膀胱癌是泌尿生殖器系統好發的惡性腫瘤。雖然長期已有相關的研究報告出現，但還是無法瞭解可能涉及腫瘤癌化的分子。迄今為止，未發展出一種免疫組織或分子專一性的標識可以在臨床檢驗中有效的提早檢驗出膀胱癌癌化方法。本研究的目的是探討膀胱癌癌化相關新穎的基因。在本文第一章試圖說明膀胱癌的背景，分子標識，染色體異常與膀胱癌的關係。第二章，利用各種生物資訊學方式來註解相關的候選基因。其中21個候選基因來自三種不同時期的膀胱癌細胞建立具有1.5倍顯著差異之微陣列資料庫(成功大學劉校生博士)。另外的八個腫瘤抑制候選基因則是來自經異黃酮處理或未處理的RT4細胞株所建立的抑制性減除雜合技術(SSH) cDNA資料庫。除了註解外，這八個腫瘤抑制候選基因另外也進行定量表現分析。在定量表現結果中除了ANXA2，ANXA10與NUDT4外，其他的候選基因沒有發現有腫瘤抑制候選基特性出現。第三章是欲將在第二章其中提出ANXA10腫瘤抑制候選基因的表現加以分析，探討ANXA10蛋白質在細胞的分佈與製備多株抗體以便進一步進行試驗分析。在研究中獲知ANXA10大多數皆分佈在細胞質中。另外，有研究指出CDK2AP1基因為一種腫瘤抑制基因，在人類口腔鱗狀上皮細胞癌與結直腸癌中表現量降低，但是其在膀胱癌的表現與調控機制目前則不清楚，故在本文第四章中探討CDK2AP1 mRNA與蛋白質在膀胱癌的表現量。在本實驗初步的結果觀察到CDK2AP1在Ta與T1的表現量比T2與T3具有侵犯性組織的表現量來得多，但在具有侵犯性組織的表現量降低的機制與CDK2AP1生理功能至今尚未完全被研究透徹。在第五章中，我們提供了TSGH8301，UB37，TCCSUP和J82四種膀胱癌細胞株成功在SCID小鼠中建立人類腫瘤動物模式以便進行活體表現研究。

Bladder cancer is a common malignancy affecting the genitourinary system. Although a large number of studies have been carried out on these areas for a long time, little is know about the molecular events which may involve in tumorigenesis. Until now, no profound immunohistological or molecular markers have been identified to define clinically relevant subsets of bladder cancer. The purpose of this thesis is to identify a novel bladder cancer carcinogenesis related genes. Chapter 1 attempts to illustrate the background, molecular markers, chromosomal abnormalities and genetic instability related to bladder cancer. In Chapter 2, various bioinformatics methodologies were used to annotate and identify candidate genes. Twenty-one genes were identified 1.5-fold up- or down-regulated in mRNA expression from RT4, TSGH8301 and J82, three different stages of bladder cancer cell lines by microarray chips (Dr. Liu, personal communications). Another eight candidate tumor suppressor genes were preliminarily identified from suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) cDNA library of RT4 cell line based on an isoflavones-treated minus non-treated and further subjected to quantitative RT-PCR analyses to confirm the mRNA expression level in different stages of bladder cancer cell lines. Chapter 3 studies on the ANXA10 gene with special emphasis on its cloning, protein expression, subcellular localization and the preparation of polyclonal antibody. The result suggests that ANXA10 is a cytoplasmic protein in N18 cells. Chapter 4 analyzes the CDK2AP1 gene in mRNA and protein level at different bladder cancer cell lines and various specimens. In our preliminary observations, there are lost of CDK2AP1 expressions at invasive TCCs specimens when compared to noninvasive TCCs specimens. The mechanism of the tumor-associated loss of the CDK2AP1 expression is currently not clear. In Chapter 5, bladder cancer cell lines TSGH8301, UB37, TCCSUP and J82 in SCID mice xenograft model were established for further in vivo studies.

TABLES OF CONTENTS
中文摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
ABBREVIATION III
TABLES OF CONTENTS IV
CHAPTER 1. A REVIEW IN BLADDER CANCER 1
1. Background 1
1.1 Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Frequency, Mortality/Morbidity, Gender, Age 1
1.2 Causes 1
1.3 Signs and Diagnostic 3
1.4 Staging of Bladder Cancers 4
Table 1.1 TMN staging for bladder cancer 5
1.5 Molecular Etiology Underlying Bladder Cancers/ Transitional Cell Carcinomas (TCCs) 6
1.6 Molecular Markers Related to Bladder Cancer 9
Table 1.2 Candidate genes and chromosomal regions that were identified to be related to bladder cancers 9
1.7 Chromosomal Abnormalities and Genetic Instability in Bladder Cancer 12
Table 1.3 Chromosomal abnormalities related to bladder cancer/TCC 13
1.8 Mitelman Database (CGAP, NCBI, USA) 15
Table 1.4 Unbalanced chromosomal abnormalities with TCCs morphology in bladder cancer (Data source: Mitelman Database) 16
Table 1.5 Numerical chromosomal trisomy abnormalities with TCCs morphology in bladder cancer (Data source: Mitelman Database) 17
Table 1.6 Numerical chromosomal monosomy abnormalities with TCCs morphology in bladder cancer (Data source: Mitelman Database) 18
Table 1.7 Balanced chromosomal abnormalities with TCCs morphology in bladder cancer (Data source: Mitelman Database) 19
Table 1.8 Numerical chromosomal abnormalities with others morphology than TCCs in bladder cancer (Data source: Mitelman Database) 19
CHAPTER 2. ANNOTATION ON CANDIDATE GENES OF HUMAN TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMAS (TCCS) 20
1. Introduction 20
1.1 Annotation of Identified Candidate Genes 20
2. Materials and Methods 22
2.1 Cell Culture 22
Table 2.1 Details of cell lines used 22
2.2 RNA Isolation 23
2.3 cDNA Synthesis 24
2.4 Verification of Expression Level of Bladder Cancer Cell Lines by quantitative RT-PCR 24
2.4.1 Primer design 24
2.4.2 Optimization of primer concentrations 25
Table 2.2 Detail of primers used 26
2.4.3 Quantitative RT-PCR 26
2.4.4 Data analysis 27
3. Results 28
Table 2.3 Annotation of down-regulated genes identified from microarray chips 30
Table 2.4 Annotation of up-regulatied genes identified from microarray chips 32
Table 2.5 Annotations candidate genes from isoflavone treated minus non-treated on RT4 SSH cDNA library and their mRNA expression 35
4. Discussion 37
4.1 Down-regulated Markers from TCCs Cell Lines 37
4.2 Up-regulated Markers from TCCs Cell Lines 39
4.3 Validation of Candidate Genes Obtained from Suppression Subtractive Hybridization cDNA Library 41
5. Figures 42
CHAPTER 3. ANNEXIN A10 GENE EXPRESSION PROFILE IN BLADDER CANCER 44
1. Introduction 44
Table 3.1 ANXA10 conserved region similar to the motif in other annexin family member by PSI-BLAST sequence alignment 45
2. Materials and Methods 47
2.1 Cell Culture 47
Table 3.2 Detail of cell lines used 47
2.2 RNA Isolation 48
2.3 cDNA Synthesis 49
2.4 Cloning 49
2.5 Ligation and Transformation 50
2.6 Extraction of Plasmids DNA 51
2.7 Screening on Correct Inserts 52
2.8 Subcloning and Expression of ANXA10 Protein 52
Table 3.3 Primers used for subcloning 53
2.9 Transfection of Florescence-labeled Protein 54
2.10 Rapid Screening of ANXA10 Protein Expression 55
Table 3.4 SDS-PAGE gel formulations 56
2.11 Large-scale Protein Expression 56
2.11.1 Analysis of protein concentration and purity 58
Table 3.5 Preparation of diluted BSA standard 58
2.12 Production of Polyclonal Antisera 59
Table 3.6 Schedule for preparation of ANXA10 polyclonal antibody from rabbits 59
2.13 Verification of the mRNA Expression Level of ANXA10 in Bladder Cancer Cell Lines and Tissues by Quantitative RT-PCR 60
2.13.1 Quantitative RT-PCR 60
Table 3.7 Detail of primers used 61
2.13.2 Data analysis 61
3. Results 62
3.1 cDNA Construction 62
3.2 Expression ANXA10 His-tagged and GST-tagged Proteins 62
3.3 Prediction and Determination of the Subcellular Localization of ANXA10 Protein 62
4. Discussion 63
5. Figures 65
CHAPTER 4. CDK2AP1 GENE EXPRESSION PROFILE IN BLADDER CANCER 71
1. Introduction 71
2. Materials and Methods 73
2.1 Cell Culture 73
Table 4.1 Details of cell lines used 74
2.2 Bladder Tissues from TCCs Patients 74
Table 4.2 Summary of bladder tissues from patients used in our study* 75
Table 4.3 Bladder tissues and grading 75
2.3 RNA Isolation from Cell Lines 76
2.4 RNA Isolation from Tissues 77
2.5 cDNA Synthesis 77
2.6 Mutation Analysis 78
2.7 Verification of CDK2AP1 mRNA Expression Level of Bladder Cancer Cell Lines and Tissues by Quantitative RT-PCR 79
Table 4.4 Primers used in this study 79
2.7.1 Quantitative RT-PCR Detections 79
2.7.2 Data Analysis 80
2.8 Protein expression level of bladder cancer cell lines and tissues 81
2.8.1 Western blot analysis of cell lysates 81
Table 4.5 SDS-PAGE gel formulations 82
2.8.2 Preparation of pre-absorbed anti-CDK2AP1 antibody 82
2.8.3 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) 83
3. Results 84
3.1 Expression of CDK2AP1 mRNA in Bladder Cancer Cell Lines 84
3.2 Expression of CDK2AP1 mRNA in TCCs Specimens 84
4. Discussion 85
5. Figures 88
CHAPTER 5. SCID MICE XENOGRAFT MODEL 95
1. Introduction 95
2. Materials and Methods 95
2.1 Cell Culture 95
Table 5.1 Details of cell lines used 96
2.2 SCID Mice 96
2.3 Human Tumor Xenografts 96
3. Results 97
4. Discussion 97
5. Figures 98
REFERENCE 104

Reference
台灣地區主要死因分析（2002），行政院衛生署統計資料。
Adam BL, Vlahou A, Semmes OJ, Wright GL Jr. Proteomic approaches to biomarker discovery in prostate and bladder cancers. Proteomics. 2001 Oct;1(10):1264-70. Review.
Aktas D, Ozen H, Atsu N, Tekin A, Sozen S, Tuncbilek E. Glutathione S-transferase M1 gene polymorphism in bladder cancer patients. a marker for invasive bladder cancer? Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2001 Feb;125(1):1-4.
Andrews B, Shariat SF, Kim JH, Wheeler TM, Slawin KM, Lerner SP. Preoperative plasma levels of interleukin-6 and its soluble receptor predict disease recurrence and survival of patients with bladder cancer. J Urol. 2002 Mar;167(3):1475-81.
Arumugam T, Simeone DM, Schmidt AM, Logsdon CD. S100P stimulates cell proliferation and survival via receptor for activated glycation end products (RAGE). J Biol Chem. 2004 Feb 13;279(7):5059-65. Epub 2003 Nov 14.
Atkin NB, Baker MC. Cytogenetic study of ten carcinomas of the bladder: involvement of chromosomes 1 and 11. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1985 Feb 15;15(3-4):253-68.
Atkin NB, Baker MC. Numerical chromosome changes in 165 malignant tumors. Evidence for a nonrandom distribution of normal chromosomes. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1991 Mar;52(1):113-21.
Ayesh S, Matouk I, Schneider T, Ohana P, Laster M, Al-Sharef W, De-Groot N, Hochberg A.Possible physiological role of H19 RNA. Mol Carcinog. 2002 Oct;35(2):63-74.
Babu VR, Lutz MD, Miles BJ, Farah RN, Weiss L, Van Dyke DL. Tumor behavior in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in relation to chromosomal markers and histopathology. Cancer Res. 1987 Dec 15;47(24 Pt 1):6800-5.
Berger CS, Sandberg AA, Todd IA, Pennington RD, Haddad FS, Hecht BK, Hecht F. Chromosomes in kidney, ureter, and bladder cancer. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1986 Sep;23(1):1-24.
Bernues M, Casadevall C, Miro R, Caballin MR, Gelabert A, Egozcue J. A case of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder with a del(9)(q11q21.2). Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1993 Aug;69(1):76-7.
Berrozpe G, Miro R, Caballin MR, Salvador J, Egozcue J. Trisomy 7 may be a primary change in noninvasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1990 Nov 1;50(1):9-14.
Bohm M, Wieland I, Schmidt C, Rubben H, Allhoff EP. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 5p13-12 predicts adverse prognosis in advanced bladder cancer independent of tumor stage and grade. J Urol. 2002 Dec;168(6):2655-8.
Booth C, Harnden P, Selby PJ, Southgate J. Towards defining roles and relationships for tenascin-C and TGFbeta-1 in the normal and neoplastic urinary bladder. J Pathol. 2002 Nov;198(3):359-68.
Bosman, M.J. 1998. The scid mouse: a model for severe combined immune deficiency. P.1-11. In B.Q. Wu an J. Zheng (editors). Immune-deficient animals in experimental medicine. S.Kanger. 1989.
Bruch J, Schulz WA, Haussler J, Melzner I, Bruderlein S, Moller P, Kemmerling R, Vogel W, Hameister H. Delineation of the 6p22 amplification unit in urinary bladder carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Research. 2000 Aug 15;60(16):4526-30.
Bryant MS, Vineis P, Skipper PL, Tannenbaum SR. Hemoglobin adducts of aromatic amines: associations with smoking status and type of tobacco. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Dec;85(24):9788-91.
Bugajska U, Georgopoulos NT, Southgate J, Johnson PW, Graber P, Gordon J, Selby PJ, Trejdosiewicz LK. The effects of malignant transformation on susceptibility of human urothelial cells to CD40-mediated apoptosis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002 Sep 18;94(18):1381-95.
Castelao JE, Yuan JM, Skipper PL, Tannenbaum SR, Gago-Dominguez M, Crowder JS, Ross RK, Yu MC. Gender- and smoking-related bladder cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001 Apr 4;93(7):538-45.
Cavestro GM, Frulloni L, Nouvenne A, Neri TM, Calore B, Ferri B, Bovo P, Okolicsanyi L, Di Mario F, Cavallini G. Association of keratin 8 gene mutation with chronic pancreatitis. Dig Liver Dis. 2003 Jun;35(6):416-20.
Chang LL, Yeh WT, Yang SY, Wu WJ, Huang CH. Genetic alterations of p16INK4a and p14ARF genes in human bladder cancer. J Urol. 2003 Aug;170(2 Pt 1):595-600.
Cheng J, Huang H, Zhang ZT, Shapiro E, Pellicer A, Sun TT, Wu XR. Overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor in urothelium elicits urothelial hyperplasia and promotes bladder tumor growth. Cancer Res. 2002 Jul 15;62(14):4157-63.
Cheng L, Bostwick DG, Li G, Zhang S, Vortmeyer AO, Zhuang Z. Conserved genetic findings in metastatic bladder cancer: a possible utility of allelic loss of chromosomes 9p21 and 17p13 in diagnosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001 Sep;125(9):1197-9.
Cheng L, Neumann RM, Weaver AL, Spotts BE, Bostwick DG. Predicting cancer progression in patients with stage T1 bladder carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Oct;17(10):3182-7.
Chetcuti A, Margan SH, Russell P, Mann S, Millar DS, Clark SJ, Rogers J, Handeksmann DJ, Dong Q. Loss of annexin II heavy and light chains in prostate cancer and its precursors. Cancer Res 2001;61: 6331–6334.
Chiou HY, Chiou ST, Hsu YH, Chou YL, Tseng CH, Wei ML, Chen CJ. Incidence of transitional cell carcinoma and arsenic in drinking water: a follow-up study of 8,102 residents in an arseniasis-endemic area in northeastern Taiwan. Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Mar 1;153(5):411-8
Chiu AW, Huang YL, Huan SK, Wang YC, Ju JP, Chen MF, Chou CK. Potential molecular marker for detecting transitional cell carcinoma. Urology. 2002 Jul;60(1):181-5.
Chow NH, Cairns P, Eisenberger CF, Schoenberg MP, Taylor DC, Epstein JI, Sidransky D. Papillary urothelial hyperplasia is a clonal precursor to papillary transitional cell bladder cancer. Int J Cancer. 2000a Nov 20;89(6):514-8.
Chow NH, Chan SH, Tzai TS, Ho CL, Liu HS. Expression profiles of ErbB family receptors and prognosis in primary transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Clin Cancer Res. 2001b Jul;7(7):1957-62.
Chow NH, Liu HS, Chan SH, Cheng HL, Tzai TS. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in primary superficial bladder cancer. Anticancer Res. 1999 Sep-Oct;19(5C):4593-7
Clifforf Y. WAI, David SC. Urinary Bladder Cancer. Clinical Obstetrics and gynecology. 2002; 45(3):844-54.
Cohen SM, Johansson SL. Epidemiology and etiology of bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am. 1992 Aug;19(3):421-8.
Cole P. Coffee-drinking and cancer of the lower urinary tract. Lancet. 1971 Jun 26;1(7713):1335-7.
Crawley JJ, Furge KA. Identification of frequent cytogenetic aberrations in hepatocellular carcinoma using gene-expression microarray data. Genome Biol. 3, 2002, research 0075.1-0075.8.
Cresswell J, Wong WK, Henry MJ, Robertson H, Neal DE, Kirby JA. Adhesion of lymphocytes to bladder cancer cells: the role of the alpha(E)beta(7) integrin. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2002 Nov;51(9):483-91. Epub 2002 Aug 09.
Crnogorac-Jurcevic T, Missiaglia E, Blaveri E, Gangeswaran R, Jones M, Terris B, Costello E, Neoptolemos JP, Lemoine NR. Molecular alterations in pancreatic carcinoma: expression profiling shows that dysregulated expression of S100 genes is highly prevalent. J Pathol. 2003 Sep;201(1):63-74.
Daigo Y, Suzuki K, Maruyama O, Miyoshi Y, Yasuda T, Kabuto T, Imaoka S, Fujiwara T, Takahashi E, Fujino MA, Nakamura Y. Isolation, mapping and mutation analysis of a human cDNA homologous to the doc-1 gene of the Chinese hamster, a candidate tumor suppressor for oral cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1997 Oct;20(2):204-7.
Dalbagni G, Presti J, Reuter V, Fair WR, Cordon-Cardo C. Genetic alterations in bladder cancer.Lancet. 1993 Aug 21;342(8869):469-71.
Davies BR, O’Donnell M, Durkan GC, Rudland PS, Barraclough R, Neal DE, Mellon JK. Expression of S100A4 protein is associated with metastasis and reduced survival in human bladder cancer. J Pathol. 2002 Mar;196(3):292-9.
De Coupade C, Gillet R, Bennoun M, Briand P, Briand P, Russo-Marie F, Solito E. Annexin I expression and phosphorylation are upregulated during liver regeneration and transformation in antithrombin III SV40 large T antigen transgenic mice. Hepatology 2000;31: 371–380,
Dyrskjot L, Thykjaer T, Kruhoffer M, Jensen JL, Marcussen N, Hamilton-Dutoit S, Wolf H, Orntoft TF. Dyrskjot L, Thykjaer T, Kruhoffer M, Jensen JL, Marcussen N, Hamilton-Dutoit S, Wolf H, Orntoft TF. Nat Genet. 2003 Jan;33(1):90-6.
Emmert-Buck MR, Gillespie JW, Paweletz CP, Ornstein DK, Basrur V, Appella E, Wang QH, Huang J, HU N, Taylor P, Petricoin EF. An approach to proteomic analysis of human tumors. Mol Carcinog 2000; 27: 158–165.
Erbersdobler A, Kaiser H, Friedrich MG, Henke RP. Numerical aberrations of chromosome 8 and allelic loss at 8p in non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder. Eur Urol. 2000 Nov;38(5):590-6.
Fadl-Elmula I, Gorunova L, Lundgren R, Mandahl N, Forsby N, Mitelman F, Heim S. Chromosomal abnormalities in two bladder carcinomas with secondary squamous cell differentiation. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1998 Apr 15;102(2):125-30.
Fadl-Elmula I, Gorunova L, Mandahl N, Elfving P, Lundgren R, Mitelman F, Heim S. Karyotypic characterization of urinary bladder transitional cell carcinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2000 Nov;29(3):256-65.
Fadl-Elmula I, Gorunova L, Mandahl N, Elfving P, Lundgren R, Mitelman F, Heim S. Cytogenetic monoclonality in multifocal uroepithelial carcinomas: evidence of intraluminal tumour seeding. Br J Cancer. 1999 Sep;81(1):6-12.
Fadl-Elmula I, Kytola S, Leithy ME, Abdel-Hameed M, Mandahl N, Elagib A, Ibrahim M, Larsson C, Heim S. Chromosomal aberrations in benign and malignant bilharzia-associated bladder lesions analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization. BMC Cancer. 2002 Mar 22;2(1):5.
Fadl-Elmula I, Kytola S, Pan Y, Lui WO, Derienzo G, Forsberg L, Mandahl N, Gorunova L, Bergerheim US, Heim S, Larsson C. Characterization of chromosomal abnormalities in uroepithelial carcinomas by G-banding, spectral karyotyping and FISH analysis. Int J Cancer. 2001 Jun 15;92(6):824-31.
Fan Z, Zhang J, Bai J. Deletion mapping of chromosome 18q and Smad proteins expression analysis in urinary bladder carcinomas. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2001 Mar;23(2):135-7.
Fleet A, Ashworth R, Kubista H, Edward H, Bolsover S, Mobbs P, Moss SE. Inhibition of EGF-dependent calcium influx by annexin VI is splice form-specific. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999;260: 540–546.
Fong A, Garcia E, Gwynn L, Lisanti MP, Fazzari MJ, Li M. Expression of caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 in urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder correlates with tumor grade and squamous differentiation. Am J Clin Pathol. 2003 Jul;120(1):93-100.
Francia G, Mitchell SD, Moss SE, Hanby AM, Marshall JF, Hart IR. Identification by differential display of annexin-VI, a gene differentially expressed during melanoma progression. Cancer Res. 1996 Sep 1;56(17):3855-8.
Fujiwara H, Emi M, Nagai H, Ohgaki K, Imoto I, Akimoto M, Ogawa O, Habuchi T. Definition of a 1-Mb homozygous deletion at 9q32-q33 in a human bladder-cancer cell line. J Hum Genet. 2001;46(7):372-7.
Gandour-Edwards R, Lara PN Jr, Folkins AK, LaSalle JM, Beckett L, Li Y, Meyers FJ, DeVere-White R. Does HER2/neu expression provide prognostic information in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma? Cancer. 2002 Sep 1;95(5):1009-15.
Garcia Pedrero JM, Fernandez MP, Morgan RO, Herrero Zapatero A, Gonzalez MV,Suarez Nieto C, Rodrigo JP. Annexin A1 down-regulation in head and neck cancer is associated with epithelial differentiation status. Am J Pathol. 2004 Jan;164(1):73-9.
Gerke V, Moss SE. Annexins: from structure to function. Physiol Rev. 2002 Apr;82(2):331-71. Review.
Gibas Z, Prout GR Jr, Connolly JG, Pontes JE, Sandberg AA. Nonrandom chromosomal changes in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Res. 1984 Mar;44(3):1257-64.
Gibas Z, Prout GR, Pontes JE, Connolly JG, Sandberg AA. A possible specific chromosome change in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1986 Jan 15;19(3-4):229-38.
Gildea JJ, Seraj MJ, Oxford G, Harding MA, Hampton GM, Moskaluk CA, Frierson HF, Conaway MR, Theodorescu D. RhoGDI2 is an invasion and metastasis suppressor gene in human cancer. Cancer Res. 2002 Nov 15;62(22):6418-23.
Ginzinger DG. Gene quantification using real-time quantitative PCR: a emerging technology hits the main stream. Exp Hematol. 2002;30:503-512.
Goessl C, Muller M, Straub B, Miller K. DNA alterations in body fluids as molecular tumor markers for urological malignancies. Eur Urol. 2002 Jun;41(6):668-76.
Granberg-Ohman I, Tribukait B, Wijkstrom H. Cytogenetic analysis of 62 transitional cell bladder carcinomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1984 Jan;11(1):69-85.
Gu L, Chen J, Cui Q. [Alterations in DPC4 gene in pancreatic cancers] Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2001 Jul;23(4):293-5. Chinese.
Gu L, Shigemasa K, Ohama K. Increased expression of IGF II mRNA-binding protein 1 mRNA is associated with an advanced clinical stage and poor prognosis in patients with ovarian cancer. Int J Oncol. 2004 Mar;24(3):671-8.
Haitel A, Posch B, El-Baz M, Mokhtar AA, Susani M, Ghoneim MA, Marberger M. Bilharzial related, organ confined, muscle invasive bladder cancer: prognostic value of apoptosis markers, proliferation markers, p53, E-cadherin, epidermal growth factor receptor and c-erbB-2. J Urol. 2001 May;165(5):1481-7
Halachmi S, DeMarzo AM, Chow NH, Halachmi N, Smith AE, Linn JF, Nativ O, Epstein JI, Schoenberg MP, Sidransky D. Genetic alterations in urinary bladder carcinosarcoma: evidence of a common clonal origin. Eur Urol. 2000 Mar;37(3):350-7.
Hara I, Miyake H, Hara S, Arakawa S, Kamidono S. Significance of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase expression in the recurrence of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol. 2001 May;165(5):1769-72.
Hoglund M, Sall T, Heim S, Mitelman F, Mandahl N, Fadl-Elmula. Identification of cytogenetic subgroups and karyotypic pathways in transitional cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2001 Nov 15;61(22):8241-6.
Hoque MO, Lee CC, Cairns P, Schoenberg M, Sidransky D. Genome-wide genetic characterization of bladder cancer: a comparison of high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays and PCR-based microsatellite analysis. Cancer Res. 2003 May 1;63(9):2216-22.
Hotakainen K, Haglund C, Paju A, Nordling S, Alfthan H, Rintala E, Stenman UH. Chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit and core fragment in bladder cancer: mRNA and protein expression in urine, serum and tissue. Eur Urol. 2002 Jun;41(6):677-85.
Howe JR, Shellnut J, Wagner B, Ringold JC, Sayed MG, Ahmed AF, Lynch PM, Amos CI, Sistonen P, Aaltonen LA. Common deletion of SMAD4 in juvenile polyposis is a mutational hotspot. Am J Hum Genet. 2002 May;70(5):1357-62. Epub 2002 Mar 27.
Howord I. Scher, Robert J. Motzar. Bladder and renal cells carcinomas. Braunwald E, Fauci A, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Lango DL, Jameson JL. Harrison’s Princilpes of Internal Medicine. 15th ed. McGraw-Hill. 2001, p.p 604-606.
Hsu LI, Chen JC. Descriptive epidemiology, risk factors and genetic susceptibility of urinary bladder cancer. Chin J Public Health. 1999;18(6):387-412.
Hu MG, Hu GF, Kim Y, Tsuji T, McBride J, Hinds P, Wong DT. Role of p12(CDK2-AP1) in transforming growth factor-beta1-mediated growth suppression. Cancer Res. 2004 Jan 15;64(2):490-9.
Huang WC, Taylor S, Nguyen TB, Tomaszewski JE, Libertino JA, Malkowicz SB, McGarvey TW. KIAA1096, a gene on chromosome 1q, is amplified and overexpressed in bladder cancer. DNA Cell Biol. 2002 Oct;21(10):707-15.
Ioachim E, Charchanti A, Stavropoulos N, Athanassiou E, Bafa M, Agnantis NJ. Expression of cathepsin D in urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder: an immunohistochemical study including correlations with extracellular matrix components, CD44, p53, Rb, c-erbB-2 and the proliferation indices. Anticancer Res. 2002 Nov-Dec;22(6A):3383-8.
Izes JK, Dyer MW, Callum MG, Bankes P, Libertino JA, Caffrey JA. Ca 125 as a marker of tumor activity in advanced urothelial malignancy. J Urol. 2001 Jun;165(6 Pt 1):1908-13.
Jankevicius F, Goebell P, Kushima M, Schulz WA, Ackermann R, Schmitz-Drager BJ. p21 and p53 Immunostaining and survival following systemic chemotherapy for urothelial cancer. Urol Int. 2002;69(3):174-80.
Johansson SL, Cohen SM. Epidemiology and etiology of bladder cancer. Semin Surg Oncol. 1997 Sep-Oct;13(5):291-8.
Johnson MR, Wang K, Smit h JB, Heslin MJ , Diasion R. Quantitation of hydropyrimidine dehydrogenase expression by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Anal Biochem. 2000;278:175-184
Kamai T, Takagi K, Asami H, Ito Y, Oshima H, Yoshida K. Decreasing of p27(Kip1)and cyclin E protein levels is associated with progression from superficial into invasive bladder cancer. Br J Cancer. 2001 May 4;84(9):1242-51
Kataoka TR, Ito A, Asada H, Watabe K, Nishiyama K, Nakamoto K, Itami S, Yoshikawa K, Ito M, Nojima H, Kitamura Y. Annexin VII as a novel marker for invasive phenotype of malignant melanoma. Jpn J Cancer Res. 2000 Jan;91(1):75-83.
Kaur B, Brat DJ, Calkins CC, Van Meir EG. Brain angiogenesis inhibitor 1 is differentially expressed in normal brain and glioblastoma independently of p53 expression.Am J Pathol. 2003 Jan;162(1):19-27.
Kausch I, Bohle A. Bladder cancer. II. Molecular aspects and diagnosis. Eur Urol. 2001 May;39(5):498-506.
Kausch I, Bohle A. Molecular aspects of bladder cancer III. Prognostic markers of bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2002 Jan;41(1):15-29.
Kee KH, Lee MJ, Ro JY. Oncoprotein changes in the flat lesions with atypia and invasive neoplasms of the urinary bladder. Oncol Rep. 2001 May-Jun;8(3):579-83.
Knowles MA, Habuchi T, Kennedy W, Cuthbert-Heavens D. Mutation spectrum of the 9q34 tuberous sclerosis gene TSC1 in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Res. 2003 Nov 15;63(22):7652-6.
Koo SH, Kwon KC, Ihm CH, Jeon YM, Park JW, Sul CK. Detection of genetic alterations in bladder tumors by comparative genomic hybridization and cytogenetic analysis. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1999 Apr 15;110(2):87-93.
Kovacs G. Serial cytogenetic analysis in a patient with pseudodiploid bladder cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1985;110(3):249-51.
Krause FS, Feil G, Bichler KH. Immunohistochemical examinations (Ki67, p53, nm23) and DNA cytophotometry in bladder cancer. Anticancer Res. 2000 Nov-Dec;20(6D):5023-8.
Kruger S, Weitsch G, Buttner H, Matthiensen A, Bohmer T, Marquardt T, Sayk F, Feller AC, Bohle A. Overexpression of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein in muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma: relationship with gene amplification, clinicopathological parameters and prognostic outcome. Int J Oncol. 2002 Nov;21(5):981-7.
Ku NO, Darling JM, Krams SM, Esquivel CO, Keeffe EB, Sibley RK, Lee YM, Wright TL, Omary MB. Keratin 8 and 18 mutations are risk factors for developing liver disease of multiple etiologies.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 May 13;100(10):6063-8. Epub 2003 Apr 30.
Kullendorff CM, Donner M, Mertens F, Mandahl N. Chromosomal aberrations in a consecutive series of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1998 Mar;30(3):156-9.
Kurokawa K, Suzuki K, Okazaki H, Ito K, Shiono A, Fukabori Y, Yamanaka H. Usefulness of PSA screening in outpatients with bladder cancer: preliminary results. Int J Urol. 2002 May;9(5):237-40.
Laidler P, Gil D, Pituch-Noworolska A, Ciolczyk D, Ksiazek D, Przybylo M, Litynska A. Expression of beta1-integrins and N-cadherin in bladder cancer and melanoma cell lines. Acta Biochim Pol. 2000;47(4):1159-70.
Li D, Wang F, Samuels HH. Domain structure of the NRIF3 family of coregulators suggests potential dual roles in transcriptional regulation. Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Dec;21(24):8371-84.
Liu JW, Shen JJ, Tanzillo-Swarts A, Bhatia B, Maldonado CM, Person MD, Lau SS, Tang DG. Annexin II expression is reduced or lost in prostate cancer cells and its re-expression inhibits prostate cancer cell migration. Oncogene. 2003 Mar 13;22(10):1475-85.
Liu SH, Lin CY, Peng SY, Jeng YM, Pan HW, Lai PL, Liu CL, Hsu HC. Down-regulation of annexin A10 in hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with vascular invasion, early recurrence, and poor prognosis in synergy with p53 mutation. Am J Pathol. 2002 May;160(5):1831-7.
Mahdy E, Pan Y, Wang N, Malmstrom PU, Ekman P, Bergerheim U. Chromosome 8 numerical aberration and C-MYC copy number gain in bladder cancer are linked to stage and grade. Anticancer Res. 2001 Sep-Oct;21(5):3167-73.
Malmstrom PU, Ren ZP, Sherif A, de la Torre M, Wester K, Thorn M. Early metastatic progression of bladder carcinoma: molecular profile of primary tumor and sentinel lymph node. J Urol. 2002 Nov;168(5):2240-4.
Mamot C, Mild G, Reuter J, Laffer U, Metzger U, Terracciano L, Boulay JL,Herrmann R, Rochlitz C. Infrequent mutation of the tumour-suppressor gene Smad4 in early-stage colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2003 Feb 10;88(3):420-3.
Matsuo K, Shintani S, Tsuji T, Nagata E, Lerman M, McBride J, Nakahara Y, Ohyama H, Todd R, Wong DT. p12(DOC-1), a growth suppressor, associates with DNA polymerase alpha/primase. FASEB J. 2000 Jul;14(10):1318-24.
Meloni AM, Peier AM, Haddad FS, Powell IJ, Block AW, Huben RP, Todd I, Potter W, Sandberg AA. A new approach in the diagnosis and follow-up of bladder cancer. FISH analysis of urine, bladder washings, and tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1993 Dec;71(2):105-18.
Milasin J, Micic M, Micic S, Diklic V. Distribution of marker chromosomes in relation to histologic grade in bladder cancer. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1989 Oct 1;42(1):135-42.
Miyake H, Gleave M, Kamidono S, Hara I. Overexpression of clusterin in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is related to disease progression and recurrence. Urology. 2002 Jan;59(1):150-4.
Mizutani Y, Hongo F, Sato N, Ogawa O, Yoshida O, Miki T. Significance of serum soluble Fas ligand in patients with bladder carcinoma. Cancer. 2001 Jul 15;92(2):287-93.
Mizutani Y, Wada H, Fukushima M, Yoshida O, Ukimura O, Kawauchi A, Miki T. The significance of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) activity in bladder cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2001 Mar;37(5):569-75.
Moore LE, Smith AH, Eng C, Kalman D, DeVries S, Bhargava V, Chew K, Moore D 2nd, Ferreccio C, Rey OA, Waldman FM. Arsenic-related chromosomal alterations in bladder cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002 Nov 20;94(22):1688-96.
Moreira RM, Curty FH, Lisboa PC, Amaral D, Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Pazos-Moura CC. Estrogen modulates neuromedin B effects on thyrotropin and prolactin release in vitro.Life Sci. 2003 Jan 10;72(8):917-23.
Morgan RO, Jenkins NA, Gilbert DJ, Copeland NG, Balsara BR, Testa JR, Fernandez MP. Novel human and mouse annexin A10 are linked to the genome duplications during early chordate evolution. Genomics. 1999 Aug 15;60(1):40-9.
Multiple G-protein-coupled receptor signals converge on the epidermal growth factor receptor to promote migration and invasion. Oncogene. 2004 Jan 29;23(4):991-9.
Munro NP, Knowles MA. Fibroblast growth factors and their receptors in transitional cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2003 Feb;169(2):675-82.
Muscheck M, Abol-Enein H, Chew K, Moore D 2nd, Bhargava V, Ghoneim MA, Carroll PR, Waldman FM. Comparison of genetic changes in schistosome-related transitional and squamous bladder cancers using comparative genomic hybridization. Carcinogenesis. 2000 Sep;21(9):1721-6.
Natrajan R, Louhelainen J, Williams S, Laye J, Knowles MA. High-resolution deletion mapping of 15q13.2-q21.1 in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Res. 2003 Nov 15;63(22):7657-62.
Nortier JL, Martinez MC, Schmeiser HH, Arlt VM, Bieler CA, Petein M, Depierreux MF, De Pauw L, Abramowicz D, Vereerstraeten P, Vanherweghem JL. Urothelial carcinoma associated with the use of a Chinese herb (Aristolochia fangchi) N Engl J Med. 2000 Jun 8;342(23):1686-92.
Obermann EC, Junker K, Stoehr R, Dietmaier W, Zaak D, Schubert J, Hofstaedter F, Knuechel R, Hartmann A. Frequent genetic alterations in flat urothelial hyperplasias and concomitant papillary bladder cancer as detected by CGH, LOH, and FISH analyses. J Pathol. 2003 Jan;199(1):50-7.
Ohta JI, Miyoshi Y, Uemura H, Fujinami K, Mikata K, Hosaka M, Tokita Y, Kubota Y. Fluorescence in situ hybridization evaluation of c-erbB-2 gene amplification and chromosomal anomalies in bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2001 Aug;7(8):2463-7.
Olumi AF. A critical analysis of the use of p53 as a marker for management of bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am. 2000 Feb;27(1):75-82, ix.
Orntoft TF, Wolf H. Molecular alterations in bladder cancer. Urological Research. 1998;26(4):223-33
Oya M, Schulz WA. Decreased expression of p57(KIP2)mRNA in human bladder cancer. Br J Cancer. 2000 Sep;83(5):626-31.
Paterson RF, Ulbright TM, MacLennan GT, Zhang S, Pan CX, Sweeney CJ, Moore CR, Foster RS, Koch MO, Eble JN, Cheng L. Molecular genetic alterations in the laser-capture-microdissected stroma adjacent to bladder carcinoma. Cancer. 2003 Nov 1;98(9):1830-6.
Pauwels RP, Smeets AW, Schapers RF, Geraedts JP, Debruyne FM. Grading in superficial bladder cancer. (2). Cytogenetic classification. Br J Urol. 1988 Feb;61(2):135-9.
Pelucchi C, Tavani A, Negri E, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C, Tobacco smoking and bladder cancer in coffee non-drinkers. J Epidemiol Community Health 2002 Jan; 56(1):78-79.
Perissel B, Benkhalifa M, Taillandier J, Dastugue N, Haus O, Charbonne F, Giraud B, Malet P. Karyotype and FISH analysis of a newly established cell line derived from a human bladder carcinoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1993 Jun;67(2):101-7.
Prat E, Bernues M, Caballin MR, Egozcue J, Gelabert A, Miro R. Detection of chromosomal imbalances in papillary bladder tumors by comparative genomic hybridization. Urology. 2001 May;57(5):986-92.
Prevostel C, Alice V, Joybert D, Parker PJ. Protein kinase C actively downregulates through caveolae-dependent traffic to an endosomal compartment. J Cell Sci 2000;113: 2575–84
Qhiu L, Cong X, Ja L. [The expression and clinical significance of keratin 19, 20 mRNA in different tumor cell lines and tumor tissues] Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2000 Jan;22(1):32-5. Chinese.
Rajjayabun PH, Garg S, Durkan GC, Charlton R, Robinson MC, Mellon JK. Caveolin-1 expression is associated with high-grade bladder cancer. Urology. 2001 Nov;58(5):811-4
Ramazan Sekeroglu M, Aydin S, Dulger H, Yilmaz Y, Bayrakli H, Noyan T. Diagnostic value of cytokeratin-18 as a tumor marker in bladder cancer. Clin Biochem. 2002 Jun;35(4):327-31.
Rand JH. The annexinopathies: a new category of diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Dec 20;1498(2-3):169-73. Review.
Rao J, Seligson D, Visapaa H, Horvath S, Eeva M, Michel K, Pantuck A, Belldegrun A, Palotie A. Tissue microarray analysis of cytoskeletal actin-associated biomarkers gelsolin and E-cadherin in urothelial carcinoma. Cancer. 2002 Sep 15;95(6):1247-57.
Rebhan M, Chalifa-Caspi V, Prilusky J, Lancet D. GeneCards: integrating information about genes, proteins and diseases. Trends Genet. 1997 Apr;13(4):163.
Retz M, Lehmann J, Amann E, Wullich B, Roder C, Stockle M. Mucin 7 and cytokeratin 20 as new diagnostic urinary markers for bladder tumor. J Urol. 2003 Jan;169(1):86-9.
Roseman BJ, Bollen A, Hsu J, Lamborn K, Israel MA. Annexin II marks astrocytic brain tumors of high histologic grade. Oncol Res. 1994;6(12):561-7.
Ross JS, Cohen MB. Biomarkers for the detection of bladder cancer. Adv Anat Pathol. 2001b Jan;8(1):37-45.
Ross JS, Cohen MB. Detecting recurrent bladder cancer: new methods and biomarkers. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2001a May;1(1):39-52.
Saad A, Hanbury DC, McNicholas TA, Boustead GB, Woodman AC. The early detection and diagnosis of bladder cancer: a critical review of the options. Eur Urol. 2001 Jun;39(6):619-33.
Sachs MD, Rauen KA, Ramamurthy M, Dodson JL, De Marzo AM, Putzi MJ, Schoenberg MP, Rodriguez R. Integrin alpha(v) and coxsackie adenovirus receptor expression in clinical bladder cancer. Urology. 2002 Sep;60(3):531-6.
Sagol O, Yorukoglu K, Tuna B, Ozer E, Sis B, Guray M, Mungan U, Kirkali Z. Expression of pS2 protein and its relation with the Ki-67 proliferative indices and tumor recurrence in superficial bladder carcinomas. Eur Urol. 2001 Aug;40(2):163-8.
Sanchez-Carbayo M, Socci ND, Charytonowicz E, Lu M, Prystowsky M, Childs G, Cordon-Cardo C. Molecular profiling of bladder cancer using cDNA microarrays: defining histogenesis and biological phenotypes. Cancer Res. 2002 Dec 1;62(23):6973-80.
Sandberg AA. Chromosome markers and progression in bladder cancer. Cancer Res. 1977 Aug;37(8 Pt 2):2950-6.
Sato H, Ogata H, de Luca LM. Annexin V inhibits the 12-Otetradecanoylphorbol-
Sauter G, Moch H, Wagner U, Bubendorf L, Gasser TC, Mihatsch MJ. Genomic changes in urinary bladder cancer. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol. 1997;81:287-96.
Sauter G, Simon R, Bubendorf L, Mihatsch M. Molecular genetics of urinary bladder cancer progression. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol. 2002;86:49-56.
Schafer B, Gschwind A, Ullrich A. 13-acetate-induced activation of Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway upstream of Shc in MCF-7 cells. Oncogene 2000;19: 2904–12.
Schmittgen TD, Zakrajsek BA, Mills AG, Gorn V, Singer MJ ,Reed MW.Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to study mRNA decay: comparison of endpoint and real-time methods. Anal Biochem. 2000;285:194-204.
Sengelov L, Christensen M, von der Maase HD, Horn T, Marcussen N, Kamby C, Orntoft T. Loss of heterozygosity at 1p, 8p, 10p, 13q, and 17p in advanced urothelial cancer and lack of relation to chemotherapy response and outcome. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2000 Dec;123(2):109-13.
Shariat SF, Kim JH, Andrews B, Kattan MW, Wheeler TM, Kim IY, Lerner SP, Slawin KM. Preoperative plasma levels of transforming growth factor beta(1) strongly predict clinical outcome in patients with bladder carcinoma. Cancer. 2001 Dec 15;92(12):2985-92.
Shariat SF, Matsumoto K, Kim J, Ayala GE, Zhou JH, Jian W, Benedict WF, Lerner SP. Correlation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression with molecular markers, pathological features and clinical outcome of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol. 2003 Sep;170(3):985-9.
Sharp JD, Hausladen DA, Maher MG, Wheeler MA, Altieri DC, Weiss RM. Bladder cancer detection with urinary survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis.Front Biosci.2002 Feb 1;7:e36-41
Shi H, Maier S, Nimmrich I, Yan PS, Caldwell CW, Olek A, Huang TH. Oligonucleotide-based microarray for DNA methylation analysis: principles and applications. J Cell Biochem. 2003 Jan 1;88(1):138-43.
Shintani S, Mihara M, Terakado N, Nakahara Y, Matsumura T, Kohno Y, Ohyama H, McBride J, Kent R, Todd R, Tsuji T, Wong DT. Reduction of p12DOC-1 expression is a negative prognostic indicator in patients with surgically resected oral squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2001 Sep;7(9):2776-82.
Shintani S, Ohyama H, Zhang X, McBride J, Matsuo K, Tsuji T, Hu MG, Hu G, Kohno Y, Lerman M, Todd R, Wong DT. p12(DOC-1) is a novel cyclin-dependent kinase 2-associated protein. Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Sep;20(17):6300-7.
Simon R, Burger H, Semjonow A, Hertle L, Terpe HJ, Bocker W. Patterns of chromosomal imbalances in muscle invasive bladder cancer. Int J Oncol. 2000 Nov;17(5):1025-9.
Simon R, Eltze E, Schafer KL, Burger H, Semjonow A, Hertle L, Dockhorn-Dworniczak B, Terpe HJ, Bocker W. Cytogenetic analysis of multifocal bladder cancer supports a monoclonal origin and intraepithelial spread of tumor cells. Cancer Res. 2001 Jan 1;61(1):355-62.
Simoneau M, LaRue H, Aboulkassim TO, Meyer F, Moore L, Fradet Y. Chromosome 9 deletions and recurrence of superficial bladder cancer: identification of four regions of prognostic interest. Oncogene. 2000 Dec 14;19(54):6317-23.
Smeets W, Pauwels R, Laarakkers L, Debruyne F, Geraedts J. Chromosomal analysis of bladder cancer. III. Nonrandom alterations. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1987 Nov;29(1):29-41. Review.
Smeets W, Schapers R, Hopman A, Pauwels R, Ramaekers F. Concordance between karyotyping and in situ hybridization procedures in the detection of monosomy 9 in bladder cancer. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1993 Nov;71(1):97-9.
Sotsky Kent T, Yuan Z, Miller A, Weber TK. Deleted in oral cancer-1 expression upregulates proapoptosis elements in microsatellite-unstable human colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004 Feb;11(2):192-6.
Spruck CH 3rd, Ohneseit PF, Gonzalez-Zulueta M, Esrig D, Miyao N, Tsai YC, Lerner SP, Schmutte C, Yang AS, Cote R, et al. Two molecular pathways to transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Res. 1994 Feb 1;54(3):784-8.
Stavropoulos NE, Filliadis I, Ioachim E, Michael M, Mermiga E, Hastazeris K, Nseyo UO. CD44 standard form expression as a predictor of progression in high risk superficial bladder tumors. Int Urol Nephrol. 2001;33(3):479-83.
Stenman UH. Tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor. Clin Chem. 2002 Aug;48(8):1206-9.
Sterner-Kock A, Thorey IS, Koli K, Wempe F, Otte J, Bangsow T, Kuhlmeier K, Kirchner T, Jin S, Keski-Oja J, von Melchner H. Disruption of the gene encoding the latent transforming growth factor-beta binding protein 4 (LTBP-4) causes abnormal lung development, cardiomyopathy, and colorectal cancer.Genes Dev. 2002 Sep 1;16(17):2264-73.
Streeter EH, Harris AL. Angiogenesis in bladder cancer—prognostic marker and target for future therapy. Surg Oncol. 2002 Jun;11(1-2):85-100.
Strefford JC, Lillington DM, Steggall M, Lane TM, Nouri AM, Young BD, Oliver RT. Novel chromosome findings in bladder cancer cell lines detected with multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2002 Jun;135(2):139-46.
Sun B, Schally AV, Halmos G. The presence of receptors for bombesin/GRP and mRNA for three receptor subtypes in human ovarian epithelial cancers. Regul Pept. 2000 Jun 30;90(1-3):77-84.
Suzuki M, Kobayashi H, Tanaka Y, Hirashima Y, Kanayama N, Takei Y, Saga Y, Suzuki M, Itoh H, Terao T. Suppression of invasion and peritoneal carcinomatosis of ovarian cancer cell line by overexpression of bikunin. Int J Cancer. 2003 Apr 10;104(3):289-302a
Tanaka M, Koul D, Davies MA, Liebert M, Steck PA, Grossman HB. MMAC1/PTEN inhibits cell growth and induces chemosensitivity to doxorubicin in human bladder cancer cells. Oncogene. 2000 Nov 9;19(47):5406-12.
Terracciano L, Richter J, Tornillo L, Beffa L, Diener PA, Maurer R, Gasser TC, Moch H, Mihatsch MJ, Sauter G. Chromosomal imbalances in small cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder. J Pathol. 1999 Oct;189(2):230-5.
Theobald J, Hanby A, Patek K, Moss SE. Annexin VI has tumour-suppressor activity in human A431 squamous epithelial carcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 1995;71: 786–788.
Thogersen VB, Sorensen BS, Poulsen SS, Orntoft TF, Wolf H, Nexo E. A subclass of HER1 ligands are prognostic markers for survival in bladder cancer patients. Cancer Res. 2001 Aug 15;61(16):6227-33.
Tiguert R, Lessard A, So A, Fradet Y. Prognostic markers in muscle invasive bladder cancer. World J Urol. 2002 Aug;20(3):190-5. Epub 2002 Jun 07
Todd R, McBride J, Tsuji T, Donoff RB, Nagai M, Chou MY, Chiang T, Wong DT. Deleted in oral cancer-1 (doc-1), a novel oral tumor suppressor gene. FASEB J. 1995 Oct;9(13):1362-70.
Tomovska S, Richter J, Suess K, Wagner U, Rozenblum E, Gasser TC, Moch H, Mihatsch MJ, Sauter G, Schraml P. Molecular cytogenetic alterations associated with rapid tumor cell proliferation in advanced urinary bladder cancer. Int J Oncol. 2001 Jun;18(6):1239-44.
Trent JM, Stanisic T, Olson S. Cytogenetic analysis of urologic malignancies: study of tumor colony forming cells and premature chromosome condensation. J Urol. 1984 Jan;131(1):146-51.
Tsai YS, Tzai TS, Chow NH, Yang WH, Tong YC, Lin JS, Chang CC, Cheng HL, Lin YM. Prognostic values of p53 and HER-2/neu coexpression in invasive bladder cancer in Taiwan. Urol Int. 2003;71(3):262-70.
Tsuji T, Todd R, Meyer C, McBride J, Liao PH, Huang MF, Chou MY, Donoff RB, Wong DT. Reduction of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme (ODC-Az) level in the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis model. Oncogene. 1998 Jul 2;16(26):3379-85.
Tsukamoto M, Matsuyama H, Oba K, Yoshihiro S, Takahashi M, Naito K. Numerical aberrations of chromosome 9 in bladder cancer. A possible prognostic marker for early tumor recurrence. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2002 Apr 1;134(1):41-5.
Turner KJ, Crew JP, Wykoff CC, Watson PH, Poulsom R, Pastorek J, Ratcliffe PJ, Cranston D, Harris AL. The hypoxia-inducible genes VEGF and CA9 are differentially regulated in superficial vs invasive bladder cancer. Br J Cancer. 2002 Apr 22;86(8):1276-82.
Tyrkus M, Powell I, Fakr W. Cytogenetic studies of carcinoma in situ of the bladder: prognostic implications. J Urol. 1992 Jul;148(1):44-6.
Tzai TS, Chen HH, Chan SH, Ho CL, Tsai YS, Cheng HL, Dai YC, Lin JS, Yang WH, Chow NH. Clinical significance of allelotype profiling for urothelial carcinoma. Urology. 2003 Aug;62(2):378-84.
Ueda T, Tamaki M, Ogawa O, Yoshimura N. Over expression of platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase in patients with interstitial cystitis and bladder carcinoma. J Urol. 2002 Jan;167(1):347-51.
Vaarala MH, Porvarik, Kyllonen A, Vihko P. Differentially expressed genes in two LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines reflecting changes during prostate cancer progression. Lab Invest 2000;80: 1259–
van der Poel HG, Mungan NA, Witjes JA. Bladder cancer in women. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 1999;10(3):207-12.
van Gils CH, Conway K, Li Y, Taylor JA. HRAS1 variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism and risk of bladder cancer. nt J Cancer. 2002 Aug 1;100(4):414-8
van Tilborg AA, de Vries A, de Bont M, Groenfeld LE, Zwarthoff EC. The random development of LOH on chromosome 9q in superficial bladder cancers. J Pathol. 2002 Nov;198(3):352-8.
van Tilborg AA, Hekman AC, Vissers KJ, van der Kwast TH, Zwarthoff EC. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 9 and loss of chromosome 9 copy number are separate events in the pathogenesis of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Int J Cancer. 1998 Jan 5;75(1):9-14.
Vanni R, Scarpa RM, Nieddu M, Usai E. Cytogenetic investigation on 30 bladder carcinomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1988 Jan;30(1):35-42.
Vanni R, Scarpa RM, Nieddu M, Usai E. Identification of marker chromosomes in bladder tumor. Urol Int. 1986;41(6):403-6.
Vanni R, Scarpa RM. Nonrandom chromosomal changes in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Res. 1986 Sep;46(9):4873.
Visapaa H, Seligson D, Eeva M, Gaber F, Rao J, Belldegrun A, Palotie A. 8q24 amplification in transitional cell carcinoma of bladder. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2003 Mar;11(1):33-6.
Vishwanatha JK, Chiang Y, Kumble KD, Hollingsworth MA, Pour PM. Enhanced expression of annexin II in human pancreatic carcinoma cells and primary pancreatic cancers. Carcinogenesis. 1993 Dec;14(12):2575-9.
von Knobloch R, Hegele A, Brandt H, Olbert P, Heidenreich A, Hofmann R. Serum DNA and urine DNA alterations of urinary transitional cell bladder carcinoma detected by fluorescent microsatellite analysis. Int J Cancer. 2001 Oct 1;94(1):67-72.
Wai CY, Miller DS. Urinary bladder cancer. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Sep;45(3):844-54. Review.
Wang-Wuu S, Soukup S, Ballard E, Gotwals B, Lampkin B. Chromosomal analysis of sixteen human rhabdomyosarcomas. Cancer Res. 1988 Feb 15;48(4):983-7.
Wawroschek F, Roth S. Hematuria in cases of bladder cancer. Urologe A. 2003 Jul;42(7):902-7. Epub 2003 Feb 25
Williams SG, Buscarini M, Stein JP. Molecular markers for diagnosis, staging, and prognosis of bladder cancer. Oncology (Huntingt). 2001 Nov;15(11):1461-70, 1473-4, 1476; discussion 1476-84.
Williams SV, Sibley KD, Davies AM, Nishiyama H, Hornigold N, Coulter J, Kennedy WJ, Skilleter A, Habuchi T, Knowles MA. Molecular genetic analysis of chromosome 9 candidate tumor-suppressor loci in bladder cancer cell lines. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2002 May;34(1):86-96.
Wolf HK, Stober C, Hohenfellner R, Leissner J. Prognostic value of p53, p21/WAF1, Bcl-2, Bax, Bak and Ki-67 immunoreactivity in pT1 G3 urothelial bladder carcinomas. Tumour Biol. 2001 Sep-Oct;22(5):328-36.
Wolf HK, Stober C, Hohenfellner R, Leissner J. Prognostic value of p53, p21/WAF1, Bcl-2, Bax, Bak and Ki-67 immunoreactivity in pT1 G3 urothelial bladder carcinomas. Tumour Biol. 2001 Sep-Oct;22(5):328-36.
Wunderlich H, Reichelt O, Zermann DH, Schubert J, Berndt A, Kosmehl H. Fetal fibronectin: a new screening-marker for bladder cancer? Oncol Rep. 2001 May-Jun;8(3):669-72.
Xiao Z, Zhang J, Zheng S, Li C, He Z, Cheng S, Gao Y. Loss of heterozygosity of tumor suppressor genes at chromosome 3p in transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2002 Oct 25;82(20):1375-77.
Xiaotong H, Hannocks MJ, Hampson I, Brunner G. GPI-specific phospholipase D mRNA expression in tumor cells of different malignancy. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2002;19(4):291-9.
Yan Y, Andriole GL, Humphrey PA, Kibel AS. Patterns of multiple recurrences of superficial (Ta/T1) transitional cell carcinoma of bladder and effects of clinicopathologic and biochemical factors. Cancer. 2002 Sep 15;95(6):1239-46.
Yang CC, Chu KC, Chen HY, Chen WC. Expression of p16 and cyclin D1 in bladder cancer and correlation in cancer progression. Urol Int. 2002;69(3):190-4.
Yang MH, Chen KK, Yen CC, Wang WS, Chang YH, Huang WJ, Fan FS, Chiou TJ, Liu JH, Chen PM. Unusually high incidence of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma in Taiwan. Urology. 2002 May;59(5):681-7.
Yano A, Nakamoto T, Hashimoto K, Usui T. Localization and expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in human urothelial cancer. J Urol. 2002 Feb;167(2 Pt 1):729-34.
Younes M, Juarez D, Lechago LV, Lerner SP. Glut 1 expression in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is associated with poor patient survival. Anticancer Res. 2001 Jan-Feb;21(1B):575-8.
Yu DS, Hsieh DS, Chang SY. Detection of chromosomal alterations in bladder cancer by comparative genomic hybridization. BJU Int. 2001 Jun;87(9):889-93.
Yuan Z, Sotsky Kent T, Weber TK. Differential expression of DOC-1 in microsatellite-unstable human colorectal cancer. Oncogene. 2003 Sep 18;22(40):6304-10.
Zhang J, Zheng S, Gao Y, Rotolo JA, Xiao Z, Li C, Cheng S. A partial allelotyping of urothelial carcinoma of bladder in the Chinese. Carcinogenesis. 2004 Mar;25(3):343-7.