none

In Chapter 1, I posit a hypothesis about the way sensory input, memory, and imagination mingle in the mind, with the result that what we seem to experience is not actually all present in the outside world, but instead a blending of the three. External stimuli invoke, or call to mind, memories of old experiences as well as old imaginings … which bring about newly blended images. Since these blended images are not based entirely on actual experiences but instead on imagined scenes that are often inspired by creative art, they are frequently inaccurate. Nevertheless, the mind does not always make a distinction between what is true and what is merely assumed, leading to synecdochic fallacies and misconfirmed assumptions. I also describe how the initial impression of the Romanies was specifically an intentional image-forging attempt, which would have given settled Europe a favorable impression if some of the Romanies had not been caught breaking the law; as it was, both the favorable and unpleasant sides became lasting elements of the image, developed during the two pioneering decades following the initial meetings in 1417.
In the next two chapters, I examine how the processes I describe played out in Western culture, developed in the media of literature, which branched sharply off from reality and took on a stereotypical life all its own. The last chapter demonstrates how this divergence of reality and imagination is today as strong as ever, and also how the two are blended in the perceptions of today's Western mind. The end of the chapter takes all the preceding material into consideration, and proposes some ideas how the Western experience of interacting with the real Romany and the imaginary Gypsy—and my examination of this interaction—can help us to learn from history, and historical errors—to use the natural processes described to good purpose: to remove the unhealthy and harmful negative (i. e. false) Gypsy image from the Romanies. This sort of action is like removing the stigma of shame from someone who has reformed. Then the public imagination must be engaged, so that the stereotype-gap (one sort of information gap) is filled in with the image of the Romani as a real human group. If this “paradigm shift,” if it is not too incorrect to term it so, is achieved skillfully, the Roma may soon have a better chance of being related to more fairly, and the Gypsy image, which many have implied is somehow “needed” by the Western mind as the “epitome of freedom,” will be seen as a false, though charming, image, and further, confidence tricksters might even be referred to as the criminals they really are, whether or not they are Roma—without using the derogatory term “gypsy criminal.”

TABLE OF FIGURES VIII
A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY IX
CHAPTER 1. THE IMAGINARY “GYPSY” 1
PURPOSES OF THE STUDY 6
THE IMAGINARY GYPSY 12
Essential Attributes of the Stereotypical Gypsy Image 17
The Romanies on Paper: The Representers and their Orientations 19
Playing With the Image: The Stereotype as a Creative Device 21
The Gypsy as the Other: Romanies Punished for Projected Crimes 24
THE BIRTH OF A STEREOTYPE 27
Phase One: The Mysterious Early History of the Romanies 27
Phase Two: The Grand Entrance, 1417: The Roma’s First Impression on Western Europe 33
Phase Three: From First Impression to Stereotype: Specific Traits of Gypsies Established by 1500 39
Notes 43
CHAPTER 2. THE GYPSY FIGURE IN RENAISSANCE LITERATURE 1521-1653 44
THE REBIRTH OF THE GYPSY IMAGE: THE CHARACTER UNDER NEW DIRECTION 44
LITERARY GYPSY FIGURES IN THE 1500S 45
The Gypsy Wanders on Stage: Three Sixteenth Century Dramas 45
Farsa das Ciganas (1521), by Gil Vicente 46
Misogonus (ca. 1560), Anonymous 47
Promos and Cassandra (1578), by George Whetstone 48
Elements of the Gypsy Image as Manifested on the Sixteenth-Century Stage 50
TABLE OF FIGURES VIII
A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY IX
CHAPTER 1. THE IMAGINARY “GYPSY” 1
PURPOSES OF THE STUDY 6
THE IMAGINARY GYPSY 12
Essential Attributes of the Stereotypical Gypsy Image 17
The Romanies on Paper: The Representers and their Orientations 19
Playing With the Image: The Stereotype as a Creative Device 21
The Gypsy as the Other: Romanies Punished for Projected Crimes 24
THE BIRTH OF A STEREOTYPE 27
Phase One: The Mysterious Early History of the Romanies 27
Phase Two: The Grand Entrance, 1417: The Roma’s First Impression on Western Europe 33
Phase Three: From First Impression to Stereotype: Specific Traits of Gypsies Established by 1500 39
Notes 43
CHAPTER 2. THE GYPSY FIGURE IN RENAISSANCE LITERATURE 1521-1653 44
THE REBIRTH OF THE GYPSY IMAGE: THE CHARACTER UNDER NEW DIRECTION 44
LITERARY GYPSY FIGURES IN THE 1500S 45
The Gypsy Wanders on Stage: Three Sixteenth Century Dramas 45
Farsa das Ciganas (1521), by Gil Vicente 46
Misogonus (ca. 1560), Anonymous 47
Promos and Cassandra (1578), by George Whetstone 48
Elements of the Gypsy Image as Manifested on the Sixteenth-Century Stage 50
THE GALAPAGOS OF GENIUS: SHAKESPEARE AND CERVANTES, AHEAD OF THEIR TIME 57
Gypsy References in Shakespeare 58
Romeo and Juliet (1595) 60
Antony and Cleopatra (1607) 62
The Disremembered Archetype: Los Gitános in “La Gitanilla” 65
THE REFINEMENT OF THE STANDARD GYPSY IMAGE: THREE JACOBEAN PLAYS 86
Influx and Influences 86
The Jacobean Scripts 88
More Dissemblers Besides Women (1615), by Thomas Middleton. 88
The Gypsies Metamorphosed (1621), by Ben Jonson 89
The Spanish Gipsie (1623), by Thomas Middleton and William Rowley 92
The Image as Established in the Early Seventeenth Century: The First Plateau 93
Notes 96
CHAPTER 3. GEORGE BORROW’S REVIVAL OF THE GYPSY IMAGE IN THE 1800S 98
MARKING TIME: THE GYPSY IMAGE IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES 101
Routine Persecution; Romany Tenacity 101
The Literary Gypsy in Stasis 106
Continuity and Adaptation in Portrayals of Gypsies 107
THE GYPSY IMAGE: STIRRINGS OF CHANGE 110
An Artistic Split in the Gypsy Image: 1807-1834 113
The Gypsy as Metaphor 114
Upholding the Status Quo 117
Continuations of the Enlightenment-Era Gypsy Figures in the Middle and Late 1800s 119
GEORGE HENRY BORROW’S ROLE IN THE REVISION OF THE GYPSY IMAGE, 1841-1874 125
Borrow’s Update of the Traditional Gypsy Image: Examination and Evaluation 129
Forging Links Between “La Gitanilla” and Borrow’s Experience of Spain’s Romanies 133
Borrow’s Accounts of the Romanies: Reliability Issues and their Effect on the Image 137
Correcting Stereotypes; Reinforcing Stereotypes: Borrow’s Gypsy Generalities 145
Internal Inconsistencies in Borrow’s Writing 147
Borrow and the Synecdochic Fallacy: Spain 149
Borrow and the Synecdochic Fallacy: England and Elsewhere 151
Borrow’s Revision of the Gypsy Image: Intention and Effects 157
AFTER BORROW: EFFECTS, THE UNAFFECTED, AND THE AFFECTATIONS 160
Borrow-aware Fiction 162
The Gypsiologists and their Paradoxical Effects on the Gypsy Image 164
Fresh Forging Supplanted by Forgery 167
Notes 171
CHAPTER 4. THE GYPSY IMAGE AFTER BORROW 175
BORROW, THE RAIS, AND THE DEATH OF GYPSY MYSTIQUE 175
THE OBLIVIOUS: CARAVAN TO THE PRESENT DAY 181
THE SOCIAL SITUATION OF THE MODERN ROMA 184
The Roma and their Rights in the Twenty-First Century 184
Romany Othering: a Reciprocally Negative Stereotype 188
Playing Into and Playing Against the Gypsy Image: Public Relations and Ambivalence 197
Gypsy Crime Task Forces, Crime Reporters, and their Victims 199
The Gypsy and the Tactics of Romani Rights Activism in America: Evaluation 215
LEARNING FROM HISTORY: FORETELLING THE FINAL SPLIT OF THE GYPSY/ROMANI IMAGE 217
Persuasive Entertainment that Effaces the Gypsy-Romany Conflation 226
A United Romany Professional and Political Organization: “The Character of a Nationality” 229
Romani Pride, Reloaded 232
CONCLUSION 233
Notes 237
WORKS CITED 239
APPENDIX: VISUAL REPRESENTATION OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE GYPSY IMAGE, 1417-PRESENT 248

Abrams, M. H. et al. Norton Introduction to Western Literature 5th ed. New York: Norton,
1986.
Ainsworth, William Harrison. Rookwood. 2 vols. Philadelphia, 1834.
Arnold, Matthew. “The Scholar Gypsy.” The Poetical Works of Matthew Arnold.
Norwood, MA, 1897. 381-388.
Astington, John H. “Buckingham’s Patronage and The Gypsies Metamorphosed.”
Theatre Survey 43 (2002): 133-147.
Austen, Jane. Emma. 1816. London: Penguin, 1994.
Behlmer, George K. “The Gypsy Problem in Victorian England.” Victorian
Studies 28 (1985): 231-53.
Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge, 1994.
Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain. 1843. London: Cassell & Co. 1908.
---. Lavengro: The Scholar—the Gypsy—the Priest. 1851. 3 vols. London,
1851.
---. Romano Lavo-Lil. 1874. London: Murray, 1910.
---. The Romany Rye. 2 vols. London, 1857.
---. The Zincali, or, An Account of the Gypsies of Spain [1841] and The Bible in Spain. 9th
ed. Philadelphia, 1843.
---. The Zincali. 1841. Project Gutenberg. 5 Jun 2005.
<http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext96/zncli10.txt>.
Boucher, Anthony and Dennis Green. “The Guileless Gypsy.” The New Adventures of
Sherlock Holmes. Mutual Broadcasting Company. 2 Feb. 1946. 2 Oct. 2003. <http://www.sherlock-holmes.org.uk/Media/Radio/Radio_Plays/
Non-Canon/Rathbone-Bruce/The_Guileless_Gypsy/The_Guileless_Gypsy.htm>
Brome, Richard. A Jovial Crew. Ed. Ann Haaker. Lincoln, Nebraska: U of Neb. P,
1968.
Bront&#235;, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. 1847. 1st ed. Ed. Richard J. Dunn. New York: Norton, 1971.
Bront&#235;, Emily. Wuthering Heights. 1848. 3rd ed. Ed. William M. Sale and
Richard J. Dunn. New York: Norton, 1990.
Brown, Dan. The Da Vinci Code. New York: Doubleday, 2003.
Browning, Robert. “The Flight of the Duchess.” 1845. Poems, by Robert Browning. 2 vols.
Boston, 1850. Vol. 2. 360-393.
Bullough, Geoffery, ed. Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. 8 Vols.
London: Routledge; Kegan Paul, 1967-75.
Burton, Richard. The Jew, The Gypsy, and El Islam. Chicago, 1898.
“A Chronology of Significant Dates in Romani History.” The Romani Archive and Documentation Center (RADOC). 13 Jan. 2005. <http://www.radoc.net> Path: Chronology.
Cervantes, Miguel de. Novelas Ejemplares. (1613). 21 Jul. 2007. < http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/
cervantes/english/ctxt/cec/novelas.html>.
Conan Doyle, Arthur. “Borrowed Scenes.” Pall Mall Magazine. 1913. 11 Nov. 2004.
<http://pages.prodigy.net/ krtq73aa/borrowed.htm>.
Cohn, Werner. “The Myth of Gypsy Nationalism.” In Nationalies Papers 21. 1993. 24 Nov.
2005. <http://wernercohn.com/Gypsymyth.html>.
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. “Christabel.” The Poetical Works of S. T. Coleridge. 3 vols.
London, 1835. Vol. 2, 28-54.
Darby, T. L. “Cervantes in England.” Department of Spanish and Spanish-American Studies
at Kings College London. Barry Ife et al. (eds.) 31 Jul. 2005. <http://www.ems.kcl.ac.uk/content/pub/ b023.html>.
Day, Aidan. Romanticism. London: Routledge, 2002.
Dickson, Paul. Words. New York: Delacorte, 1982.
Doniger, Wendy. The Implied Spider. New York: Columbia UP, 1988.
Dougherty, Frank Timothy. The Gypsies in Western Literature. Diss. Urbana, Illinois: U
of Illinois, 1980.
Duncan, Ian. “Wild England: George Borrow’s Nomadology.” Victorian Studies 41
(1998): 381-403.
Dyce, Andrew, ed. The Collected Works of Thomas Middleton. 5 vols. London, 1884.
Eliot, George. Daniel Deronda. Ed. Graham Handley. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1984.
---. The Mill on the Floss. 1860. New York: Norton, 1993.
---. The Spanish Gypsy. Boston, 1868.
Eliot, T. S. “The Waste Land.” Abrams 2181-96.
Entwhistle, William J. “Cervantes, the Exemplary Novelist” Hispanic Review 9
(1941): 103-109. 5 Dec. 2004. < http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/
servlet/SirveObras/ivqu/01372786457917834311802/p0000002.htm>.
Fielding, Henry. Joseph Andrews. 1742. Miscellaneous Works of Henry Fielding. 4 vols.
Vol. 4. New York, 1957: 7-318.
---. Tom Jones. 1749. London: Penguin, 1994.
Fonseca, Isabel. Bury Me Standing. New York: Vintage, 1995.
Fraser, Angus. The Gypsies. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.
Garrett, James M. “The Unaccountable ‘Knot’ of Wordsworth’s ‘Gipsies.’” Studies
In English Literature 1500-1900. 40. (2000): 603-20.
Gmelch, Gordon and Sharon Gmelch. “Nomads in the Cities.” Natural History
Feb. 1988: 50-61.
The Godfather. Francis Ford Coppola (dir.). Paramount, 1972.
Godwin, Peter. “Gypsies: The Outsiders.” National Geographic Apr. 2001: 72-102.
Goldston, James A. “Roma Rights, Roma Wrongs.” Foreign Affairs Mar.-Apr. 2002:
146-162.
Gould, Stephen Jay. The Mismeasure of Man. New York: Norton, 1981.
Greenblatt, Stephen, et al., eds. The Norton Shakespeare. New York: Norton, 1997.
Greenblatt, Stephen. Introduction to As You Like It. Greenblatt et al., 1591-99.
Hamer, Mary. Signs of Cleopatra. London: Routledge, 1993.
Hancock, Ian. “The Concocters: Creating Fake Romani Culture.” Saul, Nicholas
and Susan Tebbutt (eds.). The Role of the Romanies: Images and Self-Images of
“Gypsies”/Romanies in European Cultures. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 2004. Romani
Archive and Documentation Center. 14 May 2004. <http://www.radoc.net/
RADOC-19-CONCOCT.htm>.
---. “George Borrow’s Romani.” The Typology and Dialectology of Romani. Ed. Peter
Bakker. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1998. 65-89. Romani Archive and
Documentation Center. 30 Nov. 2005.
<http://www.radoc.net:8088/RADOC-7-BORROW.htm>.
---. “Gypsy Mafia, Romani Saints.” The Romani Archive and Documentation Center, U
of Texas. Romani Archive and Documentation Center.30 May 2004.
<http://radoc.net:8088/RADOC-31-PROFILING.htm>
---. Introduction. The Heroic Present: Life among the Gypsies. By Jan Yoors. New York:
Monacelli, 2004. Romani Archive and Documentation Center. 7 Aug. 2006.
<http://www.radoc.net:8088/RADOC-45-JANYOORS.htm>.
---. “The Origin and Function of the Gypsy Image in Children’s Literature.” In
The Lion and the Unicorn: A Critical Journal of Children’s Literature
1 (1987): 47-59. Romani Archive and Documentation Center. 14 Nov. 2004.
<http://radoc.net:8088/RADOC-40-KIDLIT.htm>
---. The Pariah Syndrome. Ann Arbor: Karoma, 1987. Updated and expanded Web version.
Patrin Web Journal. 22 Jun. 2004. <http://www.geocities.com/
~Patrin/pariah-contents.htm>.
---. “The Roma: Myth and Reality.” Patrin Web Journal. 5 June 2004.
<http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/mythandreality.htm>.
---. “Romance Versus Reality.” Roma 2 (1976): 7-23. Romani Archive and
Documentation Center. 6 Aug. 2005. <http://www.radoc.net:8088/
RADOC-34-ROMANCE.htm>.
---. “On the Origin and Current Situation of the Romani Population in Europe.”
Romani Archive and Documentation Center. 30 May 2004.
<http://radoc.net:8088/RADOC-12-MEDIA.htm>.
---. “Talking Back.” Roma 6 (1981): 13-20. Romani Archive and Documentation Center. 2
Feb. 2007. <http://www.radoc.net:8088/RADOC-51-TALKINGBACK.htm>.
Hantke, Steffen. Personal interview. 15 May 2004.
Hemingway, Ernest. For Whom the Bell Tolls. New York: Scribner, 1968.
Hollandsworth, Skip. “The Curse of Romeo and Juliet.” Texas Monthly Jun. 1997: 82-95.
Saint James Bible. Nashville: Holman, 1979.
Hugo, Victor. 1832. Notre Dame of Paris. New York: Penguin, 1987.
Jenkins, Herbert. The Life of George Borrow. London: John Murray, 1912. http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext02/lfgbr10.txt
Johnson, Samuel. Notes to Shakespeare. Vol. 3. Ed. Arthur Sherbo. Urbana: U of Illinois P,
1958.
Jones, C. A., trans. Exemplary Stories. By Miguel de Cervantes. London: Penguin,
1972.
Jonson, Ben. A Masque of the Metamorphosed Gypsies. Orgel 316-373.
Kanwar, Joy. “Preserving Gypsy Culture through Romani Law in America.”
Vermont Law Review 24 (2000): 1265-1296.
Kelly, Walter R., trans. “The Little Gypsy Girl.” Exemplary Stories. By Miguel de Cervantes.
12 June 2005. <http://www.19.5degs.com/ebook/the-little-gypsy/1754/read#list>
Kim, Mi-Su. Men on the Road: Beggars And Vagrants In Early Modern Drama.
Diss. Fort Worth: Texas A&M U, 2004.
“Later Plays by Middleton.” The Cambridge History of English and American
Literature in 18 Volumes. Vol. 6. London: Cambridge UP, 1907–21.
Leland, Charles Augustus. Gypsy Sorcery and Fortune-telling. London, 1891. The
Internet Sacred Text Archive. 21 Jul. 2007. <http://www.sacred-texts.com/
pag/gsft/index.htm>.
Lewis, Matthew. The Monk. Ed. Howard Anderson. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.
Lipson, Lesley. “Mendacious Discourse in La Gitanilla.” Cervantes: Bulletin of the
Cervantes Society of America 9 (1989). San Francisco: The Cervantes Society of
America, 1989. 35-53.
Macleod, Alexander. “Europe’s wanderers eye Britain as a new home.” Christian
Science Monitor. 22 Oct. 1997. 8.
Marlock, Dennis. Fraudtech. 4 Jan. 2007 <www.fraudtech.bizland.com>.
Maus, Katharine Eisaman. Introduction to Measure for Measure. Greenblatt et al. 2021-28.
Maynadier, G. H. Introduction. The History of the Life of the Late Mr. Jonathan Wild the
Great. Vol. 10 of The Works of Henry Fielding. Project Gutenberg. 31 Jan. 2007.
<http://library.beau.org/gutenberg/etext04/thllm10.txt >
Mazzone, Gary L. “Traveling Criminals.” In FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin
63 (1994): 5-9.
Merim&#233;e, Prosper. “Carmen.” Trans. Mary Loyd. Project Gutenberg. 17 Jun 2006.
< http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2465/2465-8.txt>.
Middleton, Thomas. More Dissemblers Besides Women. Dyce Vol. 3. 552-644.
Middleton, Thomas and William Rowley. The Spanish Gipsy. Dyce Vol. 4. 99-202.
“Misogonus.” The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18
Volumes. Vol. 5. London: Cambridge UP, 1907-21.
Misogonus. 1577. 10 Oct. 2006. < http://www.umm.maine.edu/faculty/
necastro/drama/misogonus.txt>.
Montaigne, Michel de. Essais. Trans. John Florio 1603. 11 Nov. 2005.
<http://www.uoregon.edu/~rbear/montaigne/>.
Nord, Deborah Epstein. Gypsies and the British Imagination, 1807-1930. New York:
Columbia UP, 2006.
---. “‘Marks of Race:’ Gypsy Figures Eccentric Femininity in Nineteenth-Century Women’s
Writing.” Victorian Studies 41 (1998): 189-210.
Norman, Bob. “Gypsies, Cops, and Thieves.” Broward-Palm Springs New Times. 5 Jan.
2006. 18 Jan. 2006. < http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/2006-01-05/news/
gypsies-cops-and-thieves/>.
---. “The Double Life of Nick the Cop.” Broward-Palm Springs New Times. 21 May 1998.
18 Jan. 2006. <http://www.newtimesbroward.com/1998-05-21/news/
the-double-life-of-nick-the-cop/1>.
O’Nions, Helen. “The Marginalization of the Gypsies.” In Web Journal of Current
Legal Issues. London: Blackstone. 7 Aug. 2005. <http://webjcli.ncl.ac.uk/articles3/onions3.rtf>
Orgel, Stephen. (ed.) Ben Jonson: the Complete Masques. New Haven: Yale UP, 1975.
Petrova, Dimitrina. “The Roma: Between a Myth and the Future.” Social Research
70 (2003): 111-161.
Pickering, Michael. Stereotyping: The Politics of Representation. Houndmills:
Palgrave, 2001.
Radcliffe, Ann. The Mysteries of Udolpho. 1794. New York: Oxford UP, 1966.
Roberts, Edgar V. (ed. and Introduction) John Gay: The Beggar’s Opera. Lincoln,
Nebraska: U of Nebraska P, 1969.
Rueda, Lope de. Medora. Las Quatro Comedias. By Lope de Rueda. Ed. Alfredo
Hermenegildo. Madrid: Taurus, 1985.
Scott, Walter. Guy Mannering. 2 vols. Boston, 1857.
Shakespeare, William. Antony and Cleopatra. Greenblatt et al. 2628-2706.
---. Measure for Measure. Greenblatt et al. 2029-86.
---. Romeo and Juliet. Greenblatt et al. 872-939.
Shetler, Stephen. Personal interview. 4 Feb. 2006.
Sonneman, Toby. “Dark Mysterious Wanderers.” Journal of Popular Culture, 1999:
119-139.
“Stereotype.” Def. Webster’s New World College Dictionary. 3rd ed. 1997.
Stoker, Bram. “The Gipsy's Prophecy.” Dracula's Guest. 1914. London: Arrow,
1975. 84-95.
Tanaka, Jennifer. “Rroma.” Patrin Web Journal. 7 Sept. 2006.
<http://www.geocities.com/~patrin/rroma.htm>
“A Timeline of Romani History.” Patrin Web Journal. 10 July 2004.
<http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/timeline.htm>
Turner, Royce. “Gypsies and Politics in Britain.” Political Quarterly Jan-Mar 2000:
68-77.
Turner-Walker, Gordon. Personal interview. 12 March 2005.
Vicente, Gil. “Farsa das Ciganas.” Obras Completas de Gil Vicente. Facsimile
reprint from the 1562 edition. Lisbon: National Lib., 2002.
Watkins, Carl. “Ghosts, Ghouls and Medieval Religion.” Queens College Record,
2001. 7 Apr. 2006. < http://www.queens.cam.ac.uk/queens/record/2001/ Academic/ghosts.html>.
Watts-Dunton, Theodore. Aylwin. London, 1899. Project Gutenberg. 21 Jul, 2007.
<http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/1/3/4/5/13454/13454.htm>.
Wesolowsky, Tony. “Gypsies: a World Apart.” Junior Scholastic: Teacher’s Edition
7 May, 2001: 12-14.
Weybright, Victor. “Reality Overtakes the Gypsy.” The New York Times Magazine
31 July, 1938: 10+.
Whetstone, George. Promos and Cassandra. 1578. Bullough Vol. 2, 442-513.
Winchester, Simon. The Professor and the Madman. Read by Simon Winchester. New
York: Harper Audio, 1999.
Wordsworth, William. “Expostulation and Reply.” Lyrical Ballads. 4th ed. By William
Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. London, 1805: 1-3.
---. “Gipsies.” The Complete Poetical Works of William Wordsworth. Ed. Henry Reed.
Philadelphia, 1854: 171-2.
---. Preface. Lyrical Ballads. 4th ed. By William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
London, 1805: i-lxiv.
---. “The Tables Turned.” Lyrical Ballads. 4th ed. By William Wordsworth and Samuel
Taylor Coleridge. London, 1805: 4-6.
Rev. of The Zincali, by George Henry Borrow. North American Review July 1842: 72-96.
Rev. of The Zincali, by George Henry Borrow. United States Democratic Review
July 1842: 58-68.