本論文旨在研究設計一個以數位訊號處理器（DSP）為核心的智慧型電池充殘電器，此系統採用串聯電路與均充器架構並配合智慧型模糊充電法對電池充電。在殘電偵測方面必須以準確度和成本為考量，所以採用較精準的內電阻測定法對電池殘電量進行估測。在設計充電器部份，此系統能夠達到6~8小時之內快速且均勻充電的目的，且因為採用智慧型模糊充電法能夠適當依電池電壓、電量和溫度的不同，給予不同程度的充電電流；再加上均充器能調節電池的電壓高低，所以不至於造成電池的損壞情形發生，進而保護電池；在殘電器部分則因為內電阻會受到環境溫度、電池內部腐蝕、電池老化因素、輸出電流量等的影響而有變化，因此只要量測內電阻就可以很準確的估測到電池電容量。

This thesis is to design an intelligent battery charger and residual capacity estimator with DSP. This system uses the proposed structure of the series circuit and battery equalizer with the intelligent fuzzy charge algorithm to charge battery, The internal resistance measurement can accurately estimate the residual capacity of battery. Because of using the intelligent fuzzy charge algorithm, it can give different charging current depends on voltage, capacity and temperature of battery. Because of using battery equalizer, it can adjust the voltage of battery to guarantee the battery be charged safely. According to experimental results, the charger can achieve the goal of fast and uniform charge within 6 to 8 hours. On the residual capacity estimator, We measure internal resistance to accurately estimate residual capacity of battery, because internal resistance is affected by environmental temperature, battery corrosion, aging factor and output current .

目錄

第一章 緒論 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 研究背景 2
1.3 研究動機與目標 3

第二章 電池之種類與基本特性介紹 6
2.1 蓄電池介紹 6
2.2 二次電池的分類 8
2.2.1 鎳鎘電池 8
2.2.2 鎳氫電池 8
2.2.3 鋰離子電池電池 8
2.2.4 鉛酸電池 9
2.3 鉛酸二次電池的基本原理 10
2.3.1 鉛酸電池內部的結構 10
2.3.2 鉛酸電池的化學原理 11
2.3.3 鉛酸電池內部Cell的連接方式 12
2.4 鉛酸二次電池的特性 13
2.4.1 鉛酸電池的壽命診斷標準 14
2.4.2 溫度補償 16
2.4.3 安培小時規則 16
2.4.4 電池的容量 17
2.4.5 電池的應用 18
2.4.6 鉛酸電池的老化 19

第三章 電池充電之控制理論介紹 22
3.1 類比式模糊控制器 24
3.2 數位式模糊控制器 27

第四章 電池之智慧型充電管理 30
4.1 電池的管理 30
4.1.1 充電與放電速率 31
4.1.2 電池的充電 31
4.1.3 電池的鑑定 32
4.2 鉛酸電池的充電法則 34
4.2.1 定電流(CC)充電法 34
4.2.2 定電壓(CV)充電法 35
4.2.3 混和定電流/定電壓(CC/CV)充電法 35
4.2.4 脈衝(CP)充電法 36
4.2.5 快速充電法 37
4.2.6 智慧型充電法 39

第五章 電池殘電容量檢測方法 43
5.1 鉛酸電池殘電量的估測方法 43
5.1.1 開路電壓法 43
5.1.2 比重計法 44
5.1.3 安培小時法 45
5.1.4 加載電壓法 46
5.1.5 查表法 46
5.1.6 各種方法之比較 47
5.2 較精準的內電阻測定法 48
5.2.1 何謂內電阻 48
5.2.2 影響內電阻的因素 49
5.2.3 內電阻測定方法介紹 50

第六章 數位訊號處理器發展系統 54
6.1 數位訊號處理器的硬體資源 55
6.2 數位訊號處理器的發展環境 59
6.3 軟體控制程式設計與撰寫 61

第七章 鉛酸電池快速充電器硬體架構設計 75
7.1 TL494脈波寬度調變電路 77
7.2 功率驅動單元 79
7.2.1 電池均充器電路 79
7.2.2 功率因素修正電路 80
7.2.3 電源供應電路 81
7.2.4 閘極驅動電路 83
7.2.5 電流感測電路 84
7.2.6 溫度感測電路 84

第八章 實驗結果 87
8.1 串聯均充及定電流脈衝充電實驗結果 88
8.2 智慧型模糊充電實驗結果 91
8.3 殘電量估測實驗結果 98

第九章 結論 101
9.1 結語 101
9.2 建議事項 102

參考文獻 104

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