本研究以實驗方式探討噴流及霧化冷卻之熱/流場特性。本論文分成三個部份進行分析討論。第一部分探討不同衝撃位置對於旋轉管道內部之熱傳影響。參數包括轉數(0-600rpm)、阻塊幾何形狀(矩形及半圓形)以及噴流雷諾數(5000-9000)。最後探討旋轉數(Ro)、衝擊位置、粗糙面以及噴流雷諾數對紐賽數的影響。第二部分則以MPIV系統量測液體微噴流的流場分佈。其中針對6種不同噴口大小與目標璧面比例(0.86、1、1.2、1.5、2及3)以及八種不同噴流雷諾數(50、100、150、200、250、300、350及400)進行實驗研究。第三部份探討不同工作流體(水及R-134a)之霧化冷卻。其中針對不同噴嘴大小、距離以及不同偉柏數，利用光學影像系統及LDV系統分別量測液滴大小及速度分佈，同時針對R-134a的部份量測極限熱通量及熱傳係數，這方面的研究結果可增強進行雷射手術時的熱移除效果同時降低皮膚表面的傷害。

An experimental investigation was carried out to examine the jet impingement and spray cooling. There are three parts in this study. The first part was investigated the effects of jet impinging positions on heat transfer from rib-roughened (square and semi-circular) channels with rotational speeds of up to 600 rpm. Results were presented for rotating number (Ro), jet impinging position, surface roughness and jet Reynolds number effects on local Nusselt numbers. The second part was studied instantaneous velocity fields for a single slot liquid microjet using MPIV. The streamwise mean velocity fields and flow evolutions with six nozzle-to-target spacing ratios of 0.86, 1, 1.2, 1.5, 2 and 3 and for eight jet Reynolds numbers Re of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 were measured and calculated. The third part was investigated the flow field and heat transfer mechanism for water spray and cryogen (R-134a) spray cooling. An optical image system was used to quantify the droplet size and distribution and Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) measurements to obtain the local velocity distributions. The effects of mass flow rate and average droplet velocity, and spray exit-to-target distance on the surface heat flux including the corresponding critical heat flux (CHF) were explored for R-134a which may enhance the current cryogen spray cooling (CSC) technique that assists laser therapy of dermatoses.

LIST OF CONTENTS………………………………………………..….i
LIST OF TABLES………………………….…………………………..v
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………vi
NOMENCLATURE……………………………………………………ix
摘要………………………………………….…………………………xiii
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………….…..xiv

CHPATERS
I. INTRODUCTION………..……………………………….……..1
1.1 Literature Survey………………………………………..…….3
1.1.1 Jet Impingement..……………………………………3
1.1.2 Spray Cooling………………………………………15
1.2 Problem Formulation…...……………………………………28
1.2.1 Impingement Cooling………………….. ………….28
1.2.2 Microjet Impingement…………………………….. 29
1.2.3 Spray Cooling………………………………………30
1.3 Scope and Objectives of the Present Study…………………..30
1.3.1 Impingement Cooling.. …………………………….30
1.3.2 Microjet Impingement……………………………...30
1.3.3 Spray Cooling………………………………………32
1.4 Thesis Organization…………...……………………………..30
II. EXPERMIEMTAL..…….....……………………………………35
2.1 Impingement Cooling………………………………………..35
2.1.1 Rotational Facility………………………………….35
2.1.2 Test Section and Temperature Measurement……….36
2.2 Microjet Impingement.………………………………………38
2.2.1 Geometrics and Fabrications of Test Section…........38
2.2.2 MPIV System………………………………………40
2.3 Spray Cooling………………………………………………..42
2.3.1 Test Facility………………………………………...42
2.3.2 Liquid Supply System for Water Spray…………….43
2.3.3 Liquid Supply System for CSC…………………….44
2.3.4 Spray Mass Flux Measurements……………………44
2.3.5 Droplet Photography and Profiling…………………45
2.3.6 LDV Measurement……...………….………………46
2.3.7 The Test Section and Temperature Measurement
of CSC……………………………………………...47
III. METHODS AND ANALYSIS……………………...…………..64
3.1 Impingement Cooling………………………………………..64
3.1.1 Heat Flux and Heat Transfer Coefficient...…………64
3.2 Microjet Impingement………………………….…………….66
3.2.1 Flow Field Analysis………………………………...66
3.3 Spray Cooling………………………………………………..67
3.3.1 Heat Transfer Coefficient…………………………..67
3.3.2 Analysis of Droplet Size Variation…………………67
3.3.3 Cooling Effectiveness………………………………68
3.3.4 Cooling Efficiency………………………………….68
IV. EXPERIMENTAL UNCERTAINTIES………………………..70
4.1 Impingement Cooling………………………………………..71
4.2 Microjet Impingement……………………………………….72
4.3 Spray Cooling………………………………………………..72
V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION………..………………………...74
5.1 Impingement Cooling………………………………………..77
5.1.1 Combined Effect of Rotation and Impingement
Position (offset and types A and B)…..…………….77
5.1.2 Combined Effect of Rotation, Impingement
Position, and Rib Geometry……….………………..79
5.2 Microjet Impingement……………………………………….80
5.2.1 Initial Velocity Profiles……………………………..81
5.2.2 Axial Velocity Distribution/Flow Structure
Identification………….……………………………81
5.3 Spray Cooling………………………………………………..84
5.3.1 Water Spray……………………………………….. 84
5.3.1.1 Water Droplet Size Profiling.………………84
5.3.1.2 Azimuthal Vector Plots on Sector Plane……87
5.3.1.3 Mean Axial velocity and Velocity
Fluctuation Distribution……………….…...89
5.3.1.4 Mean Radial Velocity and Velocity
Fluctuation Distribution……………………90
5.3.1.5 Average Jet Centerline Velocity Profiles
and Impact Velocity………………………..91
5.3.2 Cryogen (R-134a) Spray Cooling…………………...93
5.3.2.1 Spray Image Observation…………………..93
5.3.2.2 Average Spray Centerline Velocity
/Temperature………………………..…...... 94
5.3.2.3 Spray Droplet Size Distribution…………….95
5.3.2.4 Heat Flux…………………………….……..97
5.3.2.5 Cooling Efficiency vs Cooling
Effectiveness……………………………….98
VI. SUMMARY…………………………………………………….138
6.1 Conclusions…………………………………………………138
6.1.1 Impingement Cooling……………………………...138
6.1.2 Microjet Impingement……………………………..138
6.1.3 Water Spray………………………………………..139
6.1.4 Cryogen (R-134a) Spray Cooling………………….140
6.2 Future work and Recommendation...……………………….142
6.2.1 Impingement Cooling………………….…………..142
6.2.2 Microjet Impingement……………………………..142
6.2.3 Spray Cooling……………………………………...143
REFERENCES……………………………………………………….144
APPNDIX A…......................................................................................156
PUBLICATION LIST………………………………………………..167

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2-1 Test section geometries and operation conditions for
thermocouple measurement……………..………………...49
Table 2-2 Results of microjets characterization……………………...50
Table 2-3 Measurement parameters and test conditions……………..51
Table 2-4 The geometric of test section and dynamic parameters
for water spray…………………………………………….52
Table 2-5 The geometric of test section and dynamic parameters
for CSC..……………………………………….………….53
Table 4-1 Uncertainties of relevant parameters
for impingement cooling………………..………………...74
Table 4-2 Uncertainties of relevant parameters for microjet
impingement……………….……………………………...75
Table 4-3 Uncertainties of geometric dimensions and relevant
parameters for spray cooling……………………………...76
Table 5-1 The dimensionless length of flow regime for different
slot width at different Reynolds number……………..….101
Table 5-2 The comparison of thermophysical properties between
FC-72 and R-134a at 1 atm…………..…………………..103


LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1 Schematics of rotational system…………………………..54
Figure 2-2 Detailed dimensions of the test section……………………...55
Figure 2-3 Geometrics of test section…………………………………...56
Figure 2-4 Fabrication of microjets……………………………………..57
Figure 2-5 Schematic of test section and measuring system……………58
Figure 2-6 Test facility of water spray…………………………………..59
Figure 2-7 Test facility of cryogen spray………………………………..60
Figure 2-8 Schematics of cryogen delivery nozzles…………………….61
Figure 2-9 Droplet photography and LDV measurement……………….62
Figure 2-10 Schematics of heater and section…………………………..63
Figure 5-1 Combined effect of rotation and impinging position on
the axial variation of local Nusselt number for square
ribs………………………………………………………..104
Figure 5-2 Combined effect of rotation and impinging position
of the axial variation of local Nusselt number
for semi-circular ribs……………………………………..105
Figure 5-3 Combined effect of rotation and geometry of ribs on
the axial variation of local Nusselt number for Type A…..106
Figure 5-4 Combined effect of rotation and ribbed surface on the
axial variation of local Nusselt number for Type B………107
Figure 5-5 Effect of rotation, impingement position and geometric
of ribs on the axial variation of local Nusselt number……108
Figure 5-6 The velocity vector distribution at two different slot
width and at the same Reynolds number…………………109
Figure 5-7 The centerline velocity distribution at different
Reynolds number…………………………………………110
Figure 5-8 The centerline velocity distribution at different
Reynolds number…………………………………………111
Figure 5-9 The centerline velocity distribution for the different
Reynolds number…………...…………………………....112
Figure 5-10 The velocity vector distribution at b=200μm…………….113
Figure 5-11 The streamlines distribution at b=200μm………………...114
Figure 5-12 The rebounded velocity and streamlines distribution
for the centerline and started with b=100μm……………..115
Figure 5-13 Magnified (x1.1) images of the water spray……………...116
Figure 5-14 Images of droplets at different ……………………..117
Figure 5-15 Histograms of droplet size distribution at different ..119
Figure 5-16 Sauter mean diameter (d32) as a function of jet exit
velocity and its correlation with relevant parameters….....121
Figure 5-17 Spray velocity vector distribution at different
azimuthal angle with =1188……………...………...122
Figure 5-18 Spray velocity vector distribution at different
azimuthal angle with =1604………………………..123
Figure 5-19 Spray velocity vector distribution at different
azimuthal angle with =2094……………………......124
Figure 5-20 Spray velocity vector distribution at different
azimuthal angle with =2717……………………......125
Figure 5-21 Axial dimensionless velocity and fluctuation
distribution along radial direction at different
dimensionless downstream distance with
=1188, 1604, 2094, 2717…………………………………126
Figure 5-22 Azimuthal dimensionless velocity and fluctuation distribution along radial direction at different
dimensionless downstream distance with =1188,
1604, 2094, 2717………………………………………....127
Figure 5-23 Dimensionless average centerline velocity along
downstream distance with =1188, 1604,
2094, 2717 and the corresponding Rej.…………………..128
Figure 5-24 Dimensionless impact velocity and dp with
=1188, 1604, 2094, and 2717…………………….…129
Figure 5-25 Photographs (x1.9) of cryogen sprays sprayed by
0.2mm and 0.3mm micro nozzles at H=60mm…………..130
Figure 5-26 The axial velocity and temperature distribution
along spray distance z for different micro nozzles….……131
Figure 5-27 Impact velocity and impact droplet diameter vs
Weber number at different spray distance………………..132
Figure 5-28 Experimental droplet diameter distribution and
evaporation rate based on D2 law………………………...133
Figure 5-29 Boiling curves for dj=0.2mm and 0.3mm at different
spray distance…..………………………………………...134
Figure 5-30 Heat transfer coefficient vs heat flux for dj=0.2mm
and 0.3mm………………………….…………………….135
Figure 5-31 Cooling efficiency vs CHF and Weber number
for dj=0.2mm and 0.3mm………………….……………..136
Figure 5-32 Cooling efficiency and critical heat flux vs cooling
effectiveness for dj=0.2mm and 0.3mm………………….137

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