靜電之問題由來已久，而近來隨著塑膠製品的大量生產，人體因摩擦所帶的靜電更是因而有增無減，此外隨著電子元件高速、省電和小體積的需求，半導體製程已經進入深層次微米的時代，應運而生的是閘極電容變小、通道縮短和尖端放電所造成的靜電放電耐受度下降，因而在周圍環境靜電含量與日俱增而元件對靜電放電之防護力卻越來越差，在這一進一退下的情形下，靜電放電對於電子儀器的傷害於現在已經是一個不容小覷的大麻煩。
本論文著重於探討以IEC61000-4-2所規範之接觸式靜電放電測試條件下儀器內印刷電路板所受到之影響。於論文中提出主要放電路徑之低頻成分數學模型以解釋靜電放電放電至不同受害負載時之放電現象；此外文中亦對於靜電放電之量測考量與數值模擬做詳細之探討，而更進一步探討放電電流所造成之耦合雜訊並提出改善之道。

In this work, based on both experimental and theoretical approach, the contact ESD behavior on a PCB circuit is investigated. The discharge mechanisms of ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) phenomena are discussed by both practical measurement and mathematic analysis. Simplified mathematic models include CR-R、CR-C and CR-L are proposed to explain the low frequency phenomena of ESD discharge events. Moreover, some experimental setups with good repeatability are demonstrated for measuring the ESD-induced noise on high-speed PCB and some countermeasures are suggested to reduce ESD damage.

第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機與目的 1
1.2 內容編排 1

第二章 靜電放電之簡介與規範 2
2.1 靜電放電簡介 2
2.1.1 靜電與靜電放電 2
2.1.2 靜電放電對於數位系統之影響 6
2.1.3 靜電放電現象之分析方法與流程 8
2.2 靜電放電之測試規範 9
2.2.1 靜電放電規範簡介 9
2.2.2 靜電槍簡單模型 10
2.2.3 靜電槍測試和實際人體放電的差異 11
2.2.4 靜電槍放電波形之驗證 12
2.2.5 靜電放電測試方法 14
3.2 靜電放電主要放電路徑之低頻成分數學模型 5
3.2.1 靜電放電規範簡介 12
3.2.2 靜電槍模型 12
3.2.3 靜電槍測試和實際人體放電的差異 12
3.2.4 靜電槍放電波形之驗證 12
3.2.5 靜電放電測試方法 12

第三章 靜電放電主要放電路徑之數學模型 18
3.1 CR-R放電模型 18
3.2 CR-C放電模型 20
3.2.1 CR-C放電模型 20
3.2.2 雙球靜電平衡與尖端放電 23
3.3 CR-L放電模型 25
3.3.1 CR-L放電模型 25
3.3.2 CR-L放電模型於欠阻尼狀態時之討論 28

第四章 靜電放電之量測 36
4.1 數位式波器之使用 36
4.1.1 數位示波器量測頻寬之探討 36
4.1.2 不同頻寬示波器之頻域特性比較 38
4.1.3 探棒對於量測之影響 39
4.1.4 量測時之接地配置 40
4.2 靜電放電直接放電至電腦機殼之量測與探討 44

第五章 靜電放電現象之數值模擬 51
5.1 簡介 51
5.2 靜電放電之ADS模擬 52
5.2.1 ADS之靜電放電模型 52
5.2.2 理想傳輸線之設定 52
5.2.3 接觸放電至終端為電容之微帶線 53
5.3 FDTD全波分析法簡介 57
5.3.1 馬克斯威爾方程及FDTD公式 57
5.3.2 穩定準則 61
5.3.3 電腦演算及FDTD之執行 61
5.3.4 Mur一階吸收邊界之推導與執行 64
5.4 FDTD模擬集總電路元件 65
5.4.1 等效性電流源 65
5.4.2 電阻 66
5.4.3 阻抗性電壓源 67
5.4.4 電容 67
5.4.5 電感 68
5.4.6 理想傳輸線 69
5.5 靜電放電之FDTD模擬 71
5.5.1 平行耦合平板放電模擬 71
5.5.2 接觸放電直接放電至長信號線之多重反射現象探討 74

第六章 結論與未來方向 81
6.1 結論 81
6.2 未來方向 81

附錄 整合集總元件於時域有限差分法之快速演算法 83
A.1 簡介 83
A.2 動機與基本概念 84
A.3 修正電壓和電流後之時域有限差分電場演算法 85
A.4 線性電路之電壓電流積分方程 86
A.5 電壓電流時間積分項之計算 88
A.6 運算流程 89
A.7 模擬驗證 91
A.8 結論 94
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