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論文名稱 Title |
以摩擦攪拌製程合成高強度Al-Cu-Ti 合金 Fabrication of High Strength Al-Cu-Ti Alloys by Friction Stir Processing |
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系所名稱 Department |
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畢業學年期 Year, semester |
語文別 Language |
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學位類別 Degree |
頁數 Number of pages |
74 |
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研究生 Author |
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指導教授 Advisor |
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召集委員 Convenor |
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口試委員 Advisory Committee |
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口試日期 Date of Exam |
2005-07-11 |
繳交日期 Date of Submission |
2005-07-22 |
關鍵字 Keywords |
奈米細晶粒、摩擦攪拌製程、高強度鋁合金 Friction Stir Processing(FSP), High strength aluminum alloys, nanocrystal |
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統計 Statistics |
本論文已被瀏覽 5617 次,被下載 0 次 The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5617 times, has been downloaded 0 times. |
中文摘要 |
本研究主要目的在於利用摩擦攪拌製程(Friction Stir Processing, FSP) 製造高強度Al-Cu-Ti 合金, 成分包括Al20Cu15Ti 、 Al10Cu10Ti、Al10Cu5Ti、Al5Cu5Ti。從研究結果可看出,若選用鋁 會完全反應為介金屬化合物之成分(如Al20Cu15Ti)做FSP 處理,可得 到很高的硬度(約655 Hv),但加工相對來講也很困難,無法得到 完全緻密的塊材。若選用銅、鈦均小於10 at.% 的成分組成 (Al10Cu10Ti、Al10Cu5Ti、Al5Cu5Ti)做FSP 處理,可製成完全緻 密之塊材。其主要強化相為Al2Cu 以及Al3Ti 之微小顆粒,顆粒大小 約20-80 nm,並均勻分佈在鋁基質之中。這些由奈米顆粒強化的 Al-Cu-Ti 合金,依Cu、Ti 含量不同,硬度可以達到120-290Hv,降 服強度可達443-895MPa。 |
Abstract |
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目次 Table of Contents |
I 第一章前言...............................................................................................1 第二章文獻回顧......................................................................................4 2-1 摩擦攪拌銲接(Friction Stir Welding) ............................................... 4 2-1-1 摩擦攪拌銲接簡介.............................................................. 4 2-2 摩擦攪拌製程(Friction Stir Processing, FSP)................................... 9 2-3 高強度細晶鋁材料的設計.............................................................. 10 第三章實驗方法....................................................................................25 3-1 材料…. ............................................................................................. 25 3-2 試棒製作.......................................................................................... 25 3-2-1 粉末混合............................................................................. 25 3-2-2 粉末冷壓成形..................................................................... 25 3-2-3 燒結...................................................................................... 25 3-3 摩擦攪拌製程.................................................................................. 26 3-3-1 摩擦攪拌製程的參數設定................................................. 26 3-4 顯微組織分析.................................................................................. 26 3-4-1 金相組織觀察.................................................................... 26 3-4-2 X 光繞射分析...................................................................... 27 3-5 機械性質........................................................................................... 28 II 3-5-1 微硬度測量......................................................................... 28 3-5-2 壓縮試驗............................................................................. 28 第四章實驗結果與討論........................................................................32 4-1 外觀比較.......................................................................................... 32 4-2 機械性質分析.................................................................................. 32 4-3 X 光繞射分析................................................................................... 33 4-4 顯微結構分析.................................................................................. 34 第五章結論.............................................................................................62 第六章參考文獻....................................................................................63 附錄1 鋁-銅-鈦500℃的三元相圖[謝克昌教授計算].......................70 附錄2 Al-Ti 二元相圖[Massalski 1990]..............................................71 附錄3 Al-Cu 二元相圖[Gale et al. 2004] ............................................72 附錄4 Al10Cu10Ti 理論上全反應及全部未反應密度的運算..........74 III 圖表目錄 圖2 - 1 摩擦攪拌焊接方法示意圖:(a)再把凸梢插入工件之前先旋 轉工具頭(b)令工具頭接觸工件,使之產生熱能軟化(c)慢 慢使工具頭肩部也碰到工件,達到阻擋材料散出以及加 熱的目的(d)工具頭向前推進,使得材料被攪拌的更加細 緻,並且利用剛才的熱產生再結晶的情況.................... 15 圖2 - 2 退出邊(retreating side, RS)跟推進邊(advancing side, AS)示 意圖[Sato et al. 2002].............................................................16 圖2 - 3 顯示FSP 之後晶粒細化的情況的光學顯微鏡(OM)照片...17 圖2 - 4 對2024 以及6061 商用鋁合金做FSP[Li et al. 1999] .........18 圖2 - 5 FSP 各區域示意圖[Arbegast 2003] .......................................19 圖2 - 6 洋蔥環示意圖[Krishnan 2002],圖A 為顯微鏡照片,圖B 為示意圖。............................................................................19 圖2 - 7 摩擦攪拌銲接中改變走速對攪拌區溫度及硬度的影響。上 圖為攪拌區(SZ)以及未攪拌區(UZ)的溫度分佈圖,下圖則 為攪拌區硬度跟轉速的關係,可以看出轉速增加導致硬度 下降。[Kwon et al. 2003] ......................................................20 圖2 - 8 以有限元素法對AA2024 跟AA2524 的熱力參數所做的溫 度-升溫時間圖[Yang et al. 2004]........................................21 IV 圖2 - 9 這些是較新式的凸梢以及肩部的設計[Mishra 2003]..........21 圖2 - 10 材料-純銅A:退火後的粗化晶粒。B:經由室溫冷加工。 C:經由液態氮冷加工。D:液態氮冷加工後再升溫180 度。 E:液態氮冷加工後再升溫200 度[Wang 2002] ................22 圖2 - 11 添加不同尺寸顆粒得到的奈米級鋁合金機械強度示意圖 (Inoue et al. 2001)...................................................................23 圖2 - 12 Al-Ti 系統中生成各介金屬化合物的自由能比較[Peng et al. 2005] .......................................................................................24 圖3 - 1 壓製試棒的模具.....................................................................29 圖3 - 2 工具頭以及凸梢的特寫圖片.................................................29 圖3 - 3 攪拌銲接示意圖.....................................................................30 圖3 - 4 銅座示意圖.............................................................................30 圖3 - 5 壓縮試片示意圖.....................................................................31 表4 - 1 不同條件的詳細參數.............................................................39 表4 - 2 不同條件的FSP 試片,焊道區域所打出來的微硬度值....40 表4 - 3 Al20Cu15Ti-700-N2 的X 光繞射圖對照表.........................41 表4 - 4 實際密度與理論上全反應密度之比較.................................42 表4 - 5 藉由Optimas 軟體分析不同成分的銲道影像,所得到之殘 餘銅的比率(軟體分析方式為假設大於1µm 之純白色點區 域為殘餘純銅) .......................................................................42 V 圖4 - 1 Al10Cu10Ti-700-N3 攪拌外觀圖,(A)為同方向攪拌三道, (B)為來回攪拌三道。...........................................................43 圖4 - 2 Al10Cu10Ti-700-N4 做壓縮測試得到的應力應變圖,降服應 力為895MPa..........................................................................44 圖4 - 3 Al10Cu5Ti-700-N3 做壓縮測試得到的應力應變圖,降服應 力為558MPa..........................................................................44 圖4 - 4 Al5Cu5Ti-700-N4 做壓縮測試得到的應力應變圖,降服應力 為443MPa..............................................................................45 圖4 - 5 Al20Cu15Ti-700-N2 的X 光繞射圖.....................................46 圖4 - 6 Al10Cu10Ti-700-N3 的X 光繞射圖.....................................46 圖4 - 7 Al10Cu5Ti-700-N3 的X 光繞射圖.......................................47 圖4 - 8 Al5Cu5Ti-700-N3 的X 光繞射圖.........................................47 圖4 - 9 利用光學顯微鏡區別攪拌區跟未攪拌區的顆粒大小不同, 圖(A)為未攪拌區的照片,圖(B)為攪拌區的照片.............48 圖4 - 10 Al20Cu15Ti-700-N2 的BEI 影像。....................................48 圖4 - 11 Al10Cu10Ti-700-N3 大面積BEI 影像,直徑1~10mm 的顆 粒佔全部面積3.3% ,直徑>10mm 的顆粒佔全部面積 1.7%。....................................................................................49 VI 圖4 - 12 Al10Cu5Ti-700-N3 大面積BEI 影像,直徑1~10mm 的顆 粒佔全部面積1.41% ,直徑>10mm 的顆粒佔全部面積 1.61%。..................................................................................50 圖4 - 13 Al5Cu5Ti-700-N3 大面積BEI 影像,直徑1~10mm 的顆粒 佔全部面積2.63% ,直徑>10mm 的顆粒佔全部面積0.8%。 .................................................................................................51 圖4 - 14 Al10Cu10Ti-700-N3 的高倍率BEI 影像,可以看出整個基 材密佈著1-5µm 的顆粒。....................................................52 圖4 - 15 Al10Cu10Ti-700-N3 的SEM Mapping 分析。.................53 圖4 - 16 Al10Cu5Ti-700-N3 的SEM Mapping 分析。...................54 圖4 - 17 Al5Cu5Ti-700-N3 的SEM Mapping 分析。.....................55 圖4 - 18 Al10Cu10Ti-700-N3 的TEM 影像,可以看出在次微米晶鋁 的基質中,散佈著約50nm 等軸狀的顆粒。圖(A)(B)均為大 範圍的明視野影像(bright field image),(C)是放大觀察其中 等軸顆粒的平均大小,可看出約為50nm,(D)(E)則為放大 觀察其中鋁基質的顆粒大小,可看出大約為500nm 的次微 米等級。................................................................................58 圖4 - 19 Al10Cu5Ti-700-N3 的TEM 影像,圖(A)(B)均為放大觀察 其中等軸顆粒的平均大小。................................................59 圖4 - 20 Al5Cu5Ti-700-N3 的TEM 影像圖,(A)為大範圍的明視野 影像(bright field image),(B)(C)則為放大觀察其中的小顆 粒。........................................................................................61 |
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