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論文名稱 Title |
南中國海及台灣海峽大氣型態汞長程傳輸探討 Long-range Transport of Speciated Mercury in the Atmosphere of South China Sea and Taiwan Strait |
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系所名稱 Department |
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畢業學年期 Year, semester |
語文別 Language |
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學位類別 Degree |
頁數 Number of pages |
141 |
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研究生 Author |
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指導教授 Advisor |
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召集委員 Convenor |
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口試委員 Advisory Committee |
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口試日期 Date of Exam |
2018-06-15 |
繳交日期 Date of Submission |
2018-08-17 |
關鍵字 Keywords |
台灣海峽及南中國海、氣固相分佈、大氣型態汞、時空分佈、長程傳輸路徑 long-range transport, spatiotemporal variation, gas-particle partition, Taiwan Strait and South China Sea, atmospheric speciated mercury |
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統計 Statistics |
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中文摘要 |
台灣地處亞洲大陸之東緣,汞污染物伴隨其他空氣污染物經長程傳輸後,其 影響地區所及除可至日本、韓國,甚至可達夏威夷、美國西岸外,亦可能對台灣 地區造成影響。目前台灣地區已有許多針對大氣汞濃度分佈及境外傳輸影響之相 關研究,針對台灣海峽南部及南中國海北部區域人為污染物時空分佈及傳輸機制 之相關研究尚不多見,且大氣汞在不同海陸域跨境傳輸的量化描述亦尚未定論, 主要為台灣海峽及南中國海海域管轄權之扞格導致南中國海島嶼主權之爭議,致 使台灣及東南亞地區之學者過去較少探討台灣海峽南部及南中國海北部交界區 域的合作研究。 職是之故,本研究旨在針對澎湖群島(台灣海峽南部) 、東沙島(南中國海北 部)及太平島(南中國海南部),同步進行大氣汞之長期採樣,期彌補過去此區域 缺乏大氣型態汞的時空分佈趨勢及長程傳輸資訊。此外,本研究使用NOAAHYSPLIT Model 逆軌跡模式模擬與全球火點分佈圖(global fire map)推測污染氣 團來源及傳輸路徑分類,探討其受到區域性燃燒源之影響,並且與氣象參數及其 他空氣污染物進行相關性分析與探討。此外,本研究亦與世界各地之大氣汞濃度 監測值加以比較分析。 由各測站大氣汞量測結果得知,台灣海峽及南中國海交界區域季節性氣態元 素汞(GEM)濃度高低依序為:春季>冬季>秋季>夏季,氣態氧化汞(GOM)濃度高 低依序為:夏季>春季>冬季>秋季,顆粒態汞(PHg)濃度高低依序為春季>冬季> 秋季>夏季,而GEM、GOM及PHg平均值濃度分別為2.53±0.73 ng/m3、24.62±7.32 pg/m3、0.21±0.090 ng/m3。最高GEM、GOM 及PHg 濃度均位於澎湖測站,而大 氣汞氣固相分佈則以TGM 為主,TGM 及PHg 分別佔總大氣汞(TAM)的 92.46~96.17%和3.83~8.70%。此外,由氣固相分佈可得知附近是否有人為污染源 的發生。 ii 由逆軌跡模式模擬、火點地圖及氣象監測資料顯示,採樣期間污染氣團主要 來自菲律賓、西太平洋及中國華中,其發生頻率分別佔27.72%、25.71%及25.27%, 而GEM 濃度分別為2.29±0.46ng m-3、2.90±0.53 ng m-3 及2.68±0.55 ng m-3,夏季 期間氣團來自西太平洋,由全球火點分佈圖顯示該區域並無大型燃燒源,因而大 氣汞濃度較其他季節來得低;秋、冬及春季期間則來自中國華北、華中及日本、 韓國地區,氣團挾帶著含汞污染物經季風往南方傳輸,污染氣團先傳輸至大陸華 北沿海地區,出海後再順時針轉向台灣海峽地區,南沙群島地區的氣團則多半從 菲律賓方向傳輸過來。 另與東亞島嶼及世界各主要城市大氣汞濃度比較得知,台灣海峽及南中國海 交界區域,除了南沙群島採樣點大氣汞濃度值接近於北半球大氣背景值外,其餘 兩站大氣汞濃度普遍低於東亞地區之島嶼與中國大陸,但卻高於日本及歐美城市。 |
Abstract |
Taiwan is located at the eastern edge of the Eurasian Continent. Atmospheric mercury accompaning with other air pollutants could be long-range transported to Japan, Korea, Hawaii, and even arrived the western coast of North America. It could also move southward and cause influences on Taiwan. There have been several cooperate on investigating the concentration distribution of atmospheric speciated mercury and cross-boundary transport in Taiwan. However, very few studies focus on the spatiotemporal variation and long-range transport of anthropogenic pollutants in the region of southern Taiwan Strait and northern South China Sea. The cross-boundary transport of atmospheric speciated mercury in the sea-land areas has not yet been quantified, mainly due to the jurisdiction of interested countries in Taiwan Strait and South China Sea and the dispute over the sovereignty of islands in South China Sea. Thus, the scholars from Taiwan and Southeast Asian countries have less opportunities to cooperate on the distribution and long-range transport of atmospheric speciated mercury in this region. The objectives of this study was to conduct the simultaneous sampling of atmospheric speciated mercury in the Penghu Islands (southern Taiwan Strait), the Dongsha Islands (northern South China Sea) and the Nansha Islands (southern South China Sea). This study also applied NOAA-HYSPLIT backward trajectories and global fire maps to plot the transport routs of atmospheric air masses and further correlated with the meteorological parameters and the criteria air pollutants. Finally, the atmospheric speciated mercury concentrations measured in this study were compared with those at major cities and islands in the world. Field measurement results showed that the seasonal variation of GEM, GOM, and PHg were ordered as: spring> winter > fall > summer, summer > spring > winter >fall, and spring> winter> fall> summer, respectively. The average concentration of GEM, GOM and PHg were 2.53±0.73 ng/m3, 24.62±7.32 pg/m3, and 0.21±0.090 ng/m3, respectively. The highest GEM, GOM, and PHg concentrations were commonly observed at the Penghu Islands. Moreover, TGM (=GEM+GOM) was the main mercury species in the atmospheric mercury, apportioning as 92.46~96.17% TGM and 3.83~8.70% PHg. Results obtained from backward trajectories, global fire maps, and meteorological data showed that air masses were mainly came from Philippines, Western Pacific Ocean, and Central China during the sampling periods, with the frequencies of 27.72%、25.71% , and 25.27%, respectively, while the concentrations of GEM were 2.29±0.46, 2.90±0.53, and 2.68±0.55 ng/m3, respectively. Air masses were blown mainly from the Western Pacific Ocean in summer, resulting in much lower GEM concentrations than other seasons. In fall, winter, and spring, air masses originated from northern China, Central China, Japan, and Korea were transported to the coastal region of northern China and turned clockwisely to the Taiwan Strait due to cold anticyclone system moved southeasterly. However, air masses were blown mainly from the Philippines in Nansha Island. Comparing with East Asian islands and major cities in the world indicated that the concentrations of atmospheric speciated mercury at the Nansha Islands was close to the atmospheric mercury background concentration of the Northern Hemisphere, while the concentrations of atmospheric speciated mercury at other two sampling sites were generally lower than those in East Asia and mainland China, but higher than those in Japan, Europe, and the United States. |
目次 Table of Contents |
目錄 學位論文審定書………………………………………………………….................... i 誌謝……………………………………………………………………………………ii 中文摘要……………………………………………………………………………...iii 英文摘要……………………..……………………………………………………......v 目錄…………………………………………………………………………...…….. vii 圖目錄……………………………………………………………………………..…..x 表目錄………………………………………………………………………...…..... xiii 第一章 前言………………………………………………………………………..…1 1.1 研究緣起………………………………………………………………...….1 1.2 研究目的……………………………………………………………...…….2 1.3 研究範圍與架構……………………………………………………………2 第二章 文獻回顧…………………………………………………………………..…5 2.1 汞的基本特性…………………………………………………….…………5 2.1.1 汞的基本物化特性…………………………………………..…………5 2.1.2 大氣汞的型態及組成特徵…………………………………………..…7 2.2 大氣汞的生成機制及全球循環機制………………………………………..9 2.3 汞的健康危害…………………………………….………………………...13 2.3.1 汞的毒理性質………………………………………...……………….13 2.3.2 汞的暴露危害標準………………………………...………………….17 2.4 大氣汞量測方法…………………………………………………………... 19 2.4.1 大氣汞量測技術演進………………………...…………………….…19 2.4.2 不同型態大氣汞的採樣及分析方法……………………………..…..21 2.5 污染源解析模式之原理及應用…………………………………………...24 2.5.1 逆軌跡模式之基本原理………………………………………………24 2.5.2 逆軌跡模式之應用……………………………………………………25 2.6 國內外大氣汞相關研究…………………………………………………...27 第三章 研究方法……………………………………………………………………33 3.1 大氣汞採樣規劃...…………………………………………………………33 3.1.1 大氣汞採樣地點.…………………………………………….…..……33 3.1.2 大氣汞採樣時間….…………………………………….……..………33 3.2 大氣汞採樣方法.………………………..…………………………………35 3.2.1 TGM 採樣方法.…………………………………………………..……35 3.2.2 GOM 採樣方法.………………………………………………….….…38 3.2.3 PHg 採樣方法……………………………………………………….…41 3.3 大氣汞分析方法.…………………………………………………………..43 3.3.1 TGM 分析方法……….……..……………….…………………...…………..43 3.3.2 GOM 分析方法…….....………………………………………………..45 3.3.3 PHg 分析方法……….…………………………………………………46 3.4 冷蒸氣原子螢光光譜儀量測方法……………………………...…………47 iv 3.5 大氣汞採樣及分析之品保及品管(QA/QC) .……………………………..48 3.5.1 大氣汞採樣及分析人員資格………………………………………….48 3.5.2 大氣汞採樣及分析的品保及品管…………………………………….49 3.6 污染源解析方法.………………………………………………..…………53 3.6.1 逆軌跡模式.……………………………………………………...……53 3.6.2 全球火點分佈.……………………………………...…………………53 第四章 結果與討論.…………………………………………………………..…….55 4.1 南中國海及台灣海峽之氣象條件分析.…………………………………..55 4.1.1 風速及風向.……………………………………………………...……55 4.1.2 氣溫、濕度及降雨量.…………...……………………………………59 4.2 GOM 擴散管的驗證與測試結果.……………………………………….…61 4.2.1 GOM 擴散管空白測試結果.…………………………………..………62 4.2.2 GOM 擴散管穿透率測試結果.………………………………………..63 4.2.3 GOM 擴散管平行比對測試結果.……………………………..………63 4.3 金汞齊的驗證與測試結果.………………………………………………..64 4.3.1 金汞齊空白測試結果.……………………………………...…………64 4.3.2 金汞齊穿透率測試結果…….…………………………………...……65 4.4 南中國海及台灣海峽交界區域大氣型態汞時空分佈.…………………...66 4.4.1 不同型態汞之季節變化趨勢…………………………………….……67 4.4.2 不同型態大氣汞之空間分佈………………………………….…........68 4.4.3 大氣汞氣固相分佈特徵………………....................................……….74 4.4.4 不同季節TGM 及PHg 發生頻率分佈……………..………………...75 4.4.5 南中國海及台灣海峽交界區域例行性採樣濃度趨勢比較…………77 4.5 南中國海及台灣海峽交界區域大氣汞污染來源解析.……………...……81 4.5.1 污染氣團傳輸路徑聚類分析…………………………………....……85 4.5.2 全球火點分佈.………………………………………...………………91 4.5.3 大氣汞濃度、氣象參數及空氣污染物之相關性分析..……………..92 4.6 與世界各地大氣型態汞濃度比較.………………………………………...94 第五章 結論與建議.…………………………………………………….……..…..101 5.1 結論.…………………………………………………….……………..….101 5.2 建議.……………………………………………………………….……...103 參考文獻.……………………………………………………..…………….………104 附錄A 汞標準品體積與溫度關係表…………………...………………………...119 附錄B 不同型態大氣汞量測數據表……………………..………………………122 |
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