隨著下世代網路(Next generation networking, NGN)所發展出通用多重通訊協定標籤交換技術(Generalized Multi- Protocol Label Switching, GMPLS)中所需之自動交換光網路系統(Automatically Switched Optical Network, ASON)，可重組態光信號塞取多工器(Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer, ROADM)對ASON系統來說是一個不可缺少的設備，且高密度分波多工系統(Dense wavelength-division multiplex, DWDM)的信號在網路傳輸的管理下，其可協助網路管理員動態的管理客戶需求及所要的服務品質(Quality of Service, QoS)，並增加現有光纖線路的容量、減少或免除架設額外光纖線路的需要。本論文研究了一種新的ROADM以陣列波導光柵(Array waveguide grating, AWG)和布雷格光纖光柵(fiber Bragg grating, FBG)為基礎架構，克服可重組態光信號塞取多工器無法處理當輸入之光波長訊號多於陣列波導光柵之波長通道數的問題。許多類型的ROADMs已提出並透過不同的光學儀器實現，其中混合光纖光柵和光循環器為基礎架設的系統最具吸引力，因為它具有低串擾和不隨偏振擾動的特性。由於此架構使用了許多循環器與多工-解多功器，所以仍受到許\多組件數量和高插入損耗。在此碩士論文中，我們著重研發出一種新的ROADM並評估其系統串擾的表現，結果證實所提出的ROADM可擴大波長信號數量的優點，使系統配置更加靈活。

In response to the development of a next-generation networking (NGN) generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS) technology is required for automatically switched optical network (ASON). Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer (ROADM) is an indispensable device for the ASON, and the dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) signals can be transmitted through the network under the management of the network administrator to configure dynamic customer needs and the desired quality of service (QoS). The ROADM can also increase the efficiency of utilizing the existing capacity of the optical fiber lines and can reduce or waive to set up additional optical fiber lines. This thesis studies a novel ROADM based on the arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) and the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) to overcome that the current ROADM cannot process that the input signal channels is greater than the wavelengths channels of AWG.
Many types of ROADMs have been proposed and realized through different optical devices. Among these, hybrid optical circulator and FBG based ROADM is more attractive because of its low crosstalk and polarization insensitivity. However, it still suffers from many component counts and high insertion losses due to the use of many circulators and a multiplexer-demultiplexer pair. In this master thesis, we focus on demonstrating a novel ROADM and evaluating its crosstalk performance. It is found that the proposed ROADM has the advantage on extending the number of wavelength signal to make the system configurable and flexible.

致謝 I
中文摘要 II
Abstract III
Contents V

1　Introduction 1
1.1　Background of Next-Generation Optical Internet 1
1.2　The GMPLS Paradigm 4
1.3　Motivation of this Thesis 6
1.4　Structure of this Thesis 7
References 9

2　Overview of OADM system 11
2.1　Introduction 11
2.2 Components 11
2.2.1 Arrayed Waveguide Grating 11
2.2.2 Fiber Bragg Grating 13
2.2.3 Optical Circulator. 16
2.3　Technologies of OADM system 17
2.4　Function of the proposed ROADM 27
References 30

3　Experimental Study of OADM 33
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Experimental Setup 33
3.2.1　Static set up 34
3.2.2　Dynamic set up 37
3.3 Experimental Results and Discussions 38
3.3.1 Homowavelength crosstalk 39
3.3.2 Static Performance 41
3.3.3 Dynamic performance　 43
3.4 Summary 45

4 Conclusion 46

Acronyms VII

[1] Kuznetsov, M; Froberg, NM; Henion, SR, et al. “A next-generation optical regional access network,” IEEE COMMUNICATIONS MAGAZINE, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 66-72 , JAN. 2000.
[2] Kazovsky, LG; Shaw, WT; Gutierrez, D, et al. “Next-generation optical access networks,” JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, Vol. 25, No. 11, pp. 3428-3442, 2007.
[3] B. E. A. Saleh and M. C. Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1991.
[4] D. Katz, K. Kompella, and D. Yeung. “Traffic engineering (TE) extensions to OSPF version2,” IETF RFC 3630, SEPT. 2003.
[5] E. Mannie, “Generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS) architecture,” IETF RFC 3945, OCT. 2004.
[6] Sabella, R; Settembre, M; Oriolo, G, et al. “A multilayer solution for path provisioning in new-generation optical/MPLS networks,” JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 1141-1155, MAY 2003.
[7] Elwalid, A; Mitra, D; Saniee, I, et al. “Routing and protection in GMPLS networks: From shortest paths to optimized designs,” JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, Vol. 21, No. 11, pp. 2828-2838, NOV 2003.
[8] R. Munoz, R. V. M Rivera, J. Sorribes, and G. J. Giralt, “Experimental GMPLS-Based Provisioning,” JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, Vol. 23, No. 10, pp. 3034-3045, OCT. 2005.
[9]. K. Iwatsuki, Jun-ichi Kani, H. Suzuki, and M. Fujiwara, “Access and metro networks based on WDM technologies,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 22, no 11, pp. 1623-1630, Nov. 2004.
[10]. J.-K.Rhee, I. Tomkos, and Ming-Jun Li “A broadcast-and-select OADM optical
network with dedicated optical-channel protection,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol.,
vol. 21, no 1, pp. 25-31, Jan. 2003.
[11]. P. Arijs, R. Meersman, W. Van Parys, E. Iannone, A. Tanzi, M. Pierpaoli, F.
Bentivoglio, and P. Demeester, “Architecture and design of optical channel
protected ring networks,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 19, no 1, pp. 11-22,
Jan. 2001.

[1]. K.O. Hill and G. Meltz, “Fiber Bragg Grating Technology Fundamentals and Overview,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 1263-1276, Aug. 1997.
[2]. T. Erdogan, “Fiber Grating Spectra,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 1277-1294, Aug. 1997.
[3]. S.D. Dods and R.S. Tucker, “A comparison of the homodyne crosstalk characteristics of optical add-drop multiplexers,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 1829-1838, Dec. 2001.
[4]. R.J.S. Pedersen and B.F.Jorgensen, “Impact of coherent crosstalk on usable bandwidth of a grating-MZI based OADM,” IEEE Photonics. Technol. Lett., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 558-560, April 1998.
[5] Y.K. Chen, C.H. Chang, Y.L. Yang, I.Y. Kuo, T.C. Liang, “Mach–Zehnder fiber-grating-based fixed and recon-figurable multichannel optical add-drop multiplexers for DWDM networks,” Opt. Commun. (1999) 245–262.
[6] C. Pu, L.Y. Lin, E.L. Goldstein, R.W. Tkach, Client-configurable eight-channel optical add/drop multiplexer using micromachining technology, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12 (2000) 1665–1667.
[7] H. Okayama, Y. Ozeki, and T. Kunii, “Dynamic wavelength selective add/drop node comprising tunable gratings,” Electronics Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 881–882, May 1997.
[8] Jungho Kim and Byoungho Lee, “Bidirectional Wavelength Add-Drop Multiplexer Using Multiport Optical Circulators and Fiber Bragg Gratings,” Photon. Technol. Lettr., vol. 12, no 5, pp. 561-563, May 2000.
[9] Hai Yuan, Wen-De Zhong, , and Weisheng Hu” FBG-Based Bidirectional Optical Cross Connects for Bidirectional WDM Ring Networks “JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 22, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2004.
[10] Chen-Mu Tsai and Yu-Lung Lo, “Fiber-Grating Add-Drop Reconfigurable Multiplexer with Multi-channel Using in Bi-directional Optical Network,” Optical Fiber Technology, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 260-266, July. 2007.
[11]. K.A. McGreer, “Arrayed waveguide gratings for wavelength routing,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 62-68, Dec. 1998.
[12]. C. Dragone, “An N×N optical multiplexer using a planar arrangement of two star couplers,” IEEE Photon Technol. Letter, vol. 3, pp. 812-815, 1991.
[13]. C. Dragone, C.A. Edwards, and R. C. Kistler, “Integrated optics N×N multiplexer on silicon,” Photon Technol. Letter, vol. 3, pp. 896-899, 1991.
[14]. H. Takahashi, K. Oda, H. Toba, and Y. Inoue, “Transmission characteristics of
arrayed-waveguide N×N wavelength multiplexer,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol.,
vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 447-455, March 1995.
[15]. H. Takahashi, K. Oda, and H. Toba, “Impact of Crosstalk in an
Arrayed-Waveguide Multiplexer on N×N Optical Interconnection,” IEEE J.
Lightwave Technol., vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 1097-1105, June 1996.