高雄市政府近年來積極推動生態及低碳城市之建設，已經成功塑造出綠色宜居環境。人工濕地具有防洪、流量調節、生態棲地、碳匯、生物多樣性營造、水質淨化、氣候調節、環境教育及科學研究等多功能特性，並能達到氣候變遷調適及生態復育的目的。若想使濕地有效發揮其功能，則須對濕地進行長期的監測及效益評估，並對評估結果進行檢討及擬提改善策略，方能使濕地達到預期的多功能目標。位於高雄市大樹區的舊鐵橋人工濕地，面積約為120公頃，依進流水源分為A系統及B系統，具有淨化工業、生活，畜牧污水，提升高屏溪水質、復育河岸生態及重新塑造自然生態環境目的。除人工濕地外，該場域設有礫間曝氣氧化系統提升淨水效益。
本研究以大樹舊鐵橋人工濕地作為研究目標，針對人工濕地和礫間曝氣系統之水質淨化效益、水文變化控制、濕地對生態復育及生態多樣性、進行分析與評估，並利用統計軟體Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS)探討水質、水文及生態間之變化與相關性。此外，本研究亦針對該場址受2009年颱風莫拉克八八風災重創後之復育成效進行探討，評估在八八風災過後，大樹舊鐵橋人工濕地地貌之演變趨勢。
研究顯示，A、B兩系統之懸浮固體物之淨化效益不佳，主要原因本場址位於南台灣，日照豐富且水中含有豐富養分，易刺激水中藻類大量繁殖，當藻類大量死亡產生藻類絮聚現象(Flocculation)便造成懸浮固體物增加。受到水質特性影響，造成生物淨化能力受限。礫間接觸曝氣系統設有曝氣單元，經由系統處理後水中溶氧由3.31 mg/L增加至5.76 mg/L，顯示此系統確實有助於提升水中溶氧，促進水中污染物淨化；降低人工濕地負荷量之目的。八八風災後，水中藻類逐漸適應災後環境，水中微生物亦完成馴養，A及B系統之總磷(Total Phosphrusate, TP)、總氮(Totla Nitrogen,TN)、氨氮(Ammonia Nitrogen, NH3-N)、總凱氏氨(Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, TKN)之移除量均有改善情形，且A系統之災後復育更佳，經變異數分析(Analysis of Variance, ANOVA)檢定後，TN、NH3-N、TKN均有顯著降低(p-value<0.05)。本場址具有豐富生態，由生物多樣性指數發現，鳥、蜻蛉、蝶類物種均有增加趨勢。以斯皮爾曼等級相關係數(Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient)進行水質、生物多樣性指數之相關性研究，顯示水質及生物多樣性具關連性。
本研究顯示高雄市政府對於濕地及生態保育的貢獻，並可有效評估大樹區舊鐵橋人工濕地在水質淨化、生態復育及生態多樣性所發揮的效益。可做為高雄市政府未來擬定氣候變遷調適策略之重要參考資料。

Kaohsiung City Government actively promotes sustainable development, which includeds the constructed wetland (CWs) construction. CW is one of natural treatment technologies. CWs has various functions including flood control, wildlife habitat, carbon sink, water quality improvement, floodwater stage, scientific research, environmental education, and entertainment. Due to the relatively lower construction as well as the operational and maintenance cost, CW is especially an appropriate alternative treatment facility for small townships, communities, and industries that cannot afford traditional treatment systems with high installation. CWs have been used successfully for the treatment of surface runoff, landfill leachate, polluted river water, and wastewater (e.g., agricultural drainage, urban wastewater, industrial discharge). In order to keep CWs ability, regulation of monitoring and maintenance are necessary. Dashu Old Rail Bridge Constructed Wetland System (DORBCWS) situated in Dashu in Kaohsiung in Taiwan, and area was 120 ha. Separation of system A and B were based on different water sources. Besides CWs, DORBCWS also has gravel contact oxidation treatment system (GCOTS) which decrease pollutant loading in system B.
In this research water purification efficacy, hydrological change, and biodiversity had been investigated. Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) was applied to calculated correlation of water quality and biodiversity, compare different natural treatment technologies, and evaluate rehabilitation of water purification after Typhoon Morakot.
Results show that suspended solid (SS) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) did neither not be efficiently removed, because algae grew in conditions of strong sunlight and copious nutrients in DORBCWS. Although biodegradation could be limited by cellulose and lignin in waste water from the mill in system A, ORBCW was successfully used to treat wastewater, included BOD, NH3-N, TP and SS. Furthermore, BOD showed best removed to 991 kg/d in system B. On the other hand, dissolved oxygen (DO) data in GCOTS indicated that aeration caused the rise of DO from 3.31 mg/L to 5.76 mg/L. Enrichment DO assisted the ability of water cleaning and improvement of pollutant loading in CWs. Moreover, algae adapted to water characteristic with post-disaster recovery after Typhoon Morakot. Total phosphate (TP), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) were improved, over time. Purification results of NH3-N, TKN, and TN in system A developed were significantly improved (p<0.05). The varied calculation in the three ecological parameters (Shannon Diversity Index, Richness, and Evenness) for the bird, odonates, and butterflies during the five-year investigation period increased. Spearman rank correlation results of biodiversity and water quality indicated that parts of water characteristic affected each other, especially nitrate concentration.
This study demonstrated that the Kaohsiung City Government has significant contributions to wetland protection and ecological conservation. Results from this study can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of DORBCWS on water quality purification, ecosystem restoration, and biodiversity improvement. The results will be also useful to the city government in determining the climate change strategies.

謝誌 i
摘要 iii
Abstract v
目錄 vii
圖目錄 x
表目錄 xii
第一章 前言 1
1.1研究緣起 1
1.2研究目的 4
第二章 文獻回顧 5
2.1濕地概論 5
2.1.1濕地定義 5
2.1.2濕地植物 6
2.1.3濕地水文 9
2.1.4濕地土壤 11
2.1.5濕地類型 14
2.2人工濕地緒論 18
2.2.1人工濕地之分類及功能 18
2.2.2人工濕地之水質淨化機制 24
2.3礫間接觸曝氣系統(Gravel Contact Oxidation Treatment System, GCOTS) 28
2.4統計分析評估濕地水質 32
2.5 法規放流水標準 35
第三章 研究方法 36
3.1場址選定 36
3.1.1場址歷史 36
3.1.2場址背景 38
3.1.3舊鐵橋人工濕地之設計 38
3.1.4礫間接觸曝氣氧化之設計 39
3.2水文量測及水質監測 42
3.2.2水質採樣分析 43
3.3生態棲地調查 45
3.3.1生態調查工作規劃 45
3.3.2資料分析與生態環境評估 46
3.4統計分析方法 47
3.4.1 獨立t檢定(Indepent t-test) 47
3.4.2 變異數分析(Analysis of Variance, ANOVA) 47
3.4.3 斯皮爾曼等級相關係數分析(Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient) 47
第四章 結果與討論 49
4.1濕地水文監測結果 49
4.2濕地水質變化 53
4.2.1基本水質監測 53
4.2.2污染淨化效益 59
4.2.3 大樹舊鐵橋人工濕地淨化效益評估 74
4.2.4大樹舊鐵橋人工濕地災後復育評估 80
4.3 竹寮溪溝礫間接觸曝氣系統效益變化 86
4.3.1 礫間接觸曝氣氧化系統之基本水質參數變化 86
4.3.2 礫間接觸曝氣氧化系統之污染物濃度變化 88
4.3.3 礫間接觸曝氣系統與表面流濕地之比較 93
4.4 人工濕地生物多樣性調查分析 95
4.4.1 人工濕地鳥類多樣性調查 95
4.4.2 人工濕地蜻蛉類多樣性調查 95
4.4.3 人工濕地蝶類多樣性調查 96
4.5生態多樣性及水質相關分析 99
4.5.1鳥類生態多樣性指數及水質相關性評估 99
4.5.2蜻蛉類生態多樣性指數及水質相關性評估 99
4.5.3蝶類生態多樣性指數及水質相關性 100
4.5.4生態與濕地水質之關聯性評估 100
第五章 結論與建議 108
5.1結論 108
5.2建議 109
參考文獻 110
附錄一 A系統出流質量之斯皮爾曼等級相關係數 133
附錄二 B系統出流質量之斯皮爾曼等級相關係數 134
附錄三 A、B系統災後復育之Levene同質性檢定 135
附錄四 A系統災後復育之單因子變異數分析 136
附錄五 B系統災後復育之單因子變異數分析 137
附錄六 A系統災後復育之Tukey’S HSD檢定 138
附錄七 B系統災後復育之Tukey’S HSD檢定 140
附錄八 大樹舊鐵橋人工濕地現場與採樣情形 142

圖目錄
圖 2-1 植物根區間影響途徑 6
圖 2-2 都市化對能量流動之影響 8
圖 2-3 土壤頗面示意圖 12
圖 2-4 表面流人工濕地. 21
圖 2-5 地下流動式人工濕地之填充材 22
圖 2-6 地下流動式(平行流)人工濕地. 22
圖 2-7 地下流動式(垂直流)人工濕地 23
圖 2-8 人工濕地改良方法 23
圖 2-9 不同氧化還原電位之生物反應 30
圖 2-1 氮循環示意圖 30
圖 2-1 礫間接觸曝氣系統現場圖 31
圖 2-1 礫間接觸曝氣系統示意圖 31
圖 3-1 舊鐵橋人工濕地之莫拉克風災前後衛星圖 37
圖 3-2 歷年微氣象(氣溫、雨量)變化趨勢圖 38
圖 3-3 礫間接觸氧化系統單元配置圖 41
圖 3-4 水文量測及水質監測採樣位置 42
圖 4-1 A系統進出、流量變化圖 51
圖 4-2 B系統進出、流量變化圖 51
圖 4-3 A、B兩系統水力停留時間變化圖 52
圖 4-4 A、B兩系統水溫變化圖 56
圖 4-5 A、B兩系統pH變化圖 57
圖 4-6 A、B兩系統DO變化圖 58
圖 4-7 A、B兩系統SS濃度變化圖 65
圖 4-8 A、B兩系統BOD濃度變化圖 66
圖 4-9 A、B兩系統COD濃度變化圖 67
圖 4-10 A、B兩系統NH3-N濃度變化圖 68
圖 4-11 A、B兩系統NO3--N濃度變化圖 69
圖 4-12 A、B兩系統TN濃度變化圖 70
圖 4-13 A、B兩系統TP濃度變化圖 71
圖 4-14 A、B兩系統TC變化圖 72
圖 4-15 A、B兩系統Chl-a濃度變化圖 73
圖 4-16 A及B兩系統SS去除量變化圖 77
圖 4-17 A及B兩系統BOD去除量變化圖 77
圖 4-18 A及B兩系統NH3-N去除量變化圖 78
圖 4-19 A及B兩系統TP去除量變化圖 78
圖 4-20 A及B兩系統Chl-a去除量變化圖 79
圖 4-21 人工濕地災後復育之DO、SS及Chl-a移除量變化圖 83
圖 4-22 人工濕地災後復育之TKN、NH3-N及Chl-a移除量變化圖 84
圖 4-23 人工濕地災後復育之BOD及TP移除量變化圖 85
圖 4-24 礫間曝氣系統進出流水之T、pH、DO時間變化圖 87
圖 4-25 礫間曝氣系統進出流水之SS、BOD、COD時間變化圖 90
圖 4-26 礫間曝氣系統進出流水之NH3-N、TKN、TN時間變化圖 91
圖 4-27 礫間曝氣系統進出流水之TP、Chl-a、TC時間變化圖 92
圖 4-28 現地發現之黑翅鳶照片 97
圖 4-29 現地發現之瘦面細蟌照片 97
圖 4-30 現地發現之微小灰蝶照片 97
圖 4-31 鳥、蜻蛉、蝶類之生物多樣性指數變化圖 98

表目錄
表 2-1 水文變化影響濕地特性之研究 10
表 2-2 土壤剖面層及各層描述 12
表 2-3 濕地礦物質土壤及有機質土壤之比較表 13
表 2-4 美國魚類及野生動物署之濕地分類方法表 14
表 2-5 濕地所能提供之生態服務 20
表 2-6 濕地所能提供之生態服務 21
表 2-7 濕地水質淨化機制與影響污染物 29
表 2-8 統計分析應用於濕地及生態領域之研究 34
表 3-1 A、B系統之差異 40
表 3-2 礫間接觸曝氣氧化槽設計參數 40
表 3-3 檢測參考方法 44
表 3-4 生態調查方法 45
表 3-5 相關係數大小與其意義 48
表 4-1 A及B系統於2012-2016年間之代表污染物質量變化統計表 76
表 4-2 A及B及礫間接觸曝氣比較表 94
表 4-3 濕地進流水對鳥類生物多樣性指數之斯皮爾曼等級相關係數 102
表 4-4 濕地出流水對鳥類生物多樣性指數之斯皮爾曼等級相關係數 103
表 4-5 濕地進流水對蜻蛉類生物多樣性指數之斯皮爾曼等級相關係數 104
表 4-6 濕地出流水對蜻蛉類生物樣性指數之斯皮爾曼等級相關係數 105
表 4-7 濕地進流水對蝶類生物樣性指數之斯皮爾曼等級相關係數 106
表 4-8 濕地出流水對蝶類生物樣性指數之斯皮爾曼等級相關係數 107

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