摘要
銀行業在台灣的經濟發展過程中,一直扮演著舉足輕重的角色,其經營的良窳與國家經濟的穩定成長,亦存在著密不可分的關係。然而,近年來,銀行家數激增,形成惡性競爭,又適逢整體經濟不景氣,導致銀行業逾放比不斷攀升,獲利持續委縮,金融亂象及危機陰霾始終揮之不去。
本研究採用可靠性較高的效率評估方法---資料包絡分析法(Data Envelopement Analysis：DEA),來衡量銀行的經營績效,同時利用DEA中的CCR模式與BCC模式,來探討無效率來源究係由純技術效率或規模效率所造成,並透過差額變數分析,建議無效率銀行在投入產出上可資改善的空間。
本研究鑑於逾放比乃評估銀行經營績效的重要因素之一,遂決定將其納入DEA的產出變數中,並克服其所造成的同向性(Isotonicity,亦稱單調性)矛盾現象,實證結果顯示,確實可行。

Banking industry has been playing a significant role in the process of economic development of Taiwan. There exists an inseparable relationship between its operation quality and the steady growth of national economy. Nevertheless, the drastically increasing numbers of bank in the recent years have caused a vicious competition in this industry. Meanwhile, the global economic recession also leads to the continuous rise of the percentage of nonperforming loans, ever-reducing profit earning as well as the financial chaos and crisis in the banking industry.

This study adopts a more reliable efficiency evaluation method------ Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) to judge the operation performance of banks. Besides, the CCR model and BCC model in DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) are employed to explore whether the source of low efficiency comes from pure technical efficiency or from scale efficiency. Through slack variable analysis, this study suggests some room of improvement for the input and output of the low-efficiency banks.

In view that the percentage of nonperforming loans is one of the essential factors for evaluating the operation performance of banks, this study puts it in the output variable of DEA so as to overcome the paradoxical isotonicity being caused. After verification is made by the study, the results show that it is really workable.

目 錄
摘要………………………………………………………………………………… Ⅰ
目錄………………………………………………………………………………… Ⅱ
表目錄……………………………………………………………………………… Ⅲ
圖目錄……………………………………………………………………………… IV
附錄………………………………………………………………………………… V
第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………………………… 1
第一節 研究背景與動機………………………………………………………… 1
第二節 研究目的……………………………………………………………7
第三節 研究期間與樣本……………………………………………………7
第四節 研究架構……………………………………………………………7
第五節 研究限制……………………………………………………………9
第二章 文獻探討…………………………………… ……………………… 10
第一節 銀行經營效率之探討……………………………………………10
第二節 銀行投入產出項之界定…………………………………………12
第三節 銀行產出之衡量…………………………………………………14
第三章 研究方法-資料包絡分析法(DEA) …… …… …………………………18
第一節 DEA模式演進 ………………………………………………… 18
第二節 DEA的優點與限制 …………………………………………… 32
第三節 DEA之運作程序 …………………………………………………34
第四章 實證分析 …………………………………………………………… 35
第一節 投入變數與產出變數之選取……………………………………35
第二節 效率值分析………………………………………………………40
第五章 結論與建議……………………………………………………………75
第一節 結論 …………………………………… ………………………75
第二節 建議………………………………………………………………77
附錄…………………………………………………………………………………79
參考文獻…………………………………………………………………………………108

一、中文部份
1. 古永嘉，吳世勛 (1995)，以DEA 模式評估我國商業銀行之經營績效，管理與系統，第2卷第2期 ，pp.145-165。
2. 沈中華(1986)， 台灣地區中小企業銀行成本函數之研究，台灣大學經濟學研究所碩士論文。
3. 吳濟華(1996)，資料包絡分析法（DEA）與效率分析─理論與應用，中山大學公共事務管理研究所講義。
4. 吳濟華(1995)，IDEAS軟體使用介紹，中山大學公共事務管理研究所講義。
5. 吳錦盛(2002），國內銀行經營績效與智慧資料之探討，中山大學經濟學研究所在職專班碩士論文。
6. 吳毓佳(2000)，台灣地區銀行業經營績效之評估 DEA 方法之應用，銘傳大學管理科學研究所碩士論文。
7. 杜勝嘉(1988)，台灣地區銀行體系規模經濟之研究，淡江大學金融研究所碩士論文。
8. 何柏正(1998)，以DEA衡量中油台北、台中、高雄三營業處之經營績效，中山大學公共事務管理研究所碩士論文。
9. 宋偉航譯(1998)，Thomas A. Stewart 著，智慧資本─資訊時代的企業利基，智庫文化。
10. 卓瑞祥(1997)，台灣地區銀行技術效率之實證研究，銘傳大學金融研究所碩士論文。
11. 林宏鐘(1988)，我國商業銀行之多元生產成本理論實證研究，政治大學經濟研究所碩士論文。

12. 林珍如(2001)，台灣地區銀行業經營效率之評估──資料包絡分析法之應用，實踐大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
13. 胡琇娟(1999)，銀行業資訊科技運用於經營績效之影響，雲林科技大學資訊管理研究所碩士論文。

14. 施昶任(1997)，資料包絡分析法之技術與分配效率於台灣地區銀行業之運用，成功大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
15. 洪廣益(1997)，本國銀行與外國商業銀行經營績效評估──資料包絡分析法之運用，逢甲大學經濟學研究所碩士論文。
16. 洪修遠(1995)，商業銀行財務績效之研究──DEA與因素分析法之比較， 成功大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
17. 徐萬爐(2000)，台灣地區商業銀行效率之研究──應用資料包絡分析法，暨南國際大學國際企業學系研究所碩士論文。
18. 馬嘉應、馬裕豐、王嬪嫈(1998)，台灣銀行業經營績效之評估，台灣經濟，第261期，57-74。
19. 許聰雅(1998)，台灣地區銀行業經營效率之評估與比較，成功大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
20. 黃柏棠(1995) ， 台灣地區銀行體系成本、規模經濟及生產力之研究中興經濟研究所碩士論文。
21. 黃思嘉(2000)，股權結構與組織策略對銀行信用風險之衝擊，中央大學財務管理研究所碩士論文。
22. 陳澤義、葉彩蓮(1998)，台灣地區銀行的總效率與技術效率──資料包絡分析之運用，台灣銀行季刊，第49卷第2期，頁163-183。
23. 陳欣妤(2002)，銀行業經營績效──非財務性指標之應用，台灣科技大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。

24. 童宗傑(2001)，台灣地區新銀行經營績效比較分析──資料包絡分析法之運用，中山大學經濟學研究所碩士論文。
25. 葉桂珍、陳昱志(1995)，銀行經營績效分析──資料包絡分析法(DEA)與財務比率分析法之比較，企銀季刊，第19卷第2期， pp.30-39。
26. 劉懷立(1997)，台灣銀行體系成本函數實證分析──使用成本法之應用，台灣大學經濟研究所碩士論文。
27. 劉郁芬(1999)，台灣中小企銀不良債權與技術之研究，東海大學管理研究所碩士論文。
28. 鄭秀玲、陳欽奇、劉錦添(1997)，“台灣中小企銀體系的成本結構與生產力之實證分析”經濟論文叢刊、25輯，1期，頁45-72。
29. 鍾怡如(1999)，開放新銀行設立對舊銀行經營效率的影響，政治大學會計研究所碩士論文。
30. 羅蕙琪(1993)，台灣地區本國銀行體系的效率分析，東吳大學經濟研究所碩士論文。
31. 羅容華、吳桂華(1995)，銀行經營效率之比較與改進之研究，台灣銀行季刊， 第46卷(1)
二、英文部份
1. Alhadeff, D.A.(1954), Monopoly and Competition in Commercial
Banking. University of California Press, Berkeley.
2. Aly, H.Y.,R. Grabowski, C.Pasurka and N.Rangan(1990),”Technical,
Scale, and Allocative Efficiencies in U.S. Banking: An Empirical
Investigation”,The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol.72,
No.2,pp.211-218.
3. Andersen, P. and N. C. Petersen(1993),”Aprocedure for ranking
Efficient units in Data Envelopment Analysis,”Management Science,
Vol.39,No.10, pp1261-1264.
4. Banker, R.D., A. Charnes and W.W.Cooper(1984),”Some Models for
Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment
Analysis”,Management Science, Vol.30,No.9,pp.1078-1092.
5. Berg, S.A., F. Forsund, F. Hialmarsson, and M. Suominen(1993),
“Banking Efficiency in The Nordic Countries”, Journal of
Banking and Finance 17, 371-388.
6. Benston,G.J.(1965),”Branch Banking and Economics of Scale”,
Journal of Finance, Vol.20,pp.312-331.
7. Benston, G.A.Hanweck,and D.B.Humphrey(1982),”Scale Economies
in Banking”, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking,
Vol.14(4), pp.435-456.
8. Berger, G.A.Hanweck, and D.B. Humphrey (1987), “Competitive
Viability in Banking, Scale, Scope and Product Mix Economies”,

Journal of Monetary Economics,Vol.20,pp.501-520.
9. Berger, and D.B.Humphrey(1991),”The Dominance of Inefficiencies
over Scale and Product Mix Economies in Banking”, Journal of
Monetary Economies, Vol.28,pp.117-148.
10.Bhattacharyya, A.,C.A.K.Lovell and P.Sahay(1997),”The Impact of
Liberalization on the Productive Efficiency of Indain Commericial
Banks”,European Journal of Operaional Reserch,98,pp.332-345.
11.Charnes, A, W.W.Cooper, and E. Rhodes (1978), “Measuring the
Efficiency of Decision Making Units”,European Journal of Operational
12.Charnes, A and W.W.Cooper(1985), “Preface to Topics in Data
Envelopment Analysis”,Annals of Operations Research,Vo1.2,pp.59-94
13.Chen,T.Y.and T.L. Yeh(2000),”A Measurement of Bank Efficiency,
Ownership and Productivity Changes in Taiwan”,The Service Industries
Journal, Vol.20,No.1, pp.95-109.
14.Chen,T.Y.(2001),”An Estimation of X-inefficiency in Taiwan’s Banks”,
Applied Financial Economics 11. 237-242.
15.Christensen, L.T., W.H.Jorgenson, and L.J. Lau(1973),“Transcendental
Logarithmiz Production Frontiers” Review of Economics and Statistics,
Vol.55, pp.28-45.
16.Elyasiani, K., and S.M. Mehdian, 1990, “A Nonparametric Approach to
Measurement of Efficiency and Technological Change:The Case of Large
U.S. Commercial Banks”, Journal of Financial Services Research
Vol.4,157-281.

17.Elyasiani,Mehdian and Rezvanian(1994),”An Empirical Test of Association
Between Production and Financial Performance The Case of The Commercial
Banking Industry”, Applied Financial Economics 14, pp.55-59.
18.English, M.,Grosskopg, S., Ihyes, K. and Yaisawarng, S.(1993),”Output
Allocative and Technical Efficiency of Banks,”Journal of Banking and
Finance, 17, 349-366.
19.Farrell, M. J.(1957),”The Measurement of Productive Efficiency”,
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol.120, pp.253-281.
20.Ferrier,G.D.and Lovell C.A.K.,1990,”Measuring Cost Efficiency in
Banking-Economic and Linear Programming Evidence”, Journal of
Econometrics, Vol.46, pp.229-245.
21.Favero, C.A. and L.Papi (1995), “Technical Efficiency and Scale
Efficiency in The Italian Banking Sector:A Non-Parametric Approach”,
Applied Economics, Vol.27, pp.385-395.

22. Fixler,D.J.,and K.D. Zieschang(1992),”User Costs, Shadow Prices
and the Real Output of Banks” In Zvi Griliches(ed). Output
Measurement in The Service Sectors. Studies in Income and Wealth,
Vol.56.National Bureau of Economic Research, Chicago, IL;University
Of Chicago Press, pp.219-243.
23.Glass,J.C. and D.G.Mckillop(1992),”An Empirical Analysis of Scale
and Scope Economies and Technical Change in An Irish Multiproduct
Banking Firm”, Journal of Banking and Finance,Vol.16, pp.423-437.
24.Golany,B. and Y. Roll(1989),”An Application Procedure for DEA”,
OMEGA, Vol.17, pp.237-250.
25.Gramley, L. (1962), ”A Study of Scale Economics in Banking”,
Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.
26.Gropper,D.M.(1991),”An Empirical Investigation of Change in Scale
Economies for The Commercial Banking Firm,1979-1986”, Journal of
Money, Credit, and Banking, Vol.23(4), pp.718-727.
27.Hancock, D.(1985), ”The Financial Firm:Production with Monetary
and Non-Monetary Goods“, Journal of Political Economy,
Vol.93(5), pp.859-880.
28.Hughes,J.P. and J.M. Loretta(1993), ”A Quality and Risk-Adjusted
Cost Function for Banks: Evidence on The Too-Big-Fail Doctrine”,
Journal of Productivity Analysis, Vol.4, pp.293-315.
29.Humphrey, D. B.(1992), ”Flow Versus Stock Indicators of Banking
Output: Effects on Productivity and Scale Economy Measurement,”
Journal of Financial Services Research,Vol.6, pp.115-135.
30.Hunter, W.C. and S.G. Timme (1986) , “Technical Change,
Organizational Form, and The Structure of Bank Production,”
Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking. Vol.18(2), pp.152-166.
31.Hunter,W.C.,S.G.Timme(1995),”Core Deposit and Physical Capital:
A Reexamination of Bank Scale Economies and Efficiency with
Quasi-Fixed Inputs”, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking,
Vol.27(1), pp.165-185.
32.Jensen, G.R., D.P. Solberg, and T.S. Zorn(1992),”Simultaneous
determination of insider ownership, debt, and dividend policies”,
Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 27,247-264.
33.Kaparakis, E.I.,S.M.Miller, and A.G.Noulas(1994), “Short-run Cost
Inefficiency of Commercial Banks: A Flexible Stochastic Frontier
Approach”, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking,
Vol.26,No.4, pp.873-893.
34.Lawrence,C.(1989),”Banking Cost,Generalized Functional Forms, and
Estimation of Economies of Scale and Scope”, Journal of Money,
Credit, and Banking, Vol.21(3), pp.368-379.
35.Lewin,A.Y.,R.C.Morey,and T.J.Cook(1982),”Evaluating the administrative
efficiency of courts”, Omega Vol.10,No.4,401-411.
36.Lewin, A,Y. and W.M. John(1986), ”Determining Organizational
Effectiveness: Another Look, and an Agenda for Research,”
Management Science, 32,514-537.
37.Mamalakis,Markos J.(1987),”The Treatment of Interest and Financial
Intermediaries in the National Account:The Old Bundle versus the New
Unbundle Approach”,Review of Income and Wealth, Vol.33,pp.169-192.
38.Mester,L.J.(1993), ”Efficiency in the Saving and Loan Industry,”
Journal of Banking and Financial, Vol.17,pp.267-286.
39.Miller, S.M. and A.G. Noulas(1996), ”The Technical Efficiency of
Large Bank Production”,Journal of Banking & Finance,Vol.20,pp.495-509.
40.Noulas, A.G., S.C. Ray, and S.M. Miller(1990),”Return to Scale and
Input substitution for Large U.S.Banks”, Journal of Money,Credit,
and Banking, Vol.22(1),pp.94-108.
41.Oral M.,O. Kettani and R. Yolalan(1992), ”An Empirical Study on
Analyzing the Productivity of Bank Branches”, IIE Transactions,
Vol.24,No.5,pp.166-176.
42.Powers,J.A.(1969), ”Branch v.s Unit Banking:Bank Output and Cost
Economics”, Southern Economics and Journal, Vol.36,pp.153-164.
43.Rangan,N.,R. Grabowski, J.Aly,and Pasurka(1988), “The Technical
Efficiency of U.S. Banks”, Economic Letters,Vol.28,pp.169-175.
44.Sealey,C.W.and J.T.Lindley(1977),“Input, Outputs,and a Theory of
Production and Cost at Depositary Financial Institutions”,
Journal of Financial, Vol.32,pp.1251-1266.
45.Seiford,L.M.and J.Zhu(1999),”Profitability and marketability of
the top 55 U.S. commercial banks”, Management Science,
Vol.45,No.9,pp.1270-1288.
46.Sherman,H.D.and F.Gold(1985), “Bank Branch Operating Efficiency:
Evaluation with Data Envelopment Analysis”, Journal of Banking
and Finance, Vol.9,pp.297-315.
47.Siems, T.F. (1992), “Quantifying Management’s Role in Bank
Survival”, Economic Review, January,pp.29-41.
48.Yue, P.(1992), “Data envelopment Analysis and Commercial Bank
Performance: A Primer With Applications to Missouri Banks”,
Federal Reserve Bank of ST.LOUIS, January/February,pp.31-45.
49.Yue,Piyu(1992),”Data Envelopment Analysis and Commercial Bank
Performance: A Primer with Application to Missouri Banks”,
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, pp.31-45.