本文針對串聯電池組提出以雙向返馳式轉換器為基礎的雙向電量平衡電路架構。此架構不僅具有平衡充電，同時也具有平衡放電的功能。電路由一個多繞組輸入的返馳式變壓器所構成，串聯電池組中的每一顆電池都連接變壓器的一次側。在放電時，藉由開關的切換，將能量傳送至二次側；反之，也藉由二次側開關的切換，將能量傳送至一次側對電池充電。
為了達到簡化控制電路，以及提供彈性的調整，本文採用數位訊號處理器(Digital Signal Processor, DSP)作為控制電路的核心，再配合感測與介面電路，隨時監測各電池電壓來調整各功率開關的導通率，來達到平衡充放電的目的。
本文以一個由四顆12V鉛酸電池串聯之電池組作為電路的實驗模組，藉以說明雙向電量平衡電路的動作原理與工作模式，經由實驗結果，驗證此雙向電量平衡電路架構的可行性。

A bidirectional charge equalization circuit based on a bidirectional flyback converter topology is proposed to achieve the balance charging and discharging in series-connected battery bank. The circuit comprises a multi-input transformer, in which the batteries bank are connected to the primary windings via associated active power switches. During discharging, the batteries transfer energy to the load by activating the primary power switches. On the contrary, the batteries are charged by activating the secondary power switch in which the load is replaced by a power source.
In order to simplify the control circuit and provide a flexible modulation, a digital signal processor (DSP) with the associated sensors and interface circuits are used as the control kernel. It is used to monitor the variations of battery voltages, and to regulate the duty ratio of the converter to provide a balance charging or discharging among the batteries.
A battery bank with four series connected lead-acid batteries is used for illustrating the operation of the bidirectional charge equalization circuit. The experimental results advocate the applicability of the proposed approach.

目 錄
中文摘要 Ⅰ
英文摘要 Ⅱ
目錄 III
圖表目錄 V
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 研究背景 1
1-2 研究目的 2
1-3 本文大綱 3
第二章 平衡充電與平衡放電 5
2-1 電池的充放電特性 5
2-2 串聯電池組電量平衡及影響 10
2-3 雙向電量平衡電路的探討 14
第三章 雙向電量平衡電路 17
3-1 電路架構 17
3-2 雙向電量平衡電路操作方式 19
3-2-1 平衡放電方式 20
3-2-2 平衡充電方式 22
3-3電路參數設計準則 23
第四章 電路的控制與軟體規劃 27
4-1 控制電路 27
4-1-1 控制核心 27
4-1-2 電壓偵測電路 28
4-1-3 驅動電路 30
4-2 平衡充放電策略 31
4-2-1 平衡放電策略 31
4-2-2 平衡充電策略 42
4-3 軟體規劃 43
第五章 實驗量測 48
5-1 參數設定 48
5-2 實驗量測 50
5-2-1 平衡放電的量測 50
5-2-2 平衡充電的量測 52
5-2-3 輸出電壓的量測 54
第六章 結論與未來研究方向 57
參考文獻 59

參考文獻
[1] C. C. Chan, “An Overview of Electric Vehicle Technology,” Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 81, No. 9, September 1993, pp.1202-1213.
[2] S. West and P. T. Krein, “Equalization of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries: Issues and Life Test Results,” International Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2000, pp. 439-446.
[3] H. Oman, “Making Batteries Last Longer,” IEEE Aerospace & Electronics Systems Magazine, Vol. 14, Issue 9, September 1999, pp. 19-21.
[4] C. C. Chan and K. T. Chau, “An Overview of Electric Vehicles – Challenges and Opportunities,” IEEE Industrial Electronics Control, IECON 1996, Vol. 1, August 1996, pp. 1-6.
[5] P. T. Krein, S. West, and C. Papenfuss, “Equalization Requirements for Series VRLA Batteries,” Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, 2001, pp. 125-130.
[6] B. Dickinson and J. Gill, “Issues and Benefits with Fast Charging Industrial Batteries,” Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, 2000, pp.223-229.
[7] H. Oman, “Battery Developments that will make Electric Vehicles Practical,” IEEE Aerospace & Electronics Systems Magazine, Vol. 1, Issue 8, August 2000, pp. 11-21.
[8] T. B. Gage, “Lead-Acid Batteries: Key to Electric Vehicle Commercialization – Experience with Design, Manufacture, and Use of EVs,” Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, 2000, pp. 217-222.
[9] 鄭戎傑，“鉛酸電池脈衝充電特性研究”，國立中山大學電機工程研究所碩士論文，中華民國九十二年五月。
[10] “Lead-Acid Batteries,” Hans Bode, John Wiley & Sons, 1977.
[11] J. Garche, A Jossen, and H. D