隨著數位資訊時代的來臨，全球化的競爭使各產業對於供應鏈整合與企業資源規劃的需求日益殷切，資訊系統整合業的重要性亦與日俱增。當各類產業不斷進行供應鏈整合與夥伴關係建立，企圖利用合作分工的方式在全球競爭市場中爭得一席之地時，對於協助各產業進行整合的資訊系統整合業而言，是否亦運用產業間的廠商合作關係使產品服務更能符合節奏快速的市場環境，引發了本研究的研究動機。
因此，本研究企圖以流程的角度檢視系統整合業者在提供系統整合服務的各階段，與其它廠商間的合作活動與關係，並經由理論的引導，歸納出影響台灣系統整合業廠商合作關係之因素。本研究的設計採用多個案研究法，選擇三個系統整合個案，以半結構化訪談方式，深入了解系統整合業真實的廠商合作關係，並藉由交易成本理論、資源基礎理論與社會交換理論等，提出可能影響廠商合作關係建立的理論性命題，引導實際個案的分析。
本研究的結論除了描述台灣系統整合業廠商合作現狀之外，並歸納出數點影響系統整合業廠商合作關係建立的因素，包含產品特性、交易成本、資源、信任與關係等等，其中並以交易成本為影響現今系統整合廠商合作關係是否建立的最重要因素。

With the coming of digital times, global competition resulted in every industry expanding their requirements in supply chain integration and enterprise resource planning. The importance of information system integration industries also increases with time. When all kind of industries continues to integrate supply chain and establish cooperative partnerships, trying to exploit cooperation to acquire more competencies in the market, we want to know whether the information system integration industries establish their cooperative relationship.
Therefore, our study tried to review the actives and relationship between integrators by the systems integration service process. Through the theory’s guiding, we attend to induce the factors of inter-firm cooperation in system integration industries. We use multiple case study to design our research，and select three cases to study. Semi-structural interview is used to collect needed data to understand the true cooperative relationship between integrators. According to transaction cost theory, resource-base theory and social exchange theory, we propose some theoretical propositions to guiding the real cases analysis.
The conclusions not only describe the real cooperation in Taiwan system integration industries, but also induce several factors of cooperative relationship between integrators, including product characteristics, transaction cost, resource, trust and guanxi. Moreover, the transaction cost is the most important element in the cooperative relationship between information system integrators.

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景 1
第二節 資訊服務業 2
第三節 系統整合業 3
第四節 研究動機 5
1.4.1. 供應鏈 5
1.4.2. 資訊系統委外 6
1.4.3. 虛擬組織 7
第五節 研究目的 8
第六節 論文架構 9
第二章 文獻探討 10
第一節 合作關係 10
第二節 交易成本理論 12
2.2.1. 交易成本理論基礎 12
2.2.2. 組織失靈架構 13
2.2.3. 關鍵假設－有限理性與投機心理 14
2.2.4. 資產特殊性 14
2.2.5. 不確定性 16
第三節 資源基礎理論 18
第四節 社會交換理論 22
2.4.1. 信任 23
2.4.2. 依賴 24
2.4.3. 關係 25
第五節 系統發展生命週期 25
第三章 相關理論探討與研究命題推導 27
第一節 交易成本理論 27
3.1.1. 資產特殊性 27
3.1.2. 環境不確定性 28
3.1.3. 行為不確定性 29
第二節 資源基礎理論 30
3.2.1. 資源特質 30
3.2.2. 資源類型 30

第三節 社會交換理論 31
3.4.1. 信任 31
3.4.2. 權利依賴 32
3.4.3. 關係 33
第四章 研究方法 34
第一節 個案研究方法 34
第二節 個案研究類型 35
第三節 個案研究研究的品質－信度與效度 36
第四節 個案的選擇 39
第五節 資料蒐集 40
第六節 資料分析方法 42
第五章 X個案分析 44
第一節 背景介紹 44
第二節 系統整合流程與活動 45
第三節 合作關係 47
第四節 影響合作關係建立因素探討 49
5.4.1. 以交易成本理論進行討論 50
5.4.2. 以資源基礎理論進行討論 53
5.4.3. 以社會交換理論進行討論 55
第六章 Y個案分析 58
第一節 背景介紹 58
第二節 系統整合流程與活動 58
第三節 與供應商的合作關係 60
第四節 影響合作關係建立因素探討 60
6.4.1. 以交易成本理論進行討論 61
6.4.2. 以資源基礎理論進行討論 61
第七章 Z個案分析 64
第一節 背景介紹 64
第二節 系統整合流程與活動 64
第三節 與供應商的合作關係 67
第四節 影響合作關係建立因素探討 68
7.4.1. 以交易成本理論進行討論 69
7.4.2. 以資源基礎理論進行討論 70
7.4.3. 以社會交換理論進行討論 71
第八章 綜合分析與發現 73
第一節 影響合作關係因素差異 73
8.1.1. Ｘ個案 74
8.1.2. Ｙ個案 77
8.1.3. Ｚ個案 78
8.1.4. 綜合比較 80
第二節 公司規模差異 82
8.2.1. 承接專案規模差異 82
8.2.2. 合作對象差異 83
第三節 產品差異 83
8.3.1. 客製化程度 83
8.3.2. 上線速度 84
8.3.3. 成本估算能力 84
8.3.4. 合作廠商數目 85
8.3.5. 人力資源配置 85
第四節 三個案的相似處 86
8.4.1. 專案導向的合作 86
8.4.2. 交易成本高昂 87
8.4.3. 信賴 87
8.4.4. 人際網絡（關係） 88
第九章 結論與建議 89
第一節 研究結論 89
9.1.1. 系統整合業廠商合作現狀 89
9.1.2. 系統整合業廠商合作關係影響因素 90
第二節 研究限制 92
9.2.1. 樣本數較少 92
9.2.2. 時間限制 92
9.2.3. 受訪者職權限制 92
第二節 後續研究 93
9.3.1. 研究廣度 93
9.3.2. 研究深度 93
參考文獻 94

圖　目　錄
圖1.1 1999年我國系統整合市場規模 4
圖2.1 組織失靈架構 14
圖4.1 個案研究協定圖 38
圖5.1 Ｘ個案廠商合作關係圖 45
圖5.2 Ｘ個案系統整合流程 46
圖6.1 Ｙ個案系統整合流程 59
圖7.1 Ｚ個案系統整合流程 65
圖8.1 產品特性比較圖 85


表　目　錄
表1.1 我國資訊軟體業主要區隔市場規模 2
表1.2 資訊硬體產業與資訊服務業相對特性比較 3
表1.3 資訊服務業的特性 3
表1.4 1999年我國主要系統整合廠商 5
表1.5 論文架構與內容簡述 9
表2.1 組織交易形式與協調、生產成本的關係 13
表2.2 交易成本的來源與型態 17
表2.3 資源特質與資源型態 22
表2.4 資源類型與企業結盟結構傾向 22
表2.5 核心競爭力定義彙整表 21
表4.1 各種實證方法的比較 34
表4.2 個案研究法的類型 36
表4.3 個案研究品質衡量標準 37
表4.4 個案描述表 40
表4.5 受訪人員表 41
表4.6 個案分析策略、特徵、目的 42
表4.7 本研究根據理論所提出的命題 43
表5.1 Ｘ個案系統整合流程相關活動表 47
表5.2 Ｘ個案廠商合作關係表 57
表6.1 Ｙ個案系統整合流程相關活動表 60
表6.2 Ｙ個案廠商合作關係表 63
表7.1 Ｚ個案系統整合流程相關活動表 66
表7.2 Ｚ個案廠商合作關係表 72
表8.1 三個案廠商合作關係因素差異表 74
表8.2 影響X個案合作關係主因素表 76
表8.3 影響Y個案合作關係主因素表 78
表8.4 影響Z個案合作關係主因素表 79
表8.5 實際個案與研究命題比較表 82

參考文獻

王存國，「資訊科技委外的交易風險與成功構念衡量與實質關係」，資訊管理學報，第四卷，第二期，民87年。
呂大榮，「資訊委外之程序與合約管理」，台灣大學商學研究所未出版碩士論文，民87年。
何蕙萍，「組織協調成本與虛擬組織特性之研究—以電腦軟體業為例」，國立彰化師範大學商業教育學系博士論文，民國89年。
吳仁和，林信惠，「系統分析與設計」，智勝文化，台北，民國89年1月初版。
吳昭勳，「產品與專案特性對套裝軟體開發活動之影響」，國立政治大學科技管理研究所未出版碩士論文，民國88年7月。
吳崇文，「組織差異、資訊功能特性與互信對委外任務成效之影響」，國立中央大學資訊管理學系未出版碩士論文，民國88年6月。
林董祥，「影響供應鏈夥伴關係因素之研究－以半導體供應鏈為例」，國立中央大學資訊管理學系未出版碩士論文，民國89年5月30日。
柯心瑩，「大陸軟體研發人才招募與管理」，國立交通大學經營管理研究所未出版碩士論文，民國88年6月。
孫思源，「由社會交換理論與關係行銷探討資訊系統委外合夥關係之成功因素」，國立中山大學資訊管理學系博士論文，民國89年。
唐校慶，「網路觀點的虛擬化組織模式建構之研究--以電子資訊業為例」， 台灣大學商學研究所博士論文，民87。
徐綺憶，「資訊系統委外程度與績效之影響因素：一個二階層的實徵性研究」，國立中央大學資訊管理學系未出版碩士論文，民國87年。
陳中興、高崇恩、周雍強，「供應鏈彈性供需合約之生產規劃」，中國工業工程學會八十七年度年會論文集，民國87年。
梁定澎，「資訊管理研究方法總論」，資訊管理學報，資訊管理實證研究方法研討會特刊，第4卷，第1期，民國86年6月，頁1-7。
黃仁伯，「資訊系統委外環境與類型之探討」，國立交通大學經營管理研究所博士論文，民國89年1月。
黃國勝，「供應鏈管理中夥伴關係之關係性成本分析」，國立高雄第一科技大學運輸與倉儲營運系未出版碩士論文，民國89年6月
張慧莉，「資訊系統委外成功因素之探討—以我國海關為例」，台灣大學資訊管理研究所碩士論文，民86年。
資策會MIC經濟部IT IS計畫，民國87年2月
資策會MIC經濟部ITIS計畫，民國89年2月。
資策會MIC經濟部ITIS計畫，民國89年11月。
楊嘉麗，「我國資訊服務業市場現況及發展趨勢分析」，財團法人資訊工業策進會資訊市場情報中心，民國87年7月。
劉晟熙，「外包成功關鍵因素之探討」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文，民國87年。
戴基峰，「影響軟體委外滿意度因素之研究：從交易成本與社會關係觀點探討」，中央大學資訊管理研究所碩士論文，民86年。
Aldrich, H. (1976) Resource Dependence and Interorganizational relations: Relations Between Local Employment Service Office and Social Services Sector Organizations, Administration and Society, 7(4), 419-455.
Alpar, P., & Saharia, A. (1995) Outsourcing Information System Functions: An Organization Economics Perspective, Journal of Organizational Computing, 5(3), 197-217.
Anderson, J., & Gerbing, D. (1990) A Model of Distributor Firm and Manufacturer Firm Working Relationships, Journal of Marketing, 54, 42-58.
Ang, S., & Straub, D. W. (1998) Production and Transaction Economics and IS Outsourcing: A Study of the U.S. Banking Industry, MIS Quarterly, December, 535-552.
Aoyama, M. (1993) Concurrent-Development Process Model, IEEE Software, July, 46-55.
Aubert, B. A., Rivard, S., & Patry, M. (1996) A Transaction Cost Approach to Outsourcing Behavior: Some Empirical Evidence, Information & Management, 30, 51-64.
Bakos, J. Y., & Brynjolfsson, E. (1993) Information Technology, Incentives and The Optimal Number of Suppliers, Journal of Management Information Systems, 10(2), Fall, 37-53.
Bally, L., Brittan, J., & Wagner, K. H. (1977) A Prototype Approach to Information System Design and Development, Information and Management, 1(1), November, 21-26.
Barnatt, C. (1995) Office Space, Cyberspace and Birtual Organization, Journal of General Management, 20(4), 78-91.
Barney, J. B. (1990) The Debate Between Tranditional Management Theory and Organizational Economics: Substantial Differences or Intergroup Conflict? Academy of Management Review, 15(3), 382-393.
Barney, J. (1991) Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage, Journal of Management, 17, 99-120.
Beamon, Benita M. (1998) Supply Chain Design and Analysis: Models and Methods, International Journal of Production Economics, 55, 281-294.
Benington, H. D. (1956) Production of Large Computer Programs, Proceeding ONR Symp. Advances Progranning Nethods ofr Digital Computers, Jun3, 15-27. Also available in Annuals of the History of Computing, October 1983, pp.350-361, and Proceeding Ninth International Conference Software Engineering (ICSE), Computer Society Press, 1987.
Benjamin, S. B., & Wolter, J. F. (1990) System Engineering and Analysis, Prentice Hall.
Blau, P. (1964) Exchange and Power in Social Life, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Boehm, B. W. (1988) A Spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement, IEEE Computer, 21(5), 61-72.
Buckley, P., & Casson, M. (1988) A Theory of Cooperation in International Business, F. Contractor, P. Lorange, (Eds.), Cooperative Strategies in International Business: Joint Ventures and Technology Transfers Between Firms., Lexington Books, New York, 31-53.
Chi, T. (1994) Trading in Strategic Resources: Necessary Conditions, Transaction Cost Problems, and Choice of Exchange Structure, Strategic Management Journal, 15, 271-290.
Coase, R. (1937) The Nature of the Firm, Economica N.S., 4, 386-405. Reprinted in Oliver E. Williamson and Sidney Winter (Eds.), The Nature of the Firm: Origins, Evolution, Development, NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1991, pp.18-33.
Collis, D. J. (1991) A Resources-based Analysis of Global Competition: The Case of the Bearing Industry, Strategic Management Journal, 12, Summer, 49-68.
Collis, D. J., & Montgomery, C. A. (1995) Competing on resources: strategy in the 1990s, Harvard Business Review, 73(4), 118-127.
Coyne, K. P., Hall, S. J. D., & Clifford, P. G. (1997) Is Your Core competence a mirage? McKinsey Quarterly, 1, 41-54.
Davidow, W. H., & Malone, M. S. (1992) The Virtual Corporation, New York : Harper Collins Publishing Inc.
Davis, T. R. V., & Daring, B. L. (1995) How Virtual Corporations Manage The Performance of Contractors: The Super Bakery Case, Organization Dynamics, 24, 70-75.
Das, T. K., & Teng, B. S. (2000) A Resource-Based Theory of Strategic Alliances, Journal of Management, 26(1), 31-61.
Dierickx, I., & Hill, C. W. L. (1989) Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Competitive Advantage, Management Science, 35, 1504-1511.
Dietrich, M. (1994) Transaction Cost Economics and Beyond: Towards a New Economics of the Firm, London: Routledge.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989) Building theory from case study research, Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550.
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Schoonhoven, C. B. (1996) Resource-Based View of Strategic Alliance Formation: Strategic and Social Effects of Entrepreneurial Firms, Organization Science, 7, 136-150.
Ellram, L. M. (1990) Supply Chain Management, Partnerships and the Shipper-thrid Party Relationship, The international Journal of Logistics Management, 1-10.
Emerson, R. (1962) Power- Dependence Relation, American Social Review, 27, 1-41.
Ford, D., & Farmer, D. (1986) Make of Buy－ A Key Strategic Issue, Long Range Planning, 19(5), 54-62.
Gardner, J. T., Cooper, M. C., & Noordewier, T. (1994) Understanding Shipper-Carrier and Shipper-Warehouser Relationships: Partnerships Revisited, Journal of Business Logistics, 15(2), 121-143.
Gates, S. (1993) Strategic Alliances: Guidelines ofr Successful Management, New Youk: Conference Board.
Gornev, V.F., Rarassov, V.B., Soenen, R., & Tahon, K. (1997) Virtual Enterprise: Reasons, Sources and Tools, Proceedings of MCPL'97, 53-58.
Granovetter, M. (1985) Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness, American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481-510.
Grant, R. M. (1991) The Resource-Based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategy Formulation, California Management Review, 33(3), 114-135.
Grover, V., Cheon, M., & Teng, J. (1996) The Effect of Service Quality and Partnership on the Outsourcing of Information Systems Functions, Journal of Management Information systems, 12(4), 89-116.
Gulati, R. (1995) Does Familiarity Breed Trust? The Implications of Repeated Ties for Contractual Choice in Alliances, Acad. Management Journal, 38, 85-112.
Gundlach, G. T., Achrol, R. S. & Mentzer, J. T. (1995) The Structure of Commitment in Exchange, Journal of Marketing, January, 78-92.
Gurbaxani, V., & Whang, S. (1991) The Impact of Information Systems on Organizations and Markets, Communications of the ACM, 34(1), January, 59-93.
Hamel, G. (1994) The Concept of Core Competence, In G. Hamel & A. Heene (ed.), Competence-based competition (pp.11-34), Nork York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Hofer, C. W., & Schendel, K. (1978) Strategy Formulation: Analytical Concepts, St. Paul, MN: West.
Hye, P. K., & Joel, F. (1999) Virtual Enterprise Information System and Networking Solution, Computers & Industrial Engineering, 37, 441-444.
Katz, M. (1989) Vertical Contractual Relations, R. Schmalensee, R. Willig, (Eds.) Handbook of Industrial Organization, 1, Elsevier, New York, 655-721.
Killing, J. P. (1988) Understanding Alliances: The Role of Task and Organizational Coomplexity, In F. J. Contractor & P. Lorange, (Eds.), Cooperative Strategies in International Business: pp.55-68, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Kogut, B. (1988) Joint Ventures: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives, Stragegic Management Journal, 9, 319-332.
Konsynski, B.R. (1993) Strategic control in the extended enterprise, IBM System Journal, 32(1), 111-142.
Koopmans, T. (1957) Three Essays on the State of Economic Science, New York: McGraw-Hill.
Kotter, J. P. (1979) Managing External Dependence, Academy of Management Review, 4(1), 87-92.
Lewis, T. G., & Oman, P. W. (1990) The Challenge of Soft ware Development, IEEE Software Engineering.
Lippman, S. A., & Rumelt, R. P. (1982) Uncertain imitability: An Analysis of Interfirm Differences in Efficiency under Competition, Bell Journal of Economics, 13, 418-438.
Loh, L., & Venkatraman, N. (1992) Determinants of information technology outsourcing, Journal of Management Information Systems, 9(1), 7-24.
Loh, L., & Venkatraman, N. (1994) Diffusion of Information Technology Outsourcing:
Influence Sources and the Kodak Effect, Information System Research, 3(4), 334-358.
Lohtia, R., Brooks, C., & Krapfel, R. (1994) What Constitutes a Transaction-Specific Asset? An Examination of the Dimensions and Types, Journal of Business Research, 30, 261-270.
Maloni, I., & Benton, W. C. (1997) Supply chain partnerships: Opportunities for operations research, European Journal of Operational Research, 101(3), 419-429.
Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990) A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences of Organizational Commitment, Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 171-194.
McFarlan, F., & Nolan, R. (1995) How to Manage an IT Outsourcing Alliance, Sloan Management Review, Winter, 9-23.
Meyer, N. D. (1994) A Sensible Approach to Outsourcing: The Economic Fundamentals, Information Systems Management, 11, 22-27.
Miller, K., & Shamsie, J. (1996) The Resource-Based View of the Firm in Two Environments: The Hollywood Film Studios from 1936 to 1965, Academy of Management Journal, 39, 519-543.
Mills, H. (1971) Top-down Programming in Large Systems, in Ruskin, R. Ed., Debugging Techniques in Large Systems, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Mills, H., Linger, R., & Hevner, A. (1986) Principles of Information Systems Analysis and Design, Academic Press, New York.
Morgan, R., & Hunt, S. D. (1994) The Commitment-Trust Theory of Relationship Marketing, Journal of Marketing, 58, July, 20-38.
Mowery, D. C., Oxley, J. E., & Silverman, B. S. (1996) Strategic Alliances and Interfirm Knowledge transfer, Strategic Management Journal, 17 (Winter Special Issue), 77-91.
Ouchi, W.G. (1980) Markets, Bureaucracies and Clans, Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(March), 129-141.
Peteraf, M. A. (1993) The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based View, Strategic Management Journal, 14, 179-191.
Prahalad, C. K. (1993) The Role of Core Competencies In the Corporation, Research-Technology Management, 36(6), 40-47.
Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G. (1990) The Core Competence of the Corporation, Strategy, Seeking and Security Competitive Advantage, Harvard Business Review Book, 79-91.
Pye, L. W. (1992) Chinese negotiating style, Wespot, CT: Quorum Books.
Reich, R., Mankin. (1986) Joint Ventures wity Japan Give Away Our Future, Harvard Business Review, 64, 77-86.
Rindfleisch, A., & Heide, J. B. (1997) Transaction Cost Analysis Past, Present, and Future Applications, Journal of Marketing, 61, October, 30-54.
Royce, W. W. (1970) Managing the Development of Large Software Systems: Concepts and Techniques, Proceeding, Wescon, August. Also available in Proceeding, ICSE 9, Computer Society Press, 1987.
Savage, Charles M. (1996) 5th Generation Management: Co-Creating Through Virtual Enterprising, Dynamic Teaming, And Knowledge Networking, Butterworth-Heinnemann Inc., MA. USA.
Schoemaker, J. H. (1992) How to Link Strategic Vision to Core Capability, Sloan Management Review, 34(1), 67-81.
Selznick, P. (1957) Leadership in administration: A sociological interpretation, New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Simon, H. (1947) Administrative behavior, New York: The Free Press.
Standifird, S. S., & Marshall, R. S. (2000) The Transaction Cost Advantage of Guanxi-Based Business Practices, Journal of World Business, 35(1), 21-42.
Strader, T. J., Lin, F. R., & Shaw, M. J. (1998a) The Impact of Information Sharing on Order Fulfillment in Divergent Differentiation Supply Chains, Journal of Global Information Management, 7(1), 16-24.
Strader, T. J., Lin, F. R., & Shaw, M. J. (1998b) Information Infrastructure for Electronic Virtual Organization, Decision Support Systems, 23, 75-94.
Tampoe, M. (1994) Exploiting the Core Competitive of your Organization, Long Range Planning, 27(4), August, 66-77.
Tapscott, D. (1996) The Digital Economy, NY: McGraw-Hill Inc.
Teng, James T. C., Cheon M. J., & Grover, V. (1995) Decisions to Outsource Information Systems Functions: Testing a Strategy-Theoretic Discrepancy Model, Decision Science, 26(1), 75-103.
Thompson, J. D. (1967) Organizations in Action, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Tsang, W. K. (1998) Can Guanxi be a Source of Sustained Competitive Advantage for Doing Business in China? The Academy of Management Executive, 12(2), 64-74.
Vokurka, Robert J. (1998) Supplier Partnership: A Case Study, Production and Inventory Management Journal, First Quarter, 30-36.
Walker, G., & Weber, D. A. (1984) A Transaction Cost Approach to make-or-buy decisions, Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, 373-391.
Watts, & Hahn, C.K. (1992) Linking Purchasing To Corporate Competitive Strategy, International Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management, 2-8.
Williamson, O. E. (1975) Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implication, Free Press.
Williamson, O. E. (1979) Transaction-Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations, The Journal of Law and Economics, 233-261.
Williamson, O. E. (1985) The Economic Institutions of Capitalism, New York: The Free Press.
Williamson, O. E. (1989) Transaction Cost Economics, In R. Schmalensee & R. Willig (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial Organization, 1, Elsevier Science, 136-182, Reprinted in Oliver E. Williamson (1996), The Mechanisms of Governance, Oxford University Press, 54-92.
Williamson, O. E. (1991) Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives, Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 269-296.
Williamson, O. E. (1994) The Transaction Cost Economics and Organizational Theroy. In N. J. Smelser, & R. Swedbeg (Eds.), The handbook of economis sociology, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Yang, M. (1994) Gifts, Favors and Banquets: The Art of Social Relationships in China, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Ybarra, C., & Wiersema, M. (1999) Strategic Flexibility in Information Technology Alliances: The Influence of Transaction Cost Economics and Social Exchange Theory, Organization Science, 10(4), July-August, 439-459.
Yin, R. K. (1994) CASE STUDY RESEARCH Design and Methods 2nded, SAGE Publications, New York.
Yoshino, M. Y., & Rangan, U. S. (1995) Strategic Alliances: An Entrepreneurial Approach to Globalization, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Yourdon, E. (1988) Managing the System Life Cycle, Yourdon Press, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Zaheer, A., & Venkatraman, N. (1995) Relational Governance as an Interorganizational Strategy: An Empirical Test of the Role of Trust in Economic Exchange, Strategic Management Journal, 16, 373-392.