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博碩士論文 etd-0714114-160229 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0714114-160229
論文名稱
Title
馬祖地區PM2.5濃度時空分佈及化學成份分析
Tempospatial Distribution and Chemical Composition of PM2.5 in the Matsu Islands
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
176
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2014-06-06
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2014-08-14
關鍵字
Keywords
PM2.5懸浮微粒、化學成份分析、主成份分析、受體模式、傳輸路徑分析、馬祖群島
CMB, transportation route analysis, Matsu Islands, PCA, chemical analysis, fine particles (PM2.5)
統計
Statistics
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The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5640 times, has been downloaded 53 times.
中文摘要
近年來,大陸地區經濟及工業快速發展,石化燃料消耗量及人為污染物的排放量均大幅增加,導致環境污染問題日益嚴重。馬祖地區位於閩江口,緊鄰大陸福州地區,島上並無大型經濟開發及人為污染,現今仍保有純淨的生態環境,然而其空氣品質卻不若台灣本島鄉村地區佳,甚至較部分都市空氣品質污染更為嚴重。
本研究於2013年夏季至2014年春季在馬祖群島設置四處PM2.5懸浮微粒採樣站,分別位於南竿島(NK)、北竿島(BG)、東引島(DY)及西莒島(CK)等四處,同步進行PM2.5懸浮微粒採樣,並進一步分析其化學成份(含離子成份、金屬元素成份、碳成份),藉以瞭解馬祖群島大氣PM2.5懸浮微粒時空分佈及化學成份特性。此外,本研究亦利用主成份分析、化學質量平衡受體模式配合逆軌跡模擬等不同方法,進行懸浮微粒污染來源種類及貢獻量之解析,並探討不同季節之差異性。
由PM2.5懸浮微粒濃度季節變化得知,除夏季期間馬祖地區之PM2.5懸浮微粒濃度較其他季節為低,而秋、冬、春季等東北季風吹襲期間,PM2.5懸浮微粒濃度亦普遍較高。就PM2.5懸浮微粒濃度空間分佈而言,則主要呈現由西逐漸向東遞減的趨勢。而東引島(DY)在不同季節的PM2.5懸浮微粒濃度均較其他採樣站為低,顯示馬祖地區除受到長程傳輸影響外,亦與福州地區背景濃度及大氣擴散條件有密切關係。
由化學成份分析結果顯示,各季節水溶性離子均以二次無機性氣膠(SIA)為主,約佔水溶性離子成份70%左右,其中又以SO42-及NO3-居多,導致馬祖地區PM2.5懸浮微粒中和比值(NR)均小於1;此結果顯示境外傳輸將上風區酸性污染物吹送至馬祖地區,使得PM2.5懸浮微粒呈現偏酸性。金屬元素則以Al、Ca、Fe、K、Mg為主要物種,而其他微量金屬元素(如:Cd、As、Ni及Cr)濃度在東北季風盛行期間均呈上升趨勢。不論在何種季節碳成份均以有機碳(OC)為主,OC/EC值普遍高於2.2。
就PM2.5懸浮微粒污染源種類及貢獻量而言,馬祖地區主要以逸散性土壤揚塵、二次衍生性氣膠、工業污染及農廢燃燒為主;而秋季過後及空氣品質劣化期間,傳輸路徑以北方傳輸型及高壓迴流型為主,污染源種類較多且貢獻率較高。密集採樣期間則以逸散性揚塵及二次衍生性氣膠為主,整體趨勢與冬季期間類似,除農廢燃燒在冬季採樣期間佔的比例較高(7.42~15.17%)外,整體馬祖地區境外輸入之貢獻率約佔66~84%,與夏季背景貢獻率差異甚大,顯示受到境外長程傳輸污染物移入之影響嚴重。
Abstract
In recent years, due to rapid economic and industrial development of mainland China, significant increases of fossil fuel consumption and anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants cause increasing environmental pollution problems. The Matsu Islands is located at the Minjiang Estuary, facing Fuzhou City in the Southeast China. The Matsu Islands have no large-scale industries and pollution sources, which conserved the Islands as an ecological environment. However, the ambient air quality is generally worse than the rural areas of Taiwan, even more serious than urban air quality.
This study characterized the chemical composition of atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) at the Matsu Islands. Four sites located at four offshore Islands (Nankan, Beigan, Donyin, and Chukuang) of the Matsu Islands were selected to simultaneously collect fine particles (PM2.5). Three chemical components (i.e. ionic species, metallic elements, carbon content) were analyzed to understand the seasonal variation of PM2.5’s chemical characteristics during the summer of 2013 to the spring of 2014. In order to clarify the region's pollution sources and their contributions, this study applied principal component analysis (PCA), chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model, and backward trajectory simulation to understand the source apportionment of fine particles, and to explore their temporal variation of sources in different seasons.
The results indicated that the lowest average concentration of fine particles (PM2.5) were observed in the summer. The PM2.5 concentration significantly increased during the northeastern monsoon periods. From the perspective of spatial distribution, it showed that PM2.5 concentration decreased from west to east, and NK site were generally higher than other sites in all seasons. Field measurement results showed that PM2.5 concentrations at the Donyin Islands (DY) in different seasons were always lower than other sampling sites. The results indicated that the PM2.5 concentration highly correlated to long-range transportation, local sources, and atmospheric dispersion condition.
Chemical composition analysis showed that the most abundant water-soluble ionic species of fine particles (PM2.5) were secondary inorganic aerosols (SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+) which accounted for 70% of total ions and mainly SO42-and NO3-, resulting in suspended particulate matter NR were less than unity in the Matsu Islands. The NR ratio of fine particles (PM2.5) were smaller than unity, indicating that atmospheric fine particles were mostly acidic. The metallic elements Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, dominated the chemical species of particles, other trace metals (eg, Cd, As, Ni, and Cr) concentration increased during the northeastern monsoon periods. Organic carbons (OC) were the main species in all seasons, and OC/EC value was generally higher than 2.2.
Results obtained from PCA and CMB receptor modeling showed that major sources of fine particles (PM2.5) in the Matsu Islands were soil dusts, secondary inorganic aerosols, industrial pollution, and agricultural burning. During the northeastern monsoon and poor air quality periods, the major transportation route was northern transportation (N-type) and anticyclonic outflow (AO-type), in which pollution sources and their contribution were higher during these period. The results of CMB receptor model during the intensive sampling periods were consistent very well with the soil dusts and secondary inorganic aerosols in the Matsu Islands. Agricultural burning in winter was generally higher than other sources, which contributed from 7.42% to 15.17% of fine particles (PM2.5) Overall speaking, cross-boundary transport accounted for 66~84%, showing that the Matsu Islands was significantly influenced by the cross-boundary transport.
目次 Table of Contents
學位論文審定書………………………………………………...…..…….… i
誌謝………………………………………………………………………….. ii
中文摘要………………………………………………...…..…….………… iii
英文摘要………………………………………...…..…….………………… v
目錄…………………………………….......................................................... vii
表目錄………………………………………………...…..…….…………… x
圖目錄……………………………………………………………………….. xii
第一章 前言………………………………………………..……..………… 1
1-1研究緣起……………….………………….………..….…….……... 1
1-2研究目的…………….…………………….………….…...………... 2
1-3研究範圍與架構………………………….………………………… 3
第二章 文獻回顧………………………………………..………..………… 5
2-1馬祖地理環境概況.......…………………………………………… 5
2-1-1地理位置及人口….…………..……..……………………… 6
2-1-2馬祖地區空氣品質概況.………………….………………... 6
2-2懸浮微粒物化特性…..…..…..…………………………...……….. 10
2-3懸浮微粒化學成份……................…………..…………………….. 13
2-3-1水溶性離子成份…..................………………….………….. 13
2-3-2金屬元素成份.……..……………………………………….. 17
2-3-3碳成份………………..…...…..…………………………….. 19
2-4海島地區氣膠微粒特性……………………………………......…... 22
2-5污染源解析方法.......………….…………………………………….. 24
2-5-1逆軌跡模式……...………………………………..…..…….. 24
2-5-2富集因子………………………………………..…..……… 27
2-5-3主成份分析….……..………………..…..…………….......... 28
2-5-4受體模式………………………....…………………………. 29
第三章 研究方法…………………………………………………………… 36
3-1細懸浮微粒採樣規劃……….……………………..….….................. 36
3-1-1 採樣地點……………………..…..…………....................... 36
3-1-2 採樣時間……………………....…………………………... 37
3-2細懸浮微粒採樣方法與原理……………………………………….. 37
3-3細懸浮微粒質量濃度與化學成份分析方法……………………….. 39
3-3-1質量濃度量測方法……………………………………….. 39
3-3-2水溶性離子成份分析方法…............…………..………… 40
3-3-3 金屬元素成份分析方法…............…………..……….….. 40
3-3-4 碳成份分析方法.…………..………………………….….. 41
3-4品保與品管……………………………..…..…………...................... 42
3-4-1採樣方法之品保品管………..…..…………....................... 42
3-4-2分析方法之品保品管……………..…..…………............... 43
3-5大氣懸浮微粒之污染源解析方法.…..……………………………... 45
3-5-1等濃度空間分佈…………………………........................... 45
3-5-2逆軌跡模式模擬…………………………........................... 46
3-5-3富集因子……………………………................................... 46
3-5-4主成份分析法………………………….............................. 47
3-5-5化學質量平衡受體模式………………………….............. 47
第四章 結果與討論………………….….………..………………………… 50
4-1例行性採樣期間馬祖地區氣象條件分析………………………..… 50
4-1-1風速及風向…………..………………..……..…………….. 50
4-1-2相對溼度…………..……..……..……………………….….. 52
4-2 PM2.5懸浮微粒濃度變化趨勢…………..………………………….. 53
4-3懸浮微粒化學成份分析…….……………………………..………... 62
4-3-1水溶性離子成份季節變化趨勢分析…………………..…... 62
4-3-2金屬元素成份季節變化趨勢分析…………………………. 72
4-3-3碳成份季節變化趨勢分析…………………….....………..... 76
4-4密集採樣期間懸浮微粒物化特性變化趨勢………………………. 82
4-5 PM2.5懸浮微粒傳輸路徑分析…....………………..…….…………. 95
4-6 PM2.5懸浮微粒污染來源解析結果…………….……..……………. 101
4-6-1富集因子分析…….…………………….……..……………. 101
4-6-2主成份分析.…………………………..…………………..… 104
4-6-3質量平衡受體模式解析.…....……….…….……..……….... 111
第五章 結論與建議………………………………………………………… 121
5-1結論…………………………………………………………………. 121
5-2建議…………………………………………………………….…… 124
參考文獻…………………………………………………………………….. 125
附錄A 採樣及分析方法之品保品管………………….…………………… 139
附錄B 分析儀器之檢量線…………………………….…………………… 153
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