-75, 1989.
[42] Cundy, V. A., Lester, T. W., Sterling, A. M., Montestruc, A. N., Morse, J. S., Leger, C. B., Acharya, S., "Rotary Kiln Incineration IV. An Independent Study-Kiln exit, Transition, and Afterburner Sampling During Liquid CCl4 Processing", Journal of the Air pollution Control Association, Vol. 39, pp. 1073-1085, 1989.
[43] Cundy, V. A., Lester, T. W., Sterling, A. M., Montestruc, A. N., Morse, J. S., Leger, C. B., Acharya, S., and Pershing, D. W., "Rotary Kiln Incineration I. An In depth Study-Liquid Injection", Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, Vol. 39, pp. 944-952, 1989.
[44] Fisher, E. M. and Koshland, C. P., "Numerical Simulation of the Thermal Destruction of Some Chlorinate C1 and C2 Hydrocarbons, "Journal of Air and Waste Management Association, Vol. 39, pp. 1384-1390, 1990.
[45] Wey, M. Y., Degreve, J., Rompav, P. V., "Stimulation a Slugging Incineration Process", Computer Chemical Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 297-304, 1991.
[46] Kuo, T. J. and Wang, T. S., "Control and Stimulation of System Behaviors of Batch-Fed Solid Waste Incinerator", Municipal Waste Combustion, Paper and Abstracts from The Second International Specialty Conference, pp. 55-71, 1991.
[47] Sigg and Alfred, “Improve Combustion Control in Rotary Kiln Incinerators”, Chemical Engineering Progress, Vol. 87, No. 1, pp. 44~48, 1991.
[48] Ravichandran, M. and Gouldin, F. C., "Numerical Simulaton of Incinerator Over-fire Mixing", Combust. Sci. and tech., Vol. 85, pp. 165~185, 1992.
[49] Chen, K. S. and Hwang, J. Y., "Experiment Study on the Mixing of One-And Dual-Line Heated Jets with a Cold Crossflow in a Confined Channel", AIAA J., Vol. 29, pp. 353-360, 1991.
[50] Chen, K. S., Tu, J. T., Chang, Y. R., "Stimulation of Steady-State Heat and Mass Transfer in a Rotary Kiln Incinerator" Hazardous Waste & hazardous Material, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 397-411, 1993
[51] Khan, J. A., Pal, D., Morse, J. S., "Numerical Modeling of a Rotary Kiln Incinerator", Hazard Waste & Hazardous Materials, Vol. 10, pp. 81-95, 1993.
[52] Y. Y. Chen, D, J, Lee“Heat and Mass Transfer in a Rotary Kiln Incinerator : Parametric Examination” Journal of Chin . I. Ch. E , Vol. 25,No.4 ,1994
[53] 馬小康，“旋轉式焚化爐內燃燒、熱傳、流場與溫度分佈之分析” ，第八屆燃燒技術用研討會論文輯，民國87年，台南市。
[54] Cundy, V. A., Cook, C. A., "Three-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of a Field-Scale Rotary Kiln Incinerator", Environmental science & Technology, 1996.
[55] Chen, K. S., Tsai, S. T., Yang, Y. W., "Heat Transfer Performance of a Double-Loop Separate-Type Heat Pipe: Measurement Results", Energy Conversions and Management, Vol. 35, No. 12, pp. 1131-1141 1994.
[56] Chen, K. S., and Lee, M., "Visualization Studies of Three Dimensional Flow and Solid Motion in a Rotary Kiln", Hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 395-409, 1995.
[57] Chen, K. S., Yeh, R. Z. and Wu, C. H., "Kinetic of Thermal Decomposition of Epoxy Resin in Nitrogen-Oxygen Atmosphere," accepted for publication in J. of Environ. Eng. (ASCE), Vol. 123,No. 10, pp. 1041-1046, 1997.
[58] Chen, K. S. and Tong, C. H., "Modeling of Turbulent Burning Flow and Performance Evaluation of a Municipal Solid Incinerator," J. of Environ. Eng. (ASCE), Vol. 123, No. 11, pp. 1150-1157, 1997.
[59] 蔡穎杰，"都市垃圾焚化爐三維火焰結構及燃燒效率之效率"，國立中山大學環境工程研究所碩士論文，民國86年6月。
[60] 鄭加佑，"都市垃圾焚化爐二維火焰結構及燃燒效率之效率"，國立中山大學環境工程研究所碩士論文，民國86年6月。
[61] 何宜達，"都市垃圾及旋轉窯焚化爐紊流火焰結構及操作性能之研究"，國立中山大學環境工程研究所碩士論文，民國87年6月。
[62] Veranth,John M;Sikcox, Geoffrey D; Pershing, David W;”Numerical Modeling of the Temperature Distributon in a Commercial Hazardous Waste Slagging Rotary Kiln”;Environ. Sci.and Tech.;vol:31 iss:9;1997
[63] “燃燒原理及污染控制”，空氣污染防治專責人員訓練教材。
[64] CFX4.2 Manual-solver, AEA Technology, 1997.
[65] Spalding, D. B., "Mixing and Chemical Reaction in Steady Confined Turbulent Flames", Thirteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 649-657, The Combustion Institute, 1971.
[66] 顏瑞和、張恆堯等人，"不同燃燒模式對同軸噴流反應流場之數值模擬研究"，第三屆燃燒科技應用研討會，pp. 285-290，
台北市。
[67] “近代計算流體力學”,雷聲遠編著。
[68] Montestruc, A. N.,1989”Flame Zone Sampling from an Industrial Rotary Kiln”,MS Thesis, Louisiana State University,Baton Rouge,LA.
[69] E. Mastorakos et al , “CFD predictions for cement kilns including flame modeling, heat transfer and clinker chemistry”, Applied Mathematical Modeling 23 55-76, 1999
[70] Andrea Paula Ottobono, Itamar De Souza, Genesio Jose Menon and Rogerio Jose Da Silva, “Efficiency of destruction of waste used in the co-incineration in the rotary kilns”, Energe Convers.Mgmt. Vol. 39, No. 16-18, pp.1899-1909, 1998