台灣的社區發展有其獨特的內涵與意義，有些學者指出社區營造工作的持續推動關鍵在於社區民眾的自我認同、集體參與與主動維繫。推動社區營造最怕後繼乏力，普遍出現的現象是居民參與的持續力不足或是社區凝聚力不夠。因此，將社區總體營造視為促成社區居民集體行動的一種手段，社區本身受何種條件因素的影響才能夠促進有效的集體行動，是本研究所提出探討的議題。
故本研究目的有四：首先為了解台灣本土性社區營造工作的理論性基礎。其次，驗證社會資本、社區培力與集體行動間的影響性。三為從社會資本觀點探討「都市型」與「鄉村型」社區的社造運作策略。最後，結合社會資本、社區培力與集體行動理論相關構面，建構台灣社區發展「可持續性推動模式」。
本研究有關社區集體行動的研究變項，包括：「公眾接觸」、「信任」、「網絡」、「社區培力」、「個人與社會利益（誘因）」等，並以高雄市（都市型社區）10個社區、高雄縣與台南縣（鄉村型社區）9個社區，共19個社區發展協會的社區參與者(有效總樣本數為573人)為研究對象，針對回收之問卷，進行信度分析及探索性因素分析，運用結構方程模式(Structural Equation Modeling, SEM)建構影響社區居民推展社區營造的集體行動之影響變項及模式檢驗。
分析整體樣本結果發現，公眾接觸對於社會資本、社區培力對社會資本、社會資本對集體行動、個人與社會利益（誘因）對集體行動皆具有一定的影響性；另外，社區培力對於集體行動有間接影響性。在模式適配情形結果顯示，以都市型社區樣本較符合理想標準，其次為整體樣本。根據研究結果所提出的建議策略主要為三個方向：首先，從社會資本的觀點，增加活動辦理，建構互動網絡；其次，從社區培力的觀點，透過學習知能，增進認同情感；最後，從集體行動的觀點，提供誘因鼓勵，引起行動興趣。社區發展透過本研究所建議的三個面向去思考規劃並加以落實，應能對社區集體行動產生正面且有效的影響。

The community development in Taiwan has its unique connotation and meaning, some scholars pointed that the key to the continuous promotion of community development is in the self identity, collective participation and active support. Promotion of community development fears discontinuity. The phenomenon that commonly appears is discontinuity of residents’ participation or unsatisfactory cohesive force of community. As a consequence, the community development is regarded as a mean to enable collective action of community residents, what affects the communities to enable an effective collective action is an issue to be discussed in the study.
There are four purposes of this study : firstly; is to get to know the theoretical base of local community development task in Taiwan; secondly; to proof the effect among social capital, community empowerment and collective action; thirdly; to explore the operation strategies for “urban” and “rural” community development and lastly, to combine social capital, community empowerment and collective action theories related aspects to construct a “continuous development model” for the community development in Taiwan.
The research variables with regard to the community collective action of this study include: “civic engagement”, “interpersonal trust”, “social networks”, “community empowerment”, “individual and social benefits (incentives)” etc., with community participants (effective sample size of 573 people in total) from 19 community development associations as research objects; including 10 communities in Kaohsiung city (urban community), 9 communities in Kaohsiung county and Tainan county (rural community), with questionnaires acquired to proceed reliability analysis and exploratory factor analysis, using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to construct variables and model test that affect the collective action of community residents for community development.
According to analysis of overall sample, there is certain effect of civic engagement on social capital, community empowerment on social capital, social capital on collective action, and individual and social benefits (incentives) on collective action; moreover, a direct impact of community empowerment is shown on the collective action. According to the model fit outcomes, urban community samples are more close to ideal standard, followed by overall sample. The suggestions and strategies proposed upon the research outcomes were mainly divided into 3 directions : first of all, to increase activity management and construct interactive network from social capital perspective; second, to advance identification affection through learning capability from community empowerment perspective; eventually, to provide incentives to enable an interest from collective action perspective. There shall be positive and effective influence on the community collective action once the community development is planned and fulfilled as per 3 dimensions recommended by the study.

目 錄
第一章　緒　論 1
第一節　研究背景與動機 3
一、驅動社區改變的核心力量 3
二、不同類型的社造推展對於社區發展的意涵 4
三、社區行動模式研究和相關社會學理論的融合運用 5
第二節 研究重要性與目的 6
一、現階段社區營造推展的瓶頸與反思 6
二、社區營造可持續推動模式研究的必要性 6
第三節 研究範圍與限制 9
第四節 研究流程與內容 10
第五節 研究名詞定義 11
第二章　文獻回顧與探討 13
第一節　社區營造相關理論內涵 13
一、社會系統理論 13
二、資源動員理論 14
三、社會行動理論 16
第二節　社區培力與集體行動理論探討 22
一、社區培力的意涵 22
二、社區培力與集體行動 23
第三節　社會資本與社區營造 27
一、社會資本的內涵 27
二、社會資本的社區層次探討 31
三、社會資本量測工具 32
第四節　台灣社區發展的「助力」與「阻力」 35
一、「助力」－社區培力機制 35
二、「阻力」－社區發展困境 38
第五節　國外社區培力經驗案例分析 48
一、澳洲：鄉村發展新論 48
二、英國：民間社區協力 48
三、奈及利亞：社區組織培訓 49
第六節　文獻回顧小結 50
第三章 研究設計 53
第一節 研究問題界定 54
一、社會資本、社區培力與集體行動間的關係驗證 54
二、都市型與鄉村型社區集體行動模式比較 56
三、台灣社區居民集體行動影響模式的建構 56
第二節 問卷設計 58
一、研究變項與操作型定義 58
二、問卷題項預試分析 64
第三節 研究對象選擇與問卷發放 66
一、研究樣本估算 66
二、研究對象選擇 67
第四節 資料分析方法介紹 70
一、研究方法-SEM之應用 70
二、統計分析程序 71
第四章 實證資料分析 77
第一節 問卷回收與樣本特徵 77
第二節　各研究構面之信度分析 82
一、社區民眾「公眾接觸」之信度分析 82
二、社區民眾「社會資本－信任」之信度分析 84
三、社區民眾「社會資本－網絡」之信度分析 85
四、社區民眾「社區培力」之信度分析 86
五、社區民眾「個人與社會利益（誘因）」之信度分析 88
六、社區民眾「集體行動」之信度分析 90
第三節　各研究構面之因素分析 91
一、社區民眾「公眾接觸」之因素分析 91
二、社區民眾「社會資本－信任」之因素分析 93
三、社區民眾「社會資本－網絡」之因素分析 95
四、社區民眾「社區培力」之因素分析 97
五、社區民眾「個人與社會利益（誘因）」之因素分析 100
第四節 研究模式之測量模式 102
一、「公眾接觸」構面之測量模式 103
二、「社會資本」構面之測量模式 105
三、「社區培力」構面之測量模式 108
四、「個人與社會利益（誘因）」構面之測量模式 111
第五節 研究模式之結構模式 114
一、都市型社區集體行動之結構模式 117
二、鄉村型社區集體行動之結構模式 119
三、綜合社區集體行動之結構模式 121
四、結構模式之比較 123
第五章 結論與建議 125
第一節 研究目的回應與討論 125
一、為台灣本土性的社區營工作找出解釋性基礎 125
二、驗證社會資本、社區培力與集體行動間的影響性 125
三、探討「都市型」與「鄉村型」社區的社造運作策略 127
四、建構台灣社區發展「可持續性推動模式」 129
第二節 研究成果建議 130
一、從社會資本觀點：增加活動辦理，建構互動網絡 130
二、從社區培力觀點：透過學習知能，增進認同情感 131
三、從集體行動觀點：提供誘因鼓勵，引起行動興趣 132
第三節 研究限制與未來研究方向 133
一、樣本數大小敏感性對於研究模式的影響 133
二、研究資源條件限制對於研究結果的影響 133
三、量化研究輔以質性訪談，強化研究各層面的瞭解 133
四、加入其他構面以增加測量的精確性 133
五、建構完整且具在地性社會資本量表研究的重要性 134
六、模式中的其他內涵探討以增加模式建構的完整 134
參考文獻 135
附錄 149
附錄一：社會資本社區基準調查問卷 149
附錄二：社會資本評價問卷 172
附錄三：社會資本測量整合式問卷 179
附錄四：都市社區發展問題彙整 192
附錄五：鄉村社區發展問題彙整 204
附錄六：預試問卷 217
附錄七：正式問卷 221
附錄八：測量變項之平均數與標準差 225
附錄九：研究模式內各變數之共變數矩陣 229

圖 目 錄
圖 1 研究流程圖 10
圖2 社區培力與集體行動模式 26
圖3 Putnam的社會資本模式 29
圖4 Rohe的社會資本模式 29
圖5　研究理論模式暨假設圖 57
圖6 資料分析流程圖 75
圖7 都市型社區集體行動模式徑路關係 118
圖8 鄉村型社區集體行動模式徑路關係 120
圖9 綜合社區集體行動模式徑路關係 122
圖10 社區集體行動影響模式 129

表 目 錄
表1 國內外關於集體行動研究整理 19
表2　社會資本構成表 28
表3 關於「公眾接觸」的定義 30
表4 社會資本測量表 34
表5 政府部會間的社區培力機制 37
表6 都市型社區發展困境統計表 46
表7 鄉村型社區發展困境統計表 47
表8 本研究問項理論與來源彙整表 60
表9 本研究預試各變項資料分析表 65
表10 都市型社區研究問卷調查選取對象及問卷發放份數情形 68
表11 鄉村型社區研究問卷調查選取對象及問卷發放份數情形 69
表12 本研究樣本發放回收調查彙整表 79
表13 本研究居民基本屬性次數分配表 80
表14 社區民眾「公眾接觸」之信度分析表 82
表15 社區民眾「社會資本－信任」信度分析表 84
表16 社區民眾「社會資本－網絡」信度分析表 85
表17 社區民眾「社區培力」之信度問項分析表 86
表18 社區民眾「個人與社會利益（誘因）」之信度問項分析表 88
表19 社區民眾「集體行動」之信度問項分析表 90
表20 社區民眾「公眾接觸」因素分析表 92
表21 社區民眾「社會資本－信任」因素分析表 94
表22 社區民眾「社會資本－網絡」因素分析表 96
表23 社區民眾「社區培力」因素分析表 98
表24 社區民眾「個人與社會利益」因素分析表 101
表25 都市型社區「公眾接觸」二階模式之構面信效度表 103
表26 鄉村型社區「公眾接觸」二階模式之構面信效度表 104
表27 都市型社區「社會資本」二階模式之構面信效度表 105
表28 鄉村型社區「社會資本」二階模式之構面信效度表 107
表29 都市型社區「社區培力」二階模式之構面信效度表 109
表30 鄉村型社區「社區培力」二階模式之構面信效度表 110
表31 都市型社區「個人與社會利益（誘因）」二階模式之構面信效度表 112
表32 鄉村型社區「個人與社會利益（誘因）」二階模式之構面信效度表 113
表33 結構方程模式適配指標彙整表 115
表34 都市型社區集體行動結構模式適配指標 117
表35 都市型社區集體行動模式徑路關係與T值 118
表36 鄉村型社區集體行動結構模式適配指標 119
表37 鄉村型社區集體行動模式徑路關係與T值 120
表38 綜合社區集體行動結構模式適配指標 121
表39 綜合社區集體行動模式徑路關係與T值 122
表40 不同樣本結構模式比較表 123
表41 不同類型社區集體行動結構模式適配指標比較表 128
表42 不同樣本結構模式徑路關係比較表 128

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