由於配電系統之架構規劃及控制設備多半奠基於單向電源電力控制系統，併聯分散式電源將會造成配電系統設計之複雜化，如雙向電流、故障判定、電力品質…等。配電系統在分散式電源併聯前，配電規劃者必須確保系統能在安全穩定的情況下運轉。若未採用系統之強化措施，分散式電源併聯的容量會因故障電流、系統短路容量、電壓容忍範圍等因素而受限制。本論文針對分散式電源併網對配電系統之影響及如何提高併聯容量加以研究。首先對分散式電源的併入對電網的影響作分析，包含分散式電源對饋線電壓與電壓控制設備之影響分析，以不同分散式電源日發電曲線與控制設備調整策略加以測試。其次，利用粒子群演算法從龐大的饋線架構中，快速尋找較佳的解，執行饋線重組，以增加分散式電源的最大併聯容量。

The design and regulation of power equipments which installed in distribution system are based on single direction power flow. When distributed generators (DG) are added into distribution system, it may cause some technical problems such as two-way current, fault capacity and power quality. In general, the utility should make sure that its power system could be operated safely and reliably before integrating DG into the system. If there are no complete measurements for DG, the capacity of DG would be restricted by fault current, short circuit capacity, feeder voltage or other problems. In this research, the focus is on the influence of DG operations in distribution system and the increase of DG integration capacity. The impacts of different combinations of DG generation profiles and control strategies are first analyzed, followed by the use of particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique to search for better feeder reconfigurations in order to increase DG integration capacity.

摘要 I
Abstract II
目錄 III
圖目錄 VI
表目錄 XI
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 研究背景與動機 1
1-2 相關文獻回顧 2
1-3 論文架構 8
第二章 配電系統電壓控制設備與方法 10
2-1 電壓容忍度之國際標準 10
2-2 配電系統電壓管理設備 12
2-2-1 可投切式電容器 12
2-2-2 有載分接頭切換器 16
2-2-3線路電壓調整器 19
2-3 電壓控制方法 21
2-4 蒙地卡羅法與機率負載潮流之應用 28
2-5 配電饋線電壓評估指標值 29
第三章 以饋線重組提升分散式電源併聯容量 31
3-1分散式電源對系統之衝擊 31
3-2 限制分散式電源併聯容量之因素 36
3-3 饋線重組之應用 36
3-4 饋線重組最佳化問題的求解 41
3-4-1 粒子群演算法之基本概念 41
3-4-2 以粒子群演算法求解饋線重組問題 45
第四章 測試結果與討論 49
4-1 責任分界點之短路容量對分散式電源最大併聯量之影響 49
4-2分散式電源對配電系統電壓之影響 61
4-2-1配電系統電壓控制策略及流程 61
4-2-2 分散式電源對饋線電壓控制之影響模擬 63
4-3 以饋線重組提升分散式電源併聯容量之模擬分析 77
第五章 結論與未來研究方向 93
5-1 結論 93
5-2 未來研究方向 94
參考文獻 95
附錄A 33匯流排系統參數 99
附錄B IEEE 37匯流排系統參數 101
附錄C IEEE 34匯流排系統參數 104
附錄D 台電 30匯流排系統參數 106
附錄E 模擬電壓控制策略之程式碼 108
附錄F 分散式電源併聯容量測試之程式碼 112

[1] T. Senjyu, Y. Miyazato, A. Yona, N. Urasaki and T. Funabashi, “Optimal Control of Distribution Voltage with Coordination of Distribution Installations,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 23, pp. 1236~1242, 2008.
[2] 陳在相，王閔賢，楊金石，許炎豐，“分散式發電併網運轉對配電系統常用電壓控制方法之衝擊與影響研究”，中華民國第二十七屆電力研討會，中華民國95年。
[3] 陳在相等，“配電饋線電壓品質控制技術之調查研究”，台電工程月刊，第692期，中華民國95年。
[4] 陳在相等，“分散型電源併入配電系統之電壓控制研究”，台電工程月刊，第709期，中華民國96年。
[5] C. Dai and Y. Baghzouz, “Impact of Distributed Generation on Voltage Regulation by LTC Transformer,” Proceedings of 11th International Conference on, Harmonics and Quality of Power, pp. 770~773, 2004.
[6] C. Dai, Y. Baghzouz, “On the Voltage Profile of Distribution Feeders with Distributed Generation,” Proceedings of IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, vol. 2, pp. 1136~1140, 2003.
[7] Y. Baghzouz, “Some General Rules for Distributed Generation,” Proceedings of IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2006.
[8] Y.-Y. Hsu, J.-H. Yi, S. S. Liu, Y.-W. Chen, H.-C. Feng and Y.-M. Lee, “Transformer and Feeder Load Balancing Using a Heuristic Search Approach,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 8, pp. 184~190, 1993.
[9] Y.-Y. Hsu and J.-H. Yi, “Planning of Distribution Feeder Reconfiguration with Protective Device Coordination,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 8, pp.1340~1347, 1993.
[10] F. Bignucolo, R. Caldon, M. Valente,, “Probabilistic Voltage Estimation for the Active Control of Distribution Networks,” Proceedings of CIRED 19th Intl. Conference, paper no. 0124,2007.
[11] EnerNex Corporation, “Load Modeling and State Estimation Methods for Power Distribution Systems,” [On Line] available:http://events.energetics.com/rdsi2008/pdfs/summaries/McDermott%20Enernex%20Project%20Summary.pdf, April, 2009.
[12] X. Mamo, M. McGranaghan, R. Dugan, J. Maire, O. Devaux, “A Roadmap for Developing Real Time Distribution System Simulation Tools for the Smart Grid,” Proceedings of SmartGrids for Distribution, IET-CIRED, pp.1~7, 2008.
[13] IEEE Std. 1547-2003, “IEEE 1547 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power System”.
[14] 台灣電力公司，“台灣電力股份有限公司再生能源發電系統併聯技術要點”，[On Line] available: http://0rz.tw/kwUMb, April, 2009.
[15] IEEE Std. 1036-1992, “IEEE Guide for Application of Shunt Power Capacitors”.
[16] 業務處，“配電技術手冊(二) - 架空配電線路設計手冊” ，台灣電力公司，中華民國88年.
[17] G. Brunellom, B. Kasztenny, C. Wester, “Shunt Capacitor Bank Fundamentals and Protection,” 2003.
[18] Howard Industries Utility Products Division, “Medium Power Substation Transformers”.
[19] 律韶光，許琮棋，“捷運主變壓器有載分接頭切換裝置施工經驗探討” ，捷運技術半年刊，第38期，中華民國97年。
[20] IEEE Std. C57.131-1995, “IEEE Standard Requirements for Load Tap Changers”.
[21] General Electric Company, “VR-1 Single Phase Step Voltage Regulator,” [On Line] available: http://0rz.tw/838jG, April, 2009.
[22] M. Baran and F. F. Wu, “Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Systems for Loss Reduction and Load Balancing,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 4, pp. 202~209, 1989.
[23] 黃維澤，“配電饋線由放射型升級為常閉環路型之研究” ，國立台灣科技大學，中華民國94年。
[24] H.-L. Willis and W.-G. Scott, Distributed Power Generation–Planning and Evaluation, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, USA, 2000.
[25] N. Jenkins, R. Allan, P. Crossley, D. Kirschen, G. Strbac, Embedded Generation, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, 2000.
[26] 王俊偉，汪定偉，“粒子群算法中慣性權重的實驗與分析” ，系統工程學報，vol. 20, pp. 194~198, 2005。
[27] 譚瑛，高慧敏，曾建潮，“求整數規劃問題的微粒群算法” ，系統工程理論與實踐，vol. 5, 2004。
[28] A. Ratnaweera, S.-K. Halgamuge, H.-C. Watson, “Self-Organizing Hierarchical Particle Swarm Optimizer with Time-Varying Acceleration Coefficients,” IEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 240~255, 2004.
[29] 崔文吉，“配電系統中考慮分散式電源併聯的電壓控制策略” ，國立中山大學，中華民國96年。
[30] 業務處，“配電技術手冊(四) – 地下配電線路設計” ，台灣電力公司，中華民國88年。
[31] J.-P. Chiou, C.-F. Chang and C.-T. Su, “Variable Scaling Hybrid Differential Evolution for Solving Network Reconfiguration of Distribution Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 20, no. 2, 2005.
[32] S.-K. Goswami, S.-K. Basu, “A New Algorithm for the Reconfiguration of Distribution Feeders for Loss Minimization,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1484~1491, 1992.
[33] F.-V. Gomes, S.-C. Jr., J.-L.-R. Pereira, M.-P. Vinagre, P.-A.-N. Garcia, L.-R. Araujo, “A New Heuristic Reconfiguration Algorithm for Large Distribution Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 1373-1378, 2005.
[34] IEEE Power & Energy Society, “Radial Test Feeders - IEEE Distribution System Analysis Subcommittee,” [On Line] available: http://www.ewh.ieee.org/soc/pes/dsacom/testfeeders.html, June, 2009.
[35] C.-T. Su, C.-S. Lee, “Network Reconfiguration of Distribution Systems Using Improved Mixed-Integer Hybrid Differential Evolution,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 1022-1027, 2003.
[36] B. Zhao, C.-X. Guo, Y.-J. Cao, “A Multiagent-Based Particle Swarm Optimization Approach for Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 1070-1078, 2005.
[37] H. Saadat, Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 2004.