隨著殖民時代的結束及前殖民地獨立的興起，國際援助開始在非洲的政治經濟裡扮演起重要角色。這本是為了解決歐洲在第二次世界大戰末期所面臨的迫切的經濟危機而產生的，但卻在過去50年裡面成為許多非洲國家最主要的資金來源。西方援助範式和經濟理論多年來一直都主導著援助的理念，並已從雙邊援助演變為與國際金融機構展開的多邊援助——世界銀行和國際貨幣基金。

然而，最近一種新型的捐助關係，尤其是中國，巴西與韓國崛起正在逐漸削弱傳統的西方捐助國的影響。相比傳統的捐助國，這些新興的捐助國有些曾經屬於發展中國家集團，或是仍被視為發展中國家的中國和巴西，這些捐助國通常參與受援國的雙邊關係。這種發展中國家之間的合作類型被稱之為“南南合作”，其中尤以中國扮演主導角色。中國在發展中世界日益增長的影響力，尤以在非洲為最，中國致力於商品交易，遭到許多來自傳統捐助國冠以新帝國主義，新殖民主義和剝削的指責。

我們的研究超越了這個理論，認為非洲國家並沒有被動地接受中國的援助和投資，而是依據自己國家的利益採取積極和活躍的合作關係。此外，從中國2000年開始重新關注非洲，伴隨這輪中國的參與，經濟上已經顯示出積極的結果：GDP高增長率，增加了人均GDP，以及GNI的增加。

我們對中國援助非洲撒哈拉以南地區的分析表明，作為中國合作重點的經濟增長導向的項目，例如貿易，投資，基礎設施項目和經濟特區等建設，已經對非洲社會和經濟發展創造了溢出效應。因此，中國和非洲之間是一種互利共贏的關係。在諸如安哥拉和尼日爾的國家，中國援助非常受到歡迎，許多人認為這是一個新的機遇。究其原因，諸多國家認為與中國的合作，能吸收“中國經驗”，創造出非洲工業化發展前景。

我們從中國援助非洲撒哈拉以南的研究分析結果顯示，中國對外援助體現了南南合作和國家中心現實主義的概念。這兩個地區的合作都是由國內需求引發，在合作關係中都獲得一些好處。由於在中非關係間非洲機構發揮作用，因此中國和非洲之間的依賴關係的說法月並成立。在我們的案例研究中可以看到，非洲國家非常積極地與中國發展關係，甚至有時利用這種關係作為對西方捐助者的討價還價的籌碼。

Since the end of colonization and the subsequent accession of former colonies to independence, foreign aid has always played an important role in Africa’s political economy. Previously designed to solve imminent economic crises faced by Europe at the end of the Second World War, it has now become the major source of funding for many African countries for the last 50 years. Aid as a concept has been influenced by western paradigms and economic theories and throughout the years, it has evolved from bilateral tomultilateral level with international financial Institutions such as the World Bank and IMFas itsmain actors. However,the recent emergence of a new type of donors, particularly China, Brazil, and Korea is gradually undermining the influence of traditional western donors. Contrary to traditional donors, these emerging donors usually engage in bilateral relation with recipient countries and have once belonged to the group of developing countries themselves, or are still considered developing countries as in the case of China and Brazil. This type of cooperation between developing countries is called south-south cooperation with China seen as the prominent actor. The growing presence of China in the developing world in general and Africa in particular and the focus on commodity as the main sources of transaction has led to accusations of neo-imperialism, neocolonialism and exploitationby many traditional donors.
Our research goes beyond this rhetoric and argues that African states are not passive receptacles of Chinese aid and investment, but rather very active and motivated partners who have in mind their own domestic interests. In addition, since China’s renewed interest to Africa in beginning of the year 2000, economic outcomes as a result of this engagement have shown positive results: highGDP growth rates, increase in GDP per capita, and increase in GNI.
Our analysis of Chinese aid to sub-Saharan Africa reveals that the focus of Chinese cooperation on growth oriented activitiessuch as trade, investment;infrastructure development and the building of special economic zones have created spillovers for social and economic development in Africa. Therefore, the relation between China and Africa is not only beneficial to China but also to Africa. In countries such as Angola and Niger, China is very welcomed and many people see in it a source of countless opportunities. The reasons stem from the fact that relation with China could bring industrialization with many countries in Africa reaping the fruit of China’s experience of development.
Our findings from the analysis of Chinese aid to Sub-Saharan Africa showthat Chinese foreign assistance reflects the concept of south-south cooperation and is based on a realistic relation. Both regions are motivated by their domestic needs and derive some benefits from their relations. Therefore, the argument of a dependent relation between China and Africa does not hold given that African agency is at work in this relation. We can see that the countries in our case study African are very active in their relation with China and even sometimes use this relation as a bargaining power against western donors.

Acknowledgments .....................................................................................................................................................ii
摘要 ............................................................................................................................................................................... iii
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Research motivations ......................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.4 Research questions .......................................................................................................................................................... 15
1.6 Research method ............................................................................................................................................................. 27
Chapter 2: Analytical framework ........................................................................................................................ 29
2.1 Literature Review ................................................................................................................................................ 29
2.2.1 Realism ...................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Chapter 3: China-Africa: a mutual benefit? ..................................................................................................... 45
3.2 Infrastructure development and economic spillover ............................................................................................ 52
Chapter 4: Fundamental difference between Chinese aid model and western aid model ..................... 61
4.1 Meanings of Chinese aid versus western aid model .................................................................................. 61
Chapter 5: African agency and bargaining power: Case Study of Angola and Niger ............................ 75
5.1 African states agency......................................................................................................................................... 75
5.2 Angola .................................................................................................................................................................................. 81
5.2.1 Angola’s tradewith China .................................................................................................................................... 85
5.2.2 Angola’s motivation in engaging with China .......................................................................................... 90
5.2.3 Angola’s bargaining power .............................................................................................................................. 95
5.3.1 NigerRelation with China .............................................................................................................................. 103
5.3.2 Motivation in engagingwith China ............................................................................................................ 109
5.3.3 Nigerien agency and bargaining power ....................................................................................................... 111
Chapter 6: Research Findings ............................................................................................................................ 116
Chapter 7: Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 119
Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................................... 122

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