目前於南中國海的族群遺傳學研究，都傾向於遷徙能力良好的大型經濟魚類或是浮游期偏長的魚種，其結果也幾乎沒有明顯的分化。本研究選用浮游期偏短且體型偏小的花身鯻(Terapon jarbua)作為研究物種，採集環繞整個南中國海的12個樣點，包含高雄、東沙、太平島、饒平、香港、馬來西亞的關丹與古晉、菲律賓的宿霧與阿拉米諾斯、柬埔寨的西哈努克以及越南的寧順與海防，分析其族群聯通性，以探討其於南中國海的遺傳結構與洋流的關係。利用180尾花身鯻樣本的COI以及cyt b共1752鹼基對建構之Maximum likelihood tree與median-joining network顯示所有的單倍型能被分為兩大譜系(A與B)，此外譜系A又能細分成兩個亞譜系(1與2)，其中譜系B與亞譜系1皆僅包含古晉的個體，亞譜系2則包含來自所有樣點的個體。以條紋鯻(學明)為參考的遺傳距離顯示，兩譜系間可能仍不足以被定義為隱蔽種。此外，本研究將部份前人於印度太平洋地區研究的COI序列下載後，與我們的數據利用median-joining network重新分析，發現本研究的亞譜系2與其太平洋群相等，亞譜系1與其印度洋群相等，古晉特有的譜系B也未出現於前人的研究中。另一方面，本研究未採得任何前人的東非群個體。FST值顯示關丹和古晉與其他地區分別有較弱與極高的遺傳分化，其它族群間則未有顯著差異。Barrier分析顯示有一道較強的遺傳屏障圍繞古晉，另一道較弱的則位於南中國海中部，AMOVA以Barrier作為分組依據，支持古晉與其他地區巨大的遺傳差異。在歷史族群動態分析方面，Tajima’s D, Fu’s Fs, mismatch distribution, Goodness-of-fit test, demographic expansion parameters以及Bayesian Skyline plot都顯示譜系A過去有一個明顯的族群突然擴張(四萬到一萬年前)，譜系B則是一個相對較弱的擴張或是穩定的成長。根據maximum credibility tree，花身鯻譜系的分化時間大致位於更新世中期到晚期之間。

Most studies on the genetic structure of fishes in the South China Sea (SCS) showed weak genetic structure probably due to long pelagic larval duration (PLD) and long-distance migration of large size species. In this study, Terapon jarbua, a small size fish with a shorter PLD, was selected as our target species, collected from 12 sampling sites along the SCS, including Kaohsiung, Dongsha Atoll, Taiping Island, Raoping, Hong Kong, Hai Phong and Ninh Thuan of Vietnam, Sihanoukville of Cambodia, Kuantan and Kuching of Malaysia and Cebu and Alaminos of the Philippines. In this research, population connectivity of T. jarbua is studied in order to evaluate the influence of currents on its population genetic structure. Fragments of cyt b and COI (1752 bps) of 180 specimens of T. jarbua were sequenced to study their relationships among populations. Maximum likelihood tree and median-joining network showed that all haplotypes were divided into two lineages (A and B), and lineage A was further divided into two sublineages (1 and 2). Among the divisions, lineage B and sublineage 1 comprised individuals exclusively from Kuching while sublineage 2 contained individuals from all sampling sites. Interspecific genetic distance based on the comparison to T. theraps suggests that cryptic species may not be an issue in these two lineages. In addition to our own data, COI sequences from previous study were downloaded from GenBank to reconstruct the network. The median-joining network is divided into four groups, in which sublineage 2 of the present study fell into Pacific group of previous study, and sublineage 1 was identical to their Indian group. On the other hand, no haplotype of Iles Eparses group is collected in the SCS and lineage B that is exclusively from Kuching is not present in the previous study. FST values and Barrier analysis showed that gene flows between Malaysian water and other sites were at least partially limited, and a strong genetic barrier separated Kuching from all other locations while a weaker barrier located in the middle of the SCS. Based on the results from Barrier, AMOVA analysis showed that the genetic structure of Kuching was significant. Tajima’s D, Fu’s Fs, mismatch distribution, Goodness-of-fit test, demographic expansion parameters and Bayesian Skyline plot all suggested that lineage A experience a demographic expansion (0.04~0.01 Ma), and the expansion of lineage B would be much smaller or lineage B has undergone a stable growth. According to maximum credibility tree, most of the divergence time for T. jarbua corresponded to the middle to late Pleistocene.

學位論文審定書..........................................................................i
謝辭..............................................................................................ii
摘要.............................................................................................iii
Abstract .......................................................................................iv
Content........................................................................................vi
Figure content ...........................................................................viii
Table content...............................................................................ix
Introduction.................................................................................. 1
Introduction to Terapon jarbua ............................................................................................. 1
Phylogeography ..................................................................................................................... 2
The types of molecular markers and applications ................................................................. 3
How current and vicariance affect the genetic structure of fish ............................................ 4
Previous studies about the genetic structure of fishes in the SCS ......................................... 8
Materials and Methods .............................................................. 11
Sample collection, DNA extraction and PCR ..................................................................... 11
Electrophoresis, sequencing and alignment ........................................................................ 13
Genealogy reconstruction, genetic diversity and interspecific genetic distance ................. 14
Population structure ............................................................................................................. 15
Historical demographic analysis .......................................................................................... 16
Divergence time estimation ................................................................................................. 19
Results........................................................................................ 20
Genetic composition and diversity ...................................................................................... 20
Genealogy reconstruction and interspecific genetic distance .............................................. 20
Population structure ............................................................................................................. 22
Historical demographic analysis .......................................................................................... 23
Divergence time estimation ................................................................................................. 24
Discussion.................................................................................. 25
Genetic diversity .................................................................................................................. 25
Population genetic structure ................................................................................................ 26
Historical demographic analysis and divergence time estimation ....................................... 29
References.................................................................................. 31
Tables ......................................................................................... 43
Figures........................................................................................ 47

Allen, G. R., S. H. Midgley & M. Allen. (2002). Field guide to the freshwater fishes of Australia. Perth, Western Australia: Western Australian Museum.
Avise, J. C. (2000). Phylogeography: the history and formation of species. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Avise, J. C., J. Arnold, R. M. Ball, E. Bermingham, T. Lamb, J. E. Neigel, C. A. Reeb & N. C. Saunders. (1987). Intraspecific phylogeography: the mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18(1), 489-522.
Bandelt, H. J., P. Forster & A. Röhl. (1999). Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 16(1), 37-48.
Beheregaray, L. B. & P. Sunnucks. (2001). Fine‐scale genetic structure, estuarine colonization and incipient speciation in the marine silverside fish Odontesthes argentinensis. Molecular Ecology 10(12), 2849-2866.
Botstein, D., R. L. White, M. Skolnick & R. W. Davis. (1980). Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. American Journal of Human Genetics 32(3), 314.
Borsa, P., J. D. Durand, W. J. Chen, N. Hubert, D. Muths, G. Mou-Tham & M. Kulbicki. (2016). Comparative phylogeography of the western Indian Ocean reef fauna. Acta Oecologica 72, 72-86.
Bowen, B. W., A. L. Bass, L. A. Rocha, W. S. Grant, & D. R. Robertson. (2001). Phylogeography of the trumpetfishes (Aulostomus): ring species complex on a global scale. Evolution 55(5), 1029-1039.
Brown, W. M., M. George & A. C. Wilson. (1979). Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 76(4), 1967-1971.
Castro, A. L., B. S. Stewart, S. G. Wilson, R. E. Hueter, M. G. Meekan, P. J. Motta, B. W. Bowen & S. A. Karl. (2007). Population genetic structure of Earth's largest fish, the whale shark (Rhincodon typus). Molecular Ecology 16(24), 5183-5192.
Chen, C. T. A. (2003). Rare northward flow in the Taiwan Strait in winter: a note. Continental Shelf Research 23(3-4), 387-391.
Chen, C. A., M. C. Ablan, J. W. Mcmanus, J. D. Bell, V. S. Tuan, A. S. Cabanban & K. T. Shao. (2004). Population structure and genetic variability of six bar wrasse (thallasoma hardwicki) in northern South China Sea revealed by mitochondrial control region sequences. Marine Biotechnology 6(4), 312-26.
Chen, I. S. & L. S. Fang. (1999). The freshwater and estuarine fishes of Taiwan. Pingtung City, Taiwan, R.O.C.: National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium. (In Chinese)
Chen, S., T. Liu, Z. Li & T. Gao. (2008). Genetic population structuring and demographic history of red spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara) in South and East China Sea. African Journal of Biotechnology 7(20), 3554-3562.
Chiang, H. C., C. C. Hsu, H. D. Lin, G. C. Ma, T. Y. Chiang & H. Y. Yang. (2006). Population structure of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the South China Sea, Philippine Sea and western Pacific Ocean inferred from mitochondrial DNA. Fisheries Research 79(1), 219-225.
Chien, L. T. & Hwang, D. F. (2001). Effects of thermal stress and vitamin C on lipid peroxidation and fatty acid composition in the liver of thornfish Terapon jarbua. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 128(1), 91-97.
Chu, P. C., N. L. Edmons & C. Fan (1998). Dynamical mechanisms for the South China Sea seasonal circulation and thermohaline variabilities. Journal of Physical Oceanography 29(11), 2971–2989.
da Silva Cortinhas, M. C., R. Kersanach, M. Proietti, L. F. C. Dumont, F. D’Incao, A. L. F. Lacerda, P. S. Prata, D. A. Matoso, R. B. Noleto, W. Ramsdorf, T. A. Boni, A. J. Prioli & M. M. Cestari. (2016). Genetic structuring among silverside fish (Atherinella brasiliensis) populations from different Brazilian regions. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 178, 148-157.
Dale, W. (1956). Wind and drift current in the South China Sea. Malayan Journal of Tropical Geography 8, 1-31.
Darriba, D., G. L. Taboada, R. Doallo & D. Posada. (2012). jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods 9(8), 772.
Davis, A. M., P. J. Unmack, B. J. Pusey, J. B. Johnson & R. G. Pearson. (2012). Marine–freshwater transitions are associated with the evolution of dietary diversification in terapontid grunters (Teleostei: Terapontidae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(6), 1163-1179.
Dodson, J. J., F. Colombani & P. K. L. Ng. (1995). Phylogeographic structure in mitochondrial DNA of a South‐east Asian freshwater fish, Hemibagrus nemurus (Siluroidei; Bagridae) and Pleistocene sea‐level changes on the Sunda shelf. Molecular Ecology 4(3), 331-346.
dos Santos Freitas, A., R. da Silva, I. Sampaio & H. Schneider. (2017). The mitochondrial control region reveals genetic structure in southern kingcroaker populations on the coast of the Southwestern Atlantic. Fisheries Research 191, 87-94.
Drummond, A. J., M. A. Suchard, D. Xie & A. Rambaut. (2012). Bayesian phylogenetics with BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7. Molecular Biology and Evolution 29, 1969-1973.
Excoffier, L. & H. E. Lischer. (2010). Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Molecular Ecology Resources 10(3), 564-567.
Excoffier, L., P. E. Smouse & J. M. Quattro. (1992). Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics 131(2), 479-491.
Fang, G., W. Fang, Y. Fang & K. Wang (1998). A survey of studies on the South China Sea upper ocean circulation. Acta Oceanographica Taiwanica 37, 1-16.
Felsenstein, J. (1981). Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: a maximum likelihood approach. Journal of Molecular Evolution 17(6), 368-376.
Felsenstein, J. (1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39(4), 783-791.
Fu, Y. X. (1997). Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection. Genetics 147(2), 915-925.
Fu, Y. X. & W. H. Li. (1993). Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations. Genetics 133(3), 693-709.
Gan, J., Li, H., Curchitser, E. N. & Haidvogel, D. B. (2006). Modeling South China Sea circulation: Response to seasonal forcing regimes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 111, C06034.
Gibbard, P.L., van Kolfschoten, T., 2004. The Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. In: Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Smith, A.G. (Eds.), A Geologic Time Scale. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press 441-452.
Gifford, M. E., R. Powell, A. Larson & R. L. Gutberlet Jr. (2004). Population structure and history of a phenotypically variable teiid lizard (Ameiva chrysolaema) from Hispaniola: the influence of a geologically complex island. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32(3), 735-748.
Grant, W. S. & B. W. Bowen. (1998). Shallow population histories in deep evolutionary lineages of marine fishes: insights from sardines and anchovies and lessons for conservation. Journal of Heredity 89(5), 415-426.
Han, Z. Q., T. X. Gao, T. Yanagimoto & Y. Sakurai. (2008a). Genetic population structure of Nibea albiflora in Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Fisheries Science 74(3), 544-552.
Han, Z. Q., Y. Z. Li, G. B. Chen & T. X. Gao. (2008b). Population genetic structure of coral reef species Plectorhinchus flavomaculatus in South China Sea. African Journal of Biotechnology 7(11), 1774-1781.
Harpending, H. C. (1994). Signature of ancient population growth in a low-resolution mitochondrial DNA mismatch distribution. Human Biology 66, 591-600.
Harris, H. (1966). Enzyme polymorphisms in man. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 164(995), 298-310.
Hasegawa, M., H. Kishino & T. A. Yano. (1985). Dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA. Journal of Molecular Evolution 22(2), 160-174.
Her, Y. S. & D. C. Liu. (1991). Experiments on the propagation of Terapon jarbua experiment report. Bulletin of Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute 50, 255-265. (In Chinese)
Hohenlohe, P. A. (2004). Limits to gene flow in marine animals with planktonic larvae: models of Littorina species around Point Conception, California. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 82(2), 169-187.
Hu, J., H. Kawamura, H. Hong & Y. Qi (2000). A Review on the Currents in the South China Sea: Seasonal Circulation, South China Sea Warm Current and Kuroshio Intrusion. Journal of Oceanography 56(6), 607-624.
Hubby, J. L. & R. C. Lewontin. (1966). A molecular approach to the study of genetic heterozygosity in natural population. I. The number of alleles at different loci in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Genetics 54, 203-215.
Ichikawa, H. & R. C. Beardsley (1993). Temporal and spatial variability of volume transport of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 40(3), 583-605.
Jackson, A. M., B. X. Semmens, Y. S. De Mitcheson, R. S. Nemeth, S. A. Heppell, P. G. Bush, A. Aguilar-Perera, J. A. B. Claydon, M. C. Calosso, K. S. Sealey, M. T. Schärer & G. Bernardi. (2014). Population structure and phylogeography in Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus), a mass-aggregating marine fish. PloS one 9(5), e97508.
Jan, S., J. Wang, C. S. Chern & S. Y. Chao. (2002). Seasonal variation of the circulation in the Taiwan Strait. Journal of Marine Systems 35(3), 249-268.
Kalendar, R., T. Grob, M. Regina, A. Suoniemi & A. Schulman. (1999). IRAP and REMAP: two new retrotransposon-based DNA fingerprinting techniques. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98(5), 704-711.
Kimura, M. (1968). Evolutionary rate at the molecular level. Nature 217(5129), 624-626.
King, J. L. & T. H. Jukes. (1969). Non-Darwinian evolution. Science 164(3881), 788-798.
Knowlton, N. (1993). Sibling species in the sea. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 24, 189-216.
Ko, C. Y., Hsin, Y. C., Yu, T. L., Liu, K. L., Shiah, F. K. & Jeng, M. S. (2018). Monitoring multi-year macro ocean litter dynamics and backward-tracking simulation of litter origins on a remote island in the South China Sea. Environmental Research Letters 13(4), 044021.
Kumar, S., G. Stecher & K. Tamura. (2016). MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33(7), 1870-1874.
Kwan, P. H. (1987). The warm current in the South China Sea – A current flowing against the wind in winter in the open sea off Guangdong province. Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica 9(2), 117-127. (In Chinese with English abstract).
Lan, Y. C., M. A. Lee, C. H. Liao & K. T. Lee. (2009). Copepod Community Structure of the Winter Frontal Zone Induced by the Kuroshio Branch Current and the China Coastal Current in the Taiwan Strait. Journal of Marine Science and Technology 17(1), 1-6.
Lavergne E (2012) Estuarine fish biodiversity of Socotra Island (North-Western Indian Ocean): from the community to the functioning of Terapon jarbua populations. Ph.D. thesis, University of Western Brittany, France. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00806383
Lavergne, E., I. Calvès, A. L. Meistertzheim, G. Charrier, U. Zajonz & J. Laroche. (2014). Complex genetic structure of a euryhaline marine fish in temporarily open/closed estuaries from the wider Gulf of Aden. Marine Biology 161(5), 1113-1126.
Leigh, J. W. & D. Bryant. (2015). POPART: full‐feature software for haplotype network construction. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 6(9), 1110-1116.
Li, C., J. Hu, S. Jan, Z. Wei, G. Fang & Q. Zheng. (2006). Winter-spring fronts in Taiwan Strait. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, C11S13, doi:10.1029/2005JC003203.
Librado, P. & J. Rozas. (2009). DnaSP v5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics 25(11), 1451-1452.
Lieske, E. & R. Myers, (1994). Coral reef fishes: Indo-Pacific & Caribbean, including the Red Sea. London, UK: Haper Collins.
Litt, M. & J. A. Luty. (1989). A hypervariable microsatellite revealed by in vitro amplification of a dinucleotide repeat within the cardiac muscle actin gene. American Journal of Human Genetics 44(3), 397.
Liu, S. Y. V., I. H. Huang, M. Y. Liu, H. D. Lin, F. Y. Wang & T. Y. Liao (2015). Genetic stock structure of Terapon jarbua in Taiwanese waters. Marine and Coastal Fisheries 7(1), 464-473.
Liu, S. Y. V., T. Kokita & C. F. Dai. (2008). Population genetic structure of the neon damselfish (Pomacentrus coelestis) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Marine Biology 154(4), 745-753.
Lobel, P. S. & A. R. Robinson. (1988). Larval fishes and zooplankton in a cyclonic eddy in Hawaiian waters. Journal of Plankton Research 10(6), 1209-1223.
Lourie, S. A., & Vincent, A. C. (2004). A marine fish follows Wallace's Line: the phylogeography of the three‐spot seahorse (Hippocampus trimaculatus, Syngnathidae, Teleostei) in Southeast Asia. Journal of Biogeography 31(12), 1975-1985.
Manni, F., E. Guerard & E. Heyer. (2004). Geographic patterns of (genetic, morphologic, linguistic) variation: how barriers can be detected by using Monmonier's algorithm. Human Biology 76(2), 173-190.
Miu, T. C., S. C. Lee & W. N. Tzeng. (1990). Reproductive biology of Terapon jarbua from the estuary of Tamshui River. Journal of the Fisheries Society of Taiwan 17(1), 9-20.
Nei, M. (1987). Molecular evolutionary genetics. New York, USA: Columbia University Press.
Nei, M. & W. H. Li. (1979). Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 76(10), 5269-5273.
Nei, M. & F. Tajima. (1981). DNA polymorphism detectable by restriction endonucleases. Genetics 97(1), 145-163.
Nelson, J. S. (2006). Fishes of the World. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
Purcell, J. F., R. K. Cowen, C. R. Hughes & D. A. Williams. (2006). Weak genetic structure indicates strong dispersal limits: a tale of two coral reef fish. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 273(1593), 1483-1490.
Qiu, D. Z., T. H. Yang & Z. X. Guo. (1984). A west-flowing current in the northern part of the South China Sea in summer. Tropic Oceanology 3(4), 65-73 (In Chinese with English abstract).
Otte, D. & J. A. Endler. (1989). Speciation and Its Consequences. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer and Associates Inc.
Rahman, A. A. (1989). Freshwater fishes of Bangladesh. Zoological Society of Bangladesh. Dhaka: Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka.
Rambaut A., A. J. Drummond, D. Xie, G. Baele & M. A. Suchard. (2018). Tracer v1.7, Available from http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/tracer/
Ramos-Onsins, S. E. & J. Rozas. (2002). Statistical properties of new neutrality tests against population growth. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19(12), 2092-2100.
Rogers, A. R. & H. Harpending. (1992). Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 9(3), 552-569.
Samani, N. K., Y. Esa, S. N. Amin & N. F. M. Ikhsan. (2016). Phylogenetics and population genetics of Plotosus canius (Siluriformes: Plotosidae) from Malaysian coastal waters. PeerJ 4, e1930.
Schierwater, B. & A. Ender. (1993). Different thermostable DNA polymerases may amplify different RAPD products. Nucleic Acids Research 21(19), 4647-4648.
Schneider, H. (1964). Physiologische und morphologische Untersuchungen zur bioakustik der tigerfische (Pisces, Theraponidae). Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie 47(5), 493-558.
Shao, K. T. & Y. J. Chen. (2003). Guide of fishes. Taipei City, Taiwan, R.O.C.: Yuan-Liou Publishing Co., Ltd., (In Chinese)
Shen, S. C., S. C. Lee, K. T. Shao, H. K. Mok, C. H. Chen & C. T. Chen. (1993). Fishes of Taiwan. Taipei City, Taiwan, R.O.C.: Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, (In Chinese)
Tajima, F. (1989). Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics 123(3), 585-595.
Thompson, J. D., D. G. Higgins & T. J. Gibson. (1994). CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research 22(22), 4673-4680.
Theisen, T. C., B. W. Bowen, W. Lanier & J. D. Baldwin. (2008). High connectivity on a global scale in the pelagic wahoo, Acanthocybium solandri (tuna family Scombridae). Molecular Ecology 17(19), 4233-4247.
Tu, Z., M. Liu, Y. Wang, S. Xu, N. Song, T. Gao & Z. Han. (2016). The low mitochondrial diversities in lizardfish Saurida elongate: Recent population expansion and selection. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 68, 44-50.
Vari, R. P. (2001). Teraponidae. FAO species identification guide for fisheries purposes: the living marine resources of the western central Pacific, volume 5. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 3305–3316 in K. E. Carpenter and V. H. Niem, editors.
Veilleux, H. D., L. van Herwerden, R. D. Evans, M. J. Travers & S. J. Newman. (2011). Strong genetic subdivision generates high genetic variability among eastern and western Australian populations of Lutjanus carponotatus (Richardson). Fisheries Research 108(1), 74-80.
Voris, H. K. (2000). Maps of Pleistocene sea levels in Southeast Asia: shorelines, river systems and time durations. Journal of Biogeography 27(5), 1153-1167.
Vos, P., R. Hogers, M. Bleeker, M. Reijans, T. V. D. Lee, M. Hornes, A. Frijters, J. Pot, J. Peleman, M. Kuiper & M. Zabeau. (1995). AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Research 23(21), 4407-4414.
Wang, D. Y. & B. Q. Huang. (1999). TBT (tributyltin) toxicity to the visual and olfactory functions of tigerperch (Terapon jarbua Forsskal). Zoological Studies 38(2), 189-195.
Wang, P. (1999). Response of Western Pacific marginal seas to glacial cycles: paleoceanographic and sedimentological features. Marine Geology 156(1), 5-39.
Wang, P. C., S. D. Chen, M. A. Tsai, Y. J. Weng, S. Y. Chu, R. S. Chern & S. C. Chen. (2009). Nocardia seriolae infection in the three striped tigerfish, Terapon jarbua (Forsskål). Journal of Fish Diseases 32(4), 301-310.
Ward, R. D., T. S. Zemlak, B. H. Innes, P. R. Last & P. D. Hebert. (2005). DNA barcoding Australia's fish species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 360(1462), 1847-1857.
Weir, B. S. & C. C. Cockerham. (1984). Estimating F‐statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution 38(6), 1358-1370.
Williams, J. G., A. R. Kubelik, K. J. Livak, J. A. Rafalski & S. V. Tingey. (1990). DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Research 18(22), 6531-6535.
Wyrtki, K. (1961). Physical oceanography of the Southeast Asian waters. Scripps Institution of Oceanography. San Diego: University of California.
Xiao, Y., Zhang, Y., Gao, T., Yanagimoto, T., Yabe, M. & Sakurai, Y. (2009). Genetic diversity in the mtDNA control region and population structure in the small yellow croaker Larimichthys polyactis. Environmental Biology of Fishes 85(4), 303-314.
Xie, C., Z. Jian & Q. Zhao. (1995). Paleogeographic maps of the China Seas at the last glacial maximum. WESTPAC Paleogeographic Maps, UNESCO/IOC Publications, Shanghai.
Xu, X. & M. Oda. (1998). Surface-water evolution of the eastern East China Sea during the last 36,000 years. Marine Geology 156(1), 285-304.
You, T. L. & J. A. You. (1987). Effect of stocking density on the growth of target fish, Terapon jarbua (Forsskål). Bulletin of Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute 43, 1-6. (In Chinese)
Yusoff, A. H. & C. A. R. Mohamed. (2016). Mini review Uranium-Thorium decay series in the marine environment of the southern South China Sea. Journal of Geology & Geophysics 5(246). doi:10.4172/2381-8719.1000246
Zhang, J., Z. Cai & L. Huang. (2006). Population genetic structure of crimson snapper Lutjanus erythropterus in East Asia, revealed by analysis of the mitochondrial control region. ICES Journal of Marine Science 63(4), 693-704.
Zhang, W., L. Huang & W. X. Wang. (2012). Biotransformation and detoxification of inorganic arsenic in a marine juvenile fish Terapon jarbua after waterborne and dietborne exposure. Journal of Hazardous Materials 221, 162-169.
Zietkiewicz, E., A. Rafalski & D. Labuda. (1994). Genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeat (SSR)-anchored polymerase chain reaction amplification. Genomics 20(2), 176-183.