中文摘要
在大洋中赤道湧升流區、南冰洋高緯度地區及沿岸湧升流地區等高表水生產力的地區矽藻含量非常豐富，因此在沈積物中保存較多的生物源矽質。而在水體中溶解態矽及鍺有很好的相關性，鍺/矽比值約為0.7*10-6，矽藻在生長的過程中，吸收水體中的鍺和矽形成其殼體，經由實驗室培養矽藻，也證實矽藻殼體中的鍺和矽比值反映了其生長環境的情況。而海洋中的溶解態鍺和矽由河流及海底熱泉而來，其中又以大陸地殼風化後由河流帶來為主，因此矽藻殼體中鍺/矽比值可以用來反映大陸地殼風化的程度，以提供另一項古海洋研究的古環境參數。
海洋鑽探計畫第175航次於1997年8-10月間在南大西洋沿非洲西邊海岸所得的編號1081及1084岩心，因為位於南大西洋東方邊界流-本圭拉洋流系統的範圍內，使該地區因受到風驅作用形成的湧升流及鄰近的河流陸源輸入的影響，而具有較高的表水生產力，沈積物中累積了大量的有機碳及矽質沈積物，本研究係利用岩心中矽質沈積物-矽藻，分析矽藻殼體中鍺/矽比值，進而推論非洲大陸環境的變化。
本論文所分析的矽藻因為位於沿岸湧升流區，沈積物中組成較為複雜，所以矽藻的清洗較為困難，且回收率不高。將矽藻經由物理及化學清洗、溶解後所測得的鋁元素濃度均小於6 ppm，因此可以證實所溶解的矽藻清洗得相當乾淨。另外利用位於南冰洋地區的兩根岩心進行測試工作，除了所分析的鍺/矽比值再現性很高之外，本實驗分析所得的矽藻殼體中鍺/矽比值與南冰洋地區35百萬年來矽藻殼體中鍺/矽比值趨勢也相近。同時在編號1081及1084岩心中同一時段的矽藻殼體中鍺/矽比值相近，因此更確認了鍺/矽比值訊號的再現性，所以本研究所分析的矽藻殼體中鍺/矽比值可信度相當高。
本圭拉沿岸湧升流區矽藻殼體鍺/矽比值記錄中，顯示3.1-1.9百萬年之間沿岸湧升流區的矽藻殼體鍺/矽比值受到全球性氣候變化所影響，鍺/矽比值是呈現遞減的趨勢，並且與南冰洋地區的研究報告相近，尤其是在2.5-2.3百萬年間矽藻殼體中鍺/矽比值明顯的呈現遞減的趨勢，可能反映非洲大陸是冷且乾的氣候，推測此時全球大陸地殼主要是受到物理風化，使河流輸入海洋中的鍺/矽比值降低，所以鍺/矽比值記錄與全球海洋的鍺/矽比值變化同步，均是呈現降低的趨勢。而在2.5百萬年之後由於喜馬拉雅山及西藏地區抬升的速率突然增加，使全球大陸河流輸入大量矽酸鹽，全球海水的營養鹽濃度也隨之提高，因此生物源蛋白石累積速率在2.5百萬年之後均呈現高值。冰期-間冰期變化使非洲大陸風化的情況改變，大陸地殼在冰期時以物理性風化的作用為主，河流輸入的河水中鍺含量偏低，使海水中溶解態鍺/矽比值降低，因此矽藻殼體中鍺/矽比值在冰期時有低值。間冰期時大陸地殼則以化學性的風化作用為主，富集鍺的次生礦物相對的較容易釋出，使河流中鍺含量增高，進而提高海水中溶解態鍺/矽比值，因此矽藻殼體中鍺/矽比值有高值。

Abstract
The primary objective for this study is to determine the variations of germanium (Ge) to silicon (Si) ratios in diatom shells from down core sediments off the southwestern coast of the Africa. Because Ge behaves like Si in the ocean and the major source of these two elements is rivers, Ge/Si ratios of the diatom are thus expected to record the intensity of weathering on continents. Two sediment cores (Site 1081 and 1084) were collected during the ODP Leg 175 in August, October 1997 and were analyzed for intervals between 3.1 and 1.9 Ma. Generally, the (Ge/Si)diatom ratios in this study show the similar trend with those reported from the Antarctic Ocean. The decline of Ge/Si ratios after 2.5 Ma is caused by the high opal mass accumulation rate, indicating the increasing rivers input of silica to the ocean. Relatively high Ge/Si ratios of diatom shells during warm periods shown by the depleted benthic foraminiferal δ18O values from the North and Equatorial Atlantic, suggesting a scenario of intensified chemical weathering on continent. Cold periods signified by δ18O-enriched values are associated with lower Ge/Si ratios. Very likely the reduced Ge/Si values reflect the prevailing weathering on continents was less chemical-dissolving due to the dry weather in cold stages.

目錄
誌謝………………………………………………….……………...I
中文摘要…………………………………………………………...II
英文摘要………………………..………………….……………..IV
目錄……………………………………………………..………....V
圖目錄…………………………………………………………..VIII
表目錄…………………………………………………….…….…X
附錄目錄………………………………………………………….XI
壹、 緒論………………………………………………………………….1
1.1 前言………………………………………………………….…….1
1.2 研究目的…………………………………………………….…….9
1.3 研究區域…………………………………………………...…….11
1.3.1 南大西洋表面洋流的特色…………………………...…….11
1.3.2 南大西洋東部的水文及非洲大陸氣候………….….…….13
貳、 研究材料及方法…………………………………………….……..16
2.1研究材料………………………………………………………….16
2.2研究方法………………………………………………………….18
2.2.1 矽藻的分離………………………………………….……..18
2.2.1.1 物理分離……………………………………………..19
2.2.1.1.1 分離大於63mm的沉積物………………...…….19
2.2.1.1.2 去除沈積物中非矽質組成及黏土礦物….……..19
2.2.1.1.3 分離小於38mm部份的矽質沈積物……………20
2.2.1.1.4 詳述分離矽藻的方法……………………..…….21
2.2.1.2 化學清洗……………………………………….…….27
2.2.2 元素分析……………………………………………..…….29
2.2.2.1 溶解矽藻……………………………………………..29
2.2.2.2 元素矽（Si）的分析………………………….……..30
2.2.2.3 元素鍺（Ge）的分析……………………………….30
參、 結果…………………………………………………………..…….32
3.1 分離矽藻的結果…………………………………………….……….32
3.2 元素矽和鍺的分析結果…………………...……………….….…….35
3.3 矽藻殼體中鍺/矽比值分析結果………...………………….……….39
3.4 定年點的決定………………………………………………….…….41
3.5 編號1081及1084岩心中矽藻殼體鍺/矽比值的變化趨勢……….42
肆、 討論………………………………………………………………...46
4.1 矽藻殼體鍺/矽比值與其他指標的比較………………….….…….46
4.2 矽藻殼體鍺/矽比值與沈積物中顏色深淺變化的關係…………...52
4.3 矽藻殼體中鍺/矽比值與冰期-間冰期之間的關係………….…….55
4.4 矽藻殼體中鍺/矽比值與非洲大陸氣候變化的關係…...…………58
伍、 結論………………………………………………………………...60
參考文獻…………………………………………………………………….63

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