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論文名稱 Title |
翅面眼紋之演化可塑性與功能多樣性-以黃豹天蠶蛾屬為例 Evolutionary plasticity and functional diversity of eyespot wing pattern in Loepa silkmoths |
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系所名稱 Department |
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畢業學年期 Year, semester |
語文別 Language |
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學位類別 Degree |
頁數 Number of pages |
56 |
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研究生 Author |
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指導教授 Advisor |
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召集委員 Convenor |
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口試委員 Advisory Committee |
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口試日期 Date of Exam |
2017-07-24 |
繳交日期 Date of Submission |
2017-08-24 |
關鍵字 Keywords |
眼紋、翅紋功能、色彩偏見、威嚇作用、黃豹天蠶蛾 Wing pattern function, Color bias, Intimidating effect, Loepa, Eye spot |
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統計 Statistics |
本論文已被瀏覽 5697 次,被下載 282 次 The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5697 times, has been downloaded 282 times. |
中文摘要 |
眼紋(eye spot)是一種近圓形且具有同心圓環的斑紋。眼紋存在於許多動物體表,目前最廣為人知的功能是防禦天敵。眼紋禦敵的機制包含威嚇天敵或誘導攻擊失誤。黃豹天蠶蛾(Loepa)是天蠶蛾科(Saturniidae)下的一屬夜行性蛾類,其屬內所有物種皆具有眼紋,但研究不如日行性的蛺蝶如此豐富透徹。黃豹天蠶蛾的翅面斑紋變化不像蛺蝶那麼複雜,僅具有弧度或位置上些微差異,眼紋位置也相似,推斷應有相同的禦敵機制,但卻在尺寸上有劇烈的變化,甚至有少數物種具有其他斑紋使眼紋醒目程度下降或比眼紋更顯眼。這些變化與誠實訊號(honest signaling)及威嚇理論有所牴觸,因此我們認為有必要釐清黃豹天蠶蛾眼紋的變化與其功能性。首先我們分析了黃豹天蠶蛾所有物種的翅面紋路,歸納出翅紋的模式與少數具其他斑紋的物種。然而因為黃豹天蠶蛾翅面具大面積黃色,鳥類可能會具有先天色彩偏見,因此利用人工假餌檢測鳥類先天色彩偏見,之後才進行眼紋尺寸的變化與其功能性差異的檢測。最後檢測部分具有其他斑紋的物種,這些斑紋是否具有不同禦敵功效。結果顯示,黃豹天蠶蛾的眼紋效果確實與威嚇理論相符,但是遭遇不同天敵時的效果有所差異。具有其他斑紋的少數物種在特定情況下反而能呈現隱蔽作用,而比眼紋顯眼的斑紋則也有類似眼紋的威嚇作用。因此我們認為在探討斑紋功能時,除了檢測現有功能假說外,還要考慮掠食者的認知多樣性及共域物種的性狀,亦不可忽略其有功能多樣性的可能,如此才能更了解真實的獵物-獵食者關係。 |
Abstract |
The so-called “eye spot” refers to a peculiar color pattern which has a concentric structure. This pattern is widely present on external structure of a wide range of animal taxa, and its anticipated function is anti-predation, of which two conflicting hypotheses are involved, intimidation and deflection hypotheses. The majority of studies on the anti-predator function of eyespot focuses on diurnal butterflies of which the size of eyespots tend to be consistent within a genus. However, after having an overall examination of size, structural complexity, coloration, shape and contrast with background color of eyespots of all the known species of Loepa, I found that eyespots of Loepa have great interspecific variation, which is unusual for butterflies. Meanwhile, the fact that the eyespots of few species are not circular and their conspicuousness is weakened by the interruptive coloration raises a question whether they are still honest signals for anti-predation. First, I analyzed the wing pattern elements and variations of all species of Loepa. Second, prior to assessing the anti-predator function of the eyespots, I evaluated whether the avian predator had color and size bias toward the moths. I then conducted a series of experiment to evaluate the function of eyespots with a variety both in size, structure and conspicuousness. The results show that the function of eyespots of Loepa is conform to intimidation. The patches that makes eye spot less conspicuous can increase crypsis of the moth when situated in specific surrounding background. Furthermore, although the apical spot on forewing of Loepa oberthuri seems to be much more conspicuous than the discoidal eyespots, that eyespot did not show intimidating effect. In conclusion, I suggest to consider the variability of predator’s reaction toward the same prey and the phenotypic similarity among sympatric species when inferring the function of eyespots. |
目次 Table of Contents |
目錄 論文審定書………………………………………………………… i 論文公開授權書…………………………………………………… ii 致謝………………………………………………………………… iii 中文摘要…………………………………………………………… vi 英文摘要…………………………………………………………… v 第一章 黃豹天蠶蛾屬(Loepa)之翅紋多樣性 1.1摘要…………………………………………………………… 1 1.2前言…………………………………………………………… 2 1.3材料與方法…………………………………………………… 3 1.4結果…………………………………………………………… 4 1.5討論…………………………………………………………… 5 第二章 黃豹天蠶蛾屬的各種眼紋型式是否皆有威嚇效果? 2.1摘要…………………………………………………………… 7 2.2前言…………………………………………………………… 8 2.3材料與方法………………………………………………… 11 2.4結果…………………………………………………………… 13 2.5討論…………………………………………………………… 14 第三章 暗帶黃豹天蠶蛾(Loepa obscuromaginata)的眼紋與 橙斑黃豹天蠶蛾(Loepa oberthuri)翅頂黑斑 具有威嚇功能嗎? 3.1摘要…………………………………………………………… 16 3.2前言…………………………………………………………… 17 3.3材料與方法…………………………………………………… 19 3.4結果…………………………………………………………… 20 3.5討論…………………………………………………………… 21 參考文獻……………………………………………………………… 42 圖 次 圖1-1 katinka-group成蟲之翅紋…………………………………… 23 圖1-2 miranda-group成蟲之翅紋………………………………… 24 圖1-3 oberthuri-group成蟲之翅紋………………………………… 25 圖1-4 眼紋測量位置圖…………………………………………… 25 圖1-5 黃豹天蠶蛾眼紋各結構比對眼睛結構名稱……………… 26 圖1-6 黃豹天蠶蛾屬翅面紋路模式圖…………………………… 26 圖1-7 黃豹天蠶蛾翅面紋路……………………………………… 27 圖1-8 翅基曲線斑紋變化………………………………………… 27 圖1-9 miranda-group親緣樹與眼紋寬度比、分布地區對應圖 28 圖1-10翅面具大面積非黃色斑塊之物種翅紋…………………… 29 圖2-1 實驗一麵包蟲假餌調色示意圖…………………………… 30 圖2-2 實驗一假餌翅面設計……………………………………… 30 圖2-3 實驗二假餌設計與作用方式……………………………… 30 圖2-4 實驗三假餌翅面設計……………………………………… 31 圖2-5 實驗三假餌展示裝置……………………………………… 31 圖2-6 實驗二攻擊前準備時間四分位數圖……………………… 32 圖2-7 實驗三白腰鵲鴝對不同假餌之捕食頻率………………… 33 圖2-8 實驗三白尾八哥對不同假餌之捕食頻率………………… 33 圖2-9 實驗三白腰鵲鴝對不同假餌之攻擊前準備時間………… 34 圖2-10 實驗三白尾八哥對不同假餌之攻擊前準備時間………… 34 圖3-1 實驗一假餌裝置…………………………………………… 35 圖3-2 實驗二假餌裝置…………………………………………… 36 圖3-3 實驗一訓練與測驗結果…………………………………… 37 圖3-4 實驗二裝置被攻擊率與鳥隻攻擊前準備時間…………… 37 表 次 表1-1 黃豹天蠶蛾翅面紋路分析表……………………………… 38 表1-2 黃豹天蠶蛾眼紋結構分析表……………………………… 40 |
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