持久性有機污染物（persistent organic pollutants, POPs）廣泛分布於自然環境中，其中包括了多氯聯苯(polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs)和多溴聯苯醚(polybrominated diphenylethers, PBDEs)這類污染物，由於部分已被研究出對人體可能具有致癌性和致突變性，而引起普遍的關注。本研究測站類型可分為四種：都會區海岸型態(國立中山大學)、都會區型態-高雄市中心(英明國中)、郊區型態(墾丁)及離島類型(蘭嶼)。就此四類型測站分別採2007年(二月、七月、十月)空氣的樣品，作時間季節性的變化以及空間上地域性的比較，並探討各測站中多氯聯苯同族物組成及多溴聯苯醚同源物組成；並以群集分析、主成分分析推估各測站間多氯聯苯及多溴聯苯醚相關性，另外也與廣泛使用的商用多溴聯苯醚產品推估多溴聯苯醚可能污染來源。最後，輔以逆軌跡分析來判定污染物是否受到境外長程傳輸的影響。
空氣總多氯聯苯的濃度範圍介於9.51~482 pg m-3，平均濃度為162±155 pg m-3；氣相及顆粒相平均濃度分別為159±153 pg m-3及3.04±2.38 pg m-3。空氣總多溴聯苯醚的濃度範圍介於2.72~166 pg m-3，平均濃度為31.7±37.3 pg m-3；氣相及顆粒相平均濃度分別為7.22±6.50 pg m-3及23.7±33.4 pg m-3。空氣總多氯聯苯濃度及總多溴聯苯醚濃度皆是以英明國中(KHU)測站最高，推測污染來源可能與位於市中心及鄰近工業區有關。
以百分比組成、群集分析及主成分分析探討污染物來源，在多氯聯苯空氣氣相部分，蘭嶼測站以含五個氯的同族物為主要貢獻，其他三個測站以含三、四個氯的同族物為主要貢獻，推測蘭嶼測站當地可能另有污染源存在，除此之外，蘭嶼測站之多氯聯苯樣品濃度均偏低，由於空白試驗之較低分子量的同族物容易受到干擾，以及環境中比較容易有低分子量的同族物，導致空白試驗在低分子量部分背景值較高，造成本來應當是主要貢獻的低分子量同族物，因蘭嶼地區樣品低分子量的同族物大多低於偵測極限，故使得樣品組成轉變為中高分子量的同族物佔有較高的比例；在空氣總多溴聯苯醚部分，二月份及十月份以BDE-209(10Br)佔主要成份，七月份以BDE-71(4Br)及BDE-47(4Br)佔主要成份，其中可能的原因為，七月份採樣期間懸浮微粒(PM10)明顯較二月份及十月份低，故較易附著於顆粒相且不易揮發之高溴數同族物來源在七月份降低，顯得七月份期間之中低溴數有較高之比例。第二個原因可能為，中低溴數比高溴數較容易揮發，故在七月份溫度較其它兩個季節高的情況下，更容易使中低溴數同源物從地表上之沉積物、水體內甚至在含溴化物的產品中再次揮發至大氣中。第三個原因可能為，BDE-209受到紫外光和陽光照射而產生光降解現象，進而降解成中低溴數的四溴及五溴的同族物。
毒性當量一般可以用來判斷污染物危害環境及人體的程度，本研究區域在多氯聯苯空氣氣相毒性當量範圍介於0.145~0.878 fg-TEQ m-3 (0.0001~0.0009 pg-TEQ m-3)，平均毒性當量為0.0004±0.0003 pg-TEQ m-3。除蘭嶼測站以PCB 123a (a.使用PCB123+149)外，其餘測站皆以PCB 144為主要平面狀毒性多氯聯苯毒性當量影響的同源物。

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), are widely distributed in the environment. Several studies have demonstrated that these pollutants will cause potential impacts such as carcinogenic and mutagenic for human health. In this study, four different types of sampling stations were chosen. Two of the sampling sites are located in Kaohsiung city, which is an industrialized city with densely population in southern Taiwan (KHU and KHC). The other sampling sites are in a rural coastal area (KT) and an offshore island (LY), respectively. We determined the concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs in the atmosphere to identify the spatial and temporal distributions of PCBs and PBDEs in southern Taiwan. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal components analysis (PCA) of congener-specific composition of PCBs and PBDEs were performed with the commercial products to investigate the relationship of regional signatures and possible pollution sources. Finally, back trajectory analysis was undertaken to gain a better understanding of long-distance transport contribution to the studied area.
The concentrations of ΣPCBs in the ambient air ranged from 9.51 to 482 pg m-3, with an average concentration of 162±155 pg m-3. The mean PCB concentrations in gas and particle phase were 159±153 pg m-3 and 3.04±2.38 pg m-3, respectively. The concentrations of ΣPBDEs in the ambient air ranged from 3.42 to 166 pg m-3, with an average concentration of 31.7±37.3 pg m-3. The average PBDE concentrations in gas and particle phase were 7.22±6.50 pg m-3 and 23.7±33.4 pg m-3, respectively. Comparison of the total PCB and PBDE concentrations from the four sampling sites showed that the total PCB and PBDE concentrations at the Kaohsiung urban site (KHU) and Kaohsiung coastal site (KHC) were higher than those at a rural coastal site (Kenting, KT) and an offshore island site (Lanyu, LY), suggesting that densely population and heavy industrial park may be the major contributor of PCBs and PBDEs .
Results from HCA, PCA and compositional patterns of PCBs indicate that offshore island site (Lanyu, LY) was different from KHU, KHC and KT. Lower chlorinated congeners (dichlorobiphenyls to hexachlorobiphenyls) were predominant in the gas phase. Since most of the lower molecular weight congeners were below the detection limit, the total PCB concentrations were found at much lower level in LY sampling sites. In addition, a significantly higher proportion of high-chlorinated congeners, was observed at LY, suggesting that there may be local pollution sources in this area. Results from HCA, PCA and compositional patterns of PBDEs indicate that the samples from February and October were dominated by BDE-209, while the samples from July were dominated by BDE-71, BDE-47 and BDE-99, suggesting that this might be due to the significantly low concentrations of suspended particles (PM10) in July. Since much higher temperature was observed in July, these lower brominated congeners may be released much easier from the sediment, water, and brominated-containing products due to smaller molecular size and higher vapor pressure. Moreover, debromination of the deca-BDEs had been observed in the environment. Several studies have shown that photolytic debromination of BDE-209 is possible pathway for the formation of lower brominated-BDEs.
TEQ was used to determine the level of pollution for environment and human health. In this study area, the TEQ ranged from 0.145 to 0.878 pg-TEQ m-3, with an average TEQ of 0.0004±0.0003 pg-TEQ m-3 in gas-phase of ambient air. PCB114 was observed to be the predominant congener in this study.

論文審定書 I
謝誌 II
摘要 III
Abstract V
目錄 VII
圖目錄 IX
表目錄 XI
附錄目錄 XIII
第一章 前言 1
1-1 研究動機 1
1-2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2-1 持久性有機污染物(POPs) 3
2-2 多氯聯苯(PCBs)概述 7
2-2-1 多氯聯苯及其物化特性 7
2-2-2 多氯聯苯的毒性及傳播途徑 13
2-2-3 多氯聯苯之使用及來源 13
2-3 多溴聯苯醚(PBDEs)概述 15
2-3-1 防火阻燃劑 15
2-3-2 多溴聯苯醚之使用及來源 17
第三章 研究方法 20
3-1 材料與儀器 20
3-1-1 材料 20
3-1-2 儀器設備 22
3-2 試藥及器具前處理 23
3-3 採樣與保存 23
3-4 樣品前處理(氣相及顆粒相) 29
3-5 分析方法 29
3-5-1 多氯聯苯分析 29
3-6 品保及品管(QA/QC) 30
3-6-1 方法回收率 30
3-6-2 實驗空白分析 32
3-6-3 方法偵測極限 32
3-7 群集分析(Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, HCA) 32
3-8 主成分分析(Principal Components Analysis, PCA) 33
3-9 毒性當量(Toxic Equivalent Quantities, TEQ) 34
3-9-1 多氯聯苯毒性當量 34
3-10 大氣逆軌跡模式 35
第四章 結果與討論 36
4-1 濃度分布 36
4-1-1 總多氯聯苯在空氣濃度分布(測站區域分析) 43
4-1-2 總多氯聯苯在空氣濃度分布(測站季節性分析) 44
4-1-3 總多溴聯苯醚在空氣濃度分布(測站區域分析) 45
4-1-4 總多溴聯苯醚在空氣濃度分布(測站季節性分析) 46
4-2 含量與組成分析 52
4-2-1 多氯聯苯於空氣氣相之同族物含量分析 52
4-2-2 總多溴聯苯醚之同源物含量與組成分析 60
4-3 階層群集分析(Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, HCA) 74
4-3-1 多氯聯苯空氣氣相之群集分析 74
4-3-2 總多溴聯苯醚空氣之群集分析 76
4-4 主成分分析(Principal Components Analysis, PCA) 79
4-4-1 多氯聯苯(氣相)之主成分分析 79
4-4-2 多溴聯苯醚之主成分分析 81
4-4-3 含商業混合物之多溴聯苯醚之主成分分析 84
4-5 逆軌跡分析(back trajectory analysis) 88
4-6 多氯聯苯之總毒性當量(Toxic Equivalent Quantities, TEQ) 96
4-7 多氯聯苯之文獻比較 104
4-7-1 與國內文獻之比較 104
4-7-2 與國外文獻之比較 104
4-8 多溴聯苯醚之文獻比較 109
4-8-1 與國內文獻之比較 109
4-8-2 與國外文獻之比較 109
第五章 結論與建議 113
5-1 結論 113
5-2 建議 115
參考文獻 116
附錄 122

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