本研究目的為探討決策偏誤下，決策者的資訊注意力；此外，加入決策者個人特質(認知需求、數學能力)以及外在環境(深度思考)的探討，深入討論決策者資訊注意力的動態變化。本研究對於決策資訊注意力的探究主要基植於Kahneman 和Tversky (1979)所提出的展望理論(Prospect Theory)與Fiske和Neuberg (1990)的印象形成理論( Impression Formation Theory )，在此兩項理論的導引下，探究決策者在框架偏誤下的資訊注意力。有關資訊注意力的衡量，本研究使用眼動儀(500 Hz EyeLink II)記錄決策者眼動情況。
研究結果發現，正負框架會影響決策者產生框架效應，而決策者的認知需求能力與數學能力不會對框架效應產生調節的效果，此外，決策者進入深度思考後，其框架效應仍不會降低。在資訊注意力方面，決策者投注較多的資訊注意力在負向框架問題上；高認知需求的決策者需要負向框架以及深度思考的驅動，其資訊注意力才會較低認知需求者為多；另外，有關機率與結果區域的注意力方面，在正向框架下，高數學能力的決策者較低數學能力的決策者有較多的機率與結果區域注意力，然而在負向框架下，則無此差異；最後，本研究發現資訊注意力與框架效應無直接關係。此研究結果能解開決策者心靈黑盒子之謎，以更豐富過去傳統的決策偏誤研究結果。

Based on the Prospect Theory by Kahneman and Tversky (1979) and the Impression Formation Theory by Fiske and Neuberg (1990), this research examines decision makers’ information attention for subjects who are required to judge under framing. The eye-tracking technology is applied to evaluate decision makers’ information attention. The results indicate that, as predicted by the Prospect Theory, the effect of framing is observed in both positive and negative framed conditions. Overall, the study finds that subjects in negative frames exert more effort in information attention than those in positive frames. Concerning the effect of the need for cognition (NC) trait in negative framing conditions, the finding shows that subjects who have a higher level of NC exert more effort in information attention than the low NC subjects. In addition, subjects with high a higher level of math ability focus exert more attentional effort on possible outcomes and probabilities in positive framing but not in negative framing. Finally, the result shows that there is no relationship between information attention and the framing effect, indicating that the framing effect is resilient to the influence of information attention effort induced by both the personality traits like NC and the mechanism like deep thought. Collectively, these results pave the way for future research to study cognitive processes under framing so that we can understand how different information representations may increase or lessen the effect of framing.

目錄
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的與研究貢獻 6
一、研究目的 6
二、研究貢獻 7
第二章 文獻探討與假設推論 9
第一節 決策偏誤與框架效應 9
第二節 決策偏誤認知研究 14
一、決策偏誤與腦神經研究 15
二、決策偏誤與眼動儀研究 16
第三節 決策偏誤與印象判斷形成 19
第四節 資訊注意力與眼動衡量指標 22
第五節 文獻探討與研究假說 24
一、正負框架類型 24
二、個人特質 26
三、深度思考 31
四、資訊注意力與框架效應 36
第三章 研究設計 39
第一節 研究架構 39
第二節 變數的定義與操作化 40
一、自變數 40
二、應變數 41
三、干擾變數 42
第三節 研究方法 43
一、研究對象 44
二、實驗刺激物 44
三、實驗工具 45
四、實驗設計 46
五、實驗程序 48
六、資料篩選與分析 50
第四章 資料分析 51
第一節 一般思考情境 51
一、樣本描述 51
二、樣本個人特質分類 51
三、一般思考下之框架效應 52
四、決策知覺歷程之資訊注意力 55
第二節 深度思考情境 61
一、樣本描述 61
二、樣本個人特質分類 61
三、深度思考下之框架效應 62
四、決策知覺歷程之資訊注意力 64
第三節 資訊注意力與框架效應 69
第四節 其他眼動資料探索性分析 77
第五章 結論與討論 87
第一節 結論 87
一、框架效應 87
二、框架類型與資訊注意力 88
三、個人特質與資訊注意力 90
四、資訊注意力與框架效應 94
第二節 研究限制 96
第三節 未來研究方向 96
參考文獻 98
附錄 107

圖目錄
圖1-1. 傳統框架效應研究 2
圖1-2. 決策偏誤知覺歷程研究 6
圖2-1. 展望理論 (Prospect theory) 13
圖2-2. 傳統框架效應認知歷程研究 14
圖2-3. 近年框架效應認知歷程研究 15
圖2-4. 本研究框架效應知覺歷程研究 22
圖3-1. 研究架構 40
圖3-2. 眼動資料分析區域 42
圖3-3. 實驗刺激物畫面 45
圖3-4. 本研究實驗流程 48
圖3-5. 本研究眼動資料分析目標區域 50
圖4-1. 一般思考下，四個實驗問題綜合之選項比例 53
圖4-2. 一般思考下，四個實驗問題個別之選項比例 54
圖4-3. 深度思考下，四個實驗問題綜合之選項比例 63
圖4-4. 深度思考下，四個實驗問題個別之選項比例 63
圖4-5. 一般思考下，四題實驗題資訊注意力 70
圖4-6. 一般思考下，資訊注意力(凝視次數)與框架效應 72
圖4-7. 深度思考下，四題實驗題資訊注意力 73
圖4-8. 深度思考下，凝視次數與框架效應 74
圖4-9. 一般思考下，選項注意與選項結果 80
圖4-10(a). 一般思考正框架下，選項注意與框架效應 80
圖4-10(b). 一般思考負框架下，選項注意與框架效應 81
圖4-11(a). 深度思考正框架下，選項注意與框架效應 81
圖4-11(b). 深度思考負框架下，選項注意與框架效應 82

表目錄
表2-1. 假說推論與文獻依據 37
表3-1. 本研究實驗組別 47
表3-2. 第一、二組實驗題目（一般思考程序） 48
表3-3. 第三、四組實驗題目（深度思考程序） 48
表4-1. 一般思考：高低認知需求差異檢定 52
表4-2. 一般思考：高低數學能力人數統計 52
表4-3. 一般思考：認知需求、數學能力與框架效應 54
表4-4. 一般思考：正負框架整體資訊注意力比較 55
表4-5(a). 一般思考：正框架下，認知需求與整體資訊注意力 56
表4-5(b). 一般思考：負框架下，認知需求與整體資訊注意力 56
表4-6(a). 不同認知需求下，高低數學能力對機率與結果區域注視率的影響 58
表4-6(b). 不同認知需求下，高低數學能力對機率與結果區域回視率的影響 58
表4-7. 框架類型與數學能力交互作用對機率與結果區域資訊注意力影響 59
表4-8(a). 正負框架下，不同數學能力的機率與結果區域的注視率 60
表4-8(b). 正負框架下，不同數學能力的機率與結果區域的回視率 60
表4-9. 深度思考：高低認知需求差異檢定 61
表4-10. 深度思考：高低數學能力人數統計 62
表4-11. 深度思考：認知需求、數學能力與框架效應 64
表4-12. 深度思考：正負框架整體資訊注意力比較 65
表4-13(a). 深度思考：正框架下，認知需求與整體資訊注意力 66
表4-13(b). 深度思考：負框架下，認知需求與整體資訊注意力 66
表4-14(a). 不同認知需求下，思考深度對機率與結果區域的注視率的影響 67
表4-14(b). 不同認知需求下，思考深度對機率與結果區域的回視率的影響 68
表4-15. 研究假說驗證結果 74
表4-16(a). 一般思考下，不同框架類型間確定選項比較 77
表4-16(b). 一般思考下，不同框架類型間機率選項比較 78
表4-16(c). 一般思考下，不同框架類型間選項比較 78
表4-16(d). 一般思考下，不同框架類型下確定與機率選項比較 79
表4-17(a). 負框架癌症問題五位受測者口語資料 82
表4-17(b). 負框架工廠問題五位受測者口語資料 84
表4-18. 受測者口語分析與眼動資料 85
表5-1(a). 一般思考正框架，認知需求與凝視次數 91
表5-1(b). 一般思考負框架，認知需求與凝視次數 91
表5-1(c). 深度思考正框架，認知需求與凝視次數 91
表5-1(d). 深度思考負框架，認知需求與凝視次數 91

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