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論文名稱 Title |
以生物滴濾塔及生物濾床處理排氣中氨之特性研究 Characteristics of Gas-born Ammonia Removal and Oxidation by a Biotrickling Filter and a Fern-chip Packed Biofilter |
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系所名稱 Department |
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畢業學年期 Year, semester |
語文別 Language |
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學位類別 Degree |
頁數 Number of pages |
85 |
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研究生 Author |
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指導教授 Advisor |
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召集委員 Convenor |
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口試委員 Advisory Committee |
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口試日期 Date of Exam |
2007-05-29 |
繳交日期 Date of Submission |
2007-07-20 |
關鍵字 Keywords |
生物濾床、氨、生物滴濾塔 biotrickling filter, Ammonia, biofilter, fern chips, EBRT, nitrification |
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統計 Statistics |
本論文已被瀏覽 5695 次,被下載 24 次 The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5695 times, has been downloaded 24 times. |
中文摘要 |
氨是一種無色帶特殊臭氣的氣體,排放源主要來自工業製造及農業活動。當其排放至大氣時,不僅對排放源鄰近區域造成臭氣問題,而且在環境方面亦有各種不同程度的影響,如陸棲及水體之優氧化和酸化,以及因氣懸膠生成所造成之能見度等問題。在氨氣排放處理方面,傳統上主要是利用物理或化學程序進行吸收處理,處理效果雖佳但操作成本貴且易有二次污染物產生。生物處理法已廣泛應用於生物可分解臭味物質及揮發性有機物之處理,且為有效及經濟之處理方式。本研究利用固定膜式生物反應器-生物濾床及生物滴濾塔-進行氨氣之處理特性研究及探討。 生物濾床之研究設備由一組上下二層濾床、一套待試氣體供應系統及一套營養鹽供應系統所組成。每層濾床尺寸為40 cmW × 40 cmL × 70 cmH,內填40 cm 高經活性污泥植種之蛇木屑。於110天的操作期程內,試驗參數包括去除效率、空塔停留時間(EBRT)、去除能力、壓降、濕度及pH等。試驗結果顯示,大部分的氨氣於第一層生物濾床處即被去除,且去除效率隨EBRT的增加而提升。系統負荷為5.4 g N kg-1乾基濾料d-1時,可完全去除之入口氨氣濃度為20-120 ppm。應用Michaelis-Menten酵素反應方程式進行推估所得之參數值分別為:最大去除率Vm 28.2 g N kg-1乾基濾料d-1和半飽和常數Ks 129 ppm。 生物滴濾塔之研究設備則由二座串連滴濾塔、一套循環水系統及一套待試氣體供應系統所組成。每座滴濾塔尺寸為20 cmID × 200 cmH,內填125 cm高之焦炭(平均粒徑3 cm,比表面積150 m2 m-3)。試驗結果顯示,以石化廢水廠之硝化污泥進行生物膜之植種馴養,所需時間大約為一個月。經187天長期操作結果顯示,氣體空塔停留時間(EBRT)為7.25 sec、循環水/氣體流量比為7.7 L m-3和循環水pH為6.5之操作條件下,可將入口氨氣濃度230 ppm去除至4.0 ppm。系統體積負荷低於7.37 g NH3-N m-3 hr-1時,在未添加葡萄糖當作碳源的情況下,系統仍可為維持98%之氨氣去除率和94%之硝化率。然而,當系統體積負荷達13.1 g NH3-N m-3 hr-1時,因碳源缺乏及循環水中銨離子及亞硝酸離子累積的緣故,造成氨氣去除率及系統硝化率逐漸降低。 |
Abstract |
Ammonia, a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent odor, is produced by various industrial and agricultural activities. Emissions of ammonia into the atmosphere not only cause a nuisance in the vicinity of the sources, but also have various environmental effects, such as eutrophication and acidification of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and visibility problems resulting from the formation of aerosols. The traditional treatment of ammonia emissions is based on physical and/or chemical processes, both of which are expensive and produce secondary pollutants. Biological methods are effective and economical for biodegradable odorants and VOC contaminants. This study used fixed-film bioreactors, a biofilter and a biotrickling filter, to remove and oxidize gas-born ammonia. Firstly, a pilot-scale biofilter consisted of two columns (40 cmW × 40 cmL × 70 cmH acrylic column) arranged in series. A medium consisting solely of fern chips, on which biofilms were cultivated, was used as a packing material. The biofilter was tested continuously for 110 days, measuring the removal efficiency, empty bed residence time (EBRT), removal capacity, pressure drop, moisture content and pH. Most of ammonia was eliminated in the first biofiltration column and the removal efficiency increased with the increase in EBRT. Complete removal of the influent ammonia (20-120 ppm) was obtained with an ammonia loading as high as 5.4 g N kg-1 dry media d-1 during the experiment. The Michaelis-Menten equation was tested to be adequate for modeling the ammonia elimination kinetics in the biofilter and the maximum removal rate (Vm) and the half-saturation constant (Ks) were estimated to be 28.2 g N kg-1 dry media d-1 and 129 ppm, respectively. Secondly, a pilot-scale reactor, consisting of a set of two-stage-in-series biotrickling filters, an influent gas supply system and a liquid recirculation system, was utilized to treat ammonia in an air stream. Each stage of the biotrickling filter was constructed from a 20 cm × 200 cm (inner diameter × height) acrylic column packed with cokes (average diameter = 3.0 cm, specific area = 150 m2/m3) of 125 cm height. Experimental results indicate that a time of 30 days is required for development of biofilms for nitrification of the absorbed ammonia from the gas. Long-term (187 days) experimental results show that, in the conditions of EBRT (empty bed gas retention time) = 7.25 s, “circulation liquid/gas” flow rate ratio = 7.7 L m-3, and liquid pH = 6.65, the level of ammonia in the influent gas was reduced from 230 to 4.0 ppm. With the volumetric ammonia loading of less than 7.37 g NH3-N m-3 hr-1, the system could achieve ammonia removal and nitrification efficiencies of 98 and 94%, respectively, without supplementary glucose as a carbon source. However, with a loading of 13.1 g NH3-N m3 h-1, both decreased gradually due to a lake of carbon source and an accumulation of ammonium and nitrite ions in the recirculation liquid. |
目次 Table of Contents |
謝誌 I 中文摘要 II ABSTRACT IV LIST OF CONTENTS VI LIST OF TABLES VIII LIST OF FIGURES IX NOMENCLURATURES XII CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Problem Statement 1 1.2 Biological Treatment 2 1.2.1 Biofilters 3 1.2.2 Biotrickling Filters 10 1.3 Objectives 13 CHAPTER II MATERIAL AND METHODS 14 2.1 Fern-Chip Biofilter 14 2.1.1 Experimental setup and NH3 removal operation 14 2.1.2 Analysis 16 2.1.3 Kinetic analysis 17 2.2 Biotrickling Filter 18 2.2.1 Experimental Setup 18 2.2.2 Materials 21 2.2.3 Operation 21 2.2.4 Analysis 22 CHAPTER III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 24 3.1 Fern-Chip Biofilter 24 3.1.1 Biofilter performance 24 3.1.2 Determination of kinetic parameters 27 3.1.3 Ammonia elimination capacity 29 3.1.4 Nitrogen balance 30 3.1.5 Pressure Drop 33 3.2 Biotrickling Filter 34 3.2.1 Microbial cultivation and acclimation 34 3.2.2 Effect of increasing volumetric ammonia loading 35 3.2.3 Effect of no glucose addition 36 3.2.4 Effects of high volumetric ammonia loading 40 3.2.5 Effects of EBRT on the ammonia removal efficiency 44 3.2.6 Relationship between nitrification and volumetric loading 44 3.2.7 Nitrogen balance 45 CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS 47 4.1 Fern-Chip Biofilter 47 4.2 Biotrickling Filter 48 4.3 Recommendations for Future Work 49 REFERENCES 50 APPENDIX A -- DATA OF THE BIOFILTER 55 APPENDIX B -- DATA OF THE BIOTRICKLING FILTER 60 作者簡歷 71 AUTHOR`S PUBLICATION LIST 72 |
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