無線感測網路(Wireless Sensor Network)是由一到數個無線資料收集器以及為數眾多的無線感測器所構成的網路系統，而元件之間的溝通則是採用無線通訊的方式。通常無線感測網路被應用在地形環境惡劣、人類難以到達的區域，因此為了達到大量佈建的目的，一般的無線感測器在低成本、體積小的考量下，無線感測器都不會搭載太多電量，所以電量對於無線感測網路來說，它是一個很重要的資源。
在無線感測網路路由機制中，階層式路由機制相較於其他路由機制來說，它在能量節省上有明顯的幫助，它利用叢集的方式，將感測器分成多個叢集，每一個叢集挑出叢集頭，叢集頭負責蒐集叢集內的資料並將資料傳回基地台，一般傳送資料的方式有分成單步和多步兩種，利用單步的方法，在電量消耗上是一個負擔，因此大多數的路由機制始採用多步的方法，但是採用多步的作法缺點是:靠近基地台的感測器所要幫忙轉傳的負擔很大，造成這些感測器的電量會最快耗盡，形成網路的中斷。
本篇論文主要就是針對這個缺失，提出一個改良式的路由方式ALBAC。在ALBAC中，讓靠近基地台的叢集範圍小，相反地距離基地台遠的叢集範圍大，這樣一來使得距離基地台近的叢集頭負擔減少，盡量使得網路上每一個叢集頭的負擔一樣，如此一來，離基地台近的叢集頭不會最早電量耗盡，造成網路中斷，除此之外ALBAC中也提出叢集維護的方式，延長整個網路的生存時間。

Wireless sensor networks consist of hundreds to thousands of low-power multifunctioning sensor nodes, operating in an unattended environment, with limited computational and sensing capabilities. Since the sensor nodes are equipped with small, often irreplaceable, batteries with limited power capacity, it is essential that the network be energy efficient in order to maximize the life span of the network.
Hierarchical routing is an efficient way to lower energy consumption within a cluster, performing data aggregation and fusion.Within a clustering organization, intra-cluster communication can be single hop or multihop, as well as inter-cluster communication. Multihop communication between a data source and a data sink is usually more energy efficient than direct transmission because of the characteristics of wireless channel. However, the hot-spots problem arises when using the multihop forwarding model in inter-cluster communication. Because the cluster heads closer to the data sink are burdened with heavy relay traffic, they will die much faster than the other cluster heads.
This paper presents an cluster-based routing protocol named An Adjustable Load Balancing Cluster-based Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks(ALBAC).The aim of the work is to let the cluster size be small nearby base station because cluster heads closer to the base station need relay more data.We wnat to let every cluster heads consume same energy. Simulation results show that our unequal clustering mechanism clearly improves the network lifetime over LEACH and BCDCP.

第一章 導論 1
1.1 簡介 1
1.2無線感測網路的路由協定分類 6
1.3 研究動機 11
1.4 論文架構 13
第二章 相關研究工作 14
2.1 Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) 16
2.2 UBase Station Controlled Dynamic Clustering Protocol (BCDCP) 21
第三章 提出方法 ALBAC 25
3.1 ALBAC模型架構與環境假設 26
3.2 ALBAC運作流程 28
3.2.1 叢集組成階段(Cluster Formation Phase) 28
3.2.2 資料傳送階段(Data Forwarding Phase) 40
3.2.3 叢集維護階段(Cluster Maintain Phase) 42
第四章 模擬結果與討論 44
4.1 模擬環境與參數設定 44
4.1.1 模擬工具 44
4.1.2 模擬環境參數設定 45
4.1.3 評測項目 45
4.2 模擬結果 46
第五章 結論 53
參考文獻 54

[1] Wendi B. Heinzelman, Member, IEEE, Anantha P. Chandrakasan, Senior Member,IEEE, and Hari Balakrishnan, Member, IEEE,“An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks”, Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 1, pp:660 – 670, Oct 2002.

[2] J. N. Al-Karaki, and A. E. Kamal, “Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: a Survey”, Wireless Communications, IEEE, Volume: 11, Issue: 6, pp. 6-28, Dec 2004.

[3] Chalermek Intanagonwiwat, Ramesh Govindan, Deborah Estrin, John Heidemann, and Fabio Silva, "Directed diffusion for wireless sensor networking", Networking, IEEE/ACM Transactions, Volume 11,Issue 1, pp.2 - 16, Feb. 2003

[4] J. Kulik, W. R. Heinzelman, and H. Balakrishnan, “Negotiation-Based Protocols for Disseminating Information in Wireless Sensor Networks,” Wireless Networks, vol. 8, pp. 169–85,2002.

[5] W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan, “Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks,” Proc. 33rd Hawaii Int’l. Conf.Sys. Sci., Jan. 2000.

[6] S. Lindsey and C. Raghavendra,“PEGASIS: Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems,” IEEE Aerospace Conf. Proc., vol. 3, 9–16, pp. 1125–30,2002.

[7] Y. Xu, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin, “Geographyinformed Energy Conservation for Ad-hoc Routing,” Proc. 7th Annual ACM/IEEE Int’l. Conf. Mobile Comp.and Net., pp. 70–84,2002.

[8] Y. Yu, D. Estrin, and R. Govindan, “Geographical and Energy-Aware Routing: A Recursive Data Dissemination Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks,” UCLA Comp. Sci. Dept. tech. rep., UCLA-CSD TR-010023, May 2001.

[9] Zorzi, M.; Rao, R.R.;“Geographic random forwarding (GeRaF) for ad hoc and sensor networks: energy and latency performance”,Mobile Computing, IEEE Transactions on Volume 2,Issue 4,pp.349-365,Oct.-Dec. 2003

[10] W. B. Heinzelman, A. P. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, “An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 660–70, Oct. 2002.

[11] W. R. Heinzelman, A. P. Chandrakasan, and H.Balakrishnan, “Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks,”Proc. 33rd Hawaii Int’l. Conf. Sys. Sci., Jan. 2000.

[12] Chengfa Li; Mao Ye; Guihai Chen; Jie Wu,“An energy-efficient unequal clustering mechanism for wireless sensor networks”, pp 8– 604, Nov. 2005.

[13] Younis, O.; Fahmy, S.,“HEED: a hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks”, Volume 3,Issue 4,pp 366 – 379, Oct.-Dec. 2004.

[14] Venkataraman, G.; Emmanuel, S.; Thambipillai, S.,“DASCA: A Degree and Size based Clustering Approach for Wireless Sensor Networks”, Wireless Communication Systems, 2005. 2nd International Symposium on, pp 508 – 512, Sept. 2005.

[15] Muruganathan, S.D,Ma, D.C.F, Bhasin, R.I, Fapojuwo, A.O., “A centralized energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks”, Communications Magazine IEEE, Volume 43,Issue 3,pp 8 – 13, March 2005

[16] S. Ghiasi et al., “Optimal Energy Aware Clustering in Sensor Networks,”MDPI Sensors, vol. 2, no. 7, pp.258–69., July 2002

[17] H. Shen, “Finding the k Most Vital Edges with Respect to Minimum Spanning Tree,” Proc. IEEE Nat’l. Aerospace and Elect. Conf.., vol. 1, pp.255–62., July 1997

[18] Lotfinezhad, M.; Ben Liang; Sousa, E.S.,“Adaptive Cluster-Based Data Collection in Sensor Networks with Direct Sink Access”, Mobile Computing, IEEE Transactions on,Volume 7,Issue 7,pp 884-897, July 2008.


[19] Yanlin Gong; Gong Chen; Liansheng Tan,“A Balanced Serial K-Means Based Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks”, Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, 2008. WiCOM '08. 4th International Conference on, pp 1-6, Oct. 2008.

[20] Zhenghao Zhang; Ming Ma; Yuanyuan Yang,“Energy-Efficient Multihop Polling in Clusters of Two-Layered Heterogeneous Sensor Networks”, Computers, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 57, Issue 2 pp 231-245,Feb. 2008.

[21] Xianghong Cao; Hua Zhang; Jun Shi; Guangzhao Cui,“Cluster Heads Election Analysis for Multi-hop Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Weighted Graph and Particle Swarm Optimization”,Natural Computation, 2008. ICNC '08. Fourth International Conference on, Volume 7 pp 599-603, Oct. 2008.