護理專業本身的特質為工作時間不定、工作量太大、無法適應夜生活；而社區之公共衛生護理人員，工作地段區分明確，工作時間較為安定。 Deluga (1994) 指出在信任的基礎中，員工相信在其付出努力後，組織或管理者會有對等的回饋，從而提高員工組織公民行為的意願。在護理人力較穩定的現階段中，如何讓護理人員表現出對組織有利的行為，顯然相當重要。本研究以護理人員任職之醫療機構屬性、護理人員之個別特徵為自變數，組織承諾、工作滿足為中介變數，組織公民行為為依變數，並以護理主管對護理人員信任程度，對臺灣南部1357位護理人員為對象，填寫問卷調查。資料分析方法，則採用信效度及因素分析、描述性統計分析、差異檢定分析、相關分析、及複迴歸模式分析等探討各變項間的關係。

研究結果發現：
1. 醫院護理人員的組織承諾、工作滿足及獲得主管的信任程度，均低於社區護理人員；而人際利他行為表現卻高於社區護理人員。
2. 整體性之未婚者的道德性承諾與持續性承諾均低於已婚者；而已婚無小孩的護理人員，較獲得主管的信任，且人際利他行為表現好。
3. 整體性之大學（含）以上學歷者的組織承諾與工作滿足均為較低表現。但組織公民行為中均有較高表現，亦獲得主管的親信與信任，唯對主管的能力滿意度低。
4. 40歲以上與年資10年以上者之護理人員，組織承諾、工作滿足與主管評值及員工自評的人際利他行為，呈現負向影響關係。
5. 醫院與社區護理主管對員工的信任程度及員工的組織承諾有顯著差異。
6. 護理人員的組織承諾、工作滿足與組織公益行為呈正相關。
7. 醫院護理人員的工作獨立自主滿足與持續性承諾無關。
8. 社區護理人員其持續性承諾與工作滿足無關。
9. 醫院與社區護理人員，主管評值與員工自評的組織公民行為呈正相關。
10. 主管評值之堅守本份行為表現顯著高於員工的自我評值。

由上述的結果，護理人員的組織公民行為表現，其員工自我認知與主管
評值的價值尚具一致性。本研究的建議為實施護理專業能力進階制度，規範
護理人員正式傳承的責任制度；創造非正式護理傳承的管道，藉由非護理專
業之議題，共同討論，促進溝通以達共識；實施參與式管理，依護理人員的
個別特質，提供參與活動之機會，以利授權、民主式領導的落實。並提供社會
規範中付予南丁格爾使命及社會輿論中默默耕耘的護理人員管理之參考。

The drawbacks of nursing are long hours, hard work and working nights. But definite working territory and rather steady working times were noted in Community Nurse. Deluga(1994) pointed out in the Basis of Faith, the staff believed that if they work hard, the organization or manager can feedback it. So the organizational citizenship behavior is increasing. So how to increasing organizational citizenship behavior is rather important at present. The study uses the characteristics of medical organization, nurses as independent variable, organizational commitment, job satisfaction as intermediate variable, organizational citizenship behavior as dependent variable. We use questionnaire, data analysis to study 1357 nurses. The statistics are as follows: reliability analysis, validity analysis, factor analysis, descriptive statistics analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis to probe the relation of all the variables.

The results showed that:
1.Organizational commitment has a positive impact on job satisfaction.
2.The higher the feeling of commitment of the staff, the trustworthier they are.
3.To stand fast of the responsibility in director evaluation is higher than the staff self-evaluation, but there is no correlation.
4.Organizational commitment and job satisfaction is higher in staffs that are older than 40 years old and the past service more than 10 years. It is also negative impact with benefit others of the director evaluation.
5.The higher organizational commitment, the higher job satisfaction and competency satisfaction of the director in senior high school staff.
6.There is no difference of standing fast of the responsibility, organization commonwealth behavior between director evaluation and staff self-evaluation in those who on night duty and nil.
7.As regards marriage, organizational citizenship behavior is higher in married than unmarried in staff self-evaluation.
8.Moral commitment and persistent commitment is lower in unmarried than married. Those staff who married without children is trust worthier of their director. They also show better behavior when they have been given other benefits.
9.Organization commonwealth behavior of staff self-evaluation has a positive impact on director evaluation but there is no significance. It is also positive impact with director's faith.
10.Organizational citizenship behavior of director evaluation has positive impact and more predictor with director's faith.

From our study, we demonstrated organizational citizenship behavior;
Self-recognition and evaluation of directors in nursing are consistency. So we suggest that nursing will reach the coherence by nursing professional innovation system, formal hereditary responsibility system and other effective communication. We also proposed that through participation to empower, to fulfill democratic leadership. It may be referable to the nursing management.

目 錄
頁次
謝辭中文摘要英文摘要
表目錄．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． Ⅱ
圖目錄．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． Ⅲ

第一章 緒論
第一節 研究動機．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 1
第二節 研究目的．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 3

第二章 文獻探討
第一節 醫院護理與社區護理及其護理人員之職務性質．．．．．．．．．．． 4
第二節 組織承諾之定義與相關研究．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 6
第三節 工作滿足之定義與相關研究．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 10
第四節 組織公民行為之定義與相關研究．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 13
第五節 組織承諾、工作滿足與組織公民行為的關係．．．．．．．．．．．． 15
第六節 信任之定義、相關研究與組織公民行為的關係．．．．．．．．． 17

第三章 研究方法
第一節 研究架構．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 19
第二節 研究假設．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 20
第三節 操作性定義．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 21
第四節 信度與效度分析．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 23
第五節 樣本來源與抽樣方法．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 26
第六節 分析方法．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 29
第七節 研究限制．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 30

第四章 研究結果
第一節 組織承諾、工作滿足、組織公民行為變項間之描述性分析．．．．．． 31
第二節 組織承諾、工作滿足、組織公民行為變項間之差異性分析．．．．．． 43
第三節 組織承諾、工作滿足、組織公民行為變項間之相關性分析．．．．．． 74
第四節 組織承諾、工作滿足、組織公民行為變項間之預測性分析．．．．．． 79

第五章 結論與建議
第一節 結論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 85
第二節 建議．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 96

參考文獻．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 98
附錄：研究問卷．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 107

參考文獻
一、中文部份
中華民國急診醫學會，2001，急診醫療，臺北：臺灣急症醫學會。
王蘭，1999，醫院員工領導型態、工作滿意度、組織承諾及離職傾向之研究，私
立高雄醫學院公共衛生研究所論文。
尹祚芊、楊克平、劉麗芳，2001，台灣地區醫院護理人員留任措施計畫成效之評值，護理研究，9（3），247-257。
尹祚芊、黃子庭，1991，公共衛生護理學，臺北：匯華。
行政院衛生署，2001，護理人員法，臺北：行政院衛生署。
行政院衛生署，1999，臺灣地區醫事人員數－按醫院評鑑等級，臺北：行政院衛
生署。
行政院衛生署，1996，中華民國公共衛生概況，臺北：行政院衛生署。
行政院衛生署，1996，醫院評鑑及教學醫院評鑑標準，臺北：行政院衛生署。
李春蘭、楊克平、吳聖良、李麗傳，2001，單位分享自治模式之建立與實施成效，護理研究，9（2），125-135。
李麗傳，1999a，護理行政與病室管理，臺北：華杏。
李麗傳，1999b，在職教育護理行政訓練課程，領導護理，3（2），38-43。
李根芳譯，1997，X世代的價值觀，臺北：天下文化。
洪振順，1998，組織公正對組織公民行為影響之研究－信任關係之觀點，國立中
山大學人力資源管理研究所論文。
林鉦棽，1999，組織承諾、工作滿足與組織公民行為之研究：各種不同理論模式
之比較，中山管理評論，7（4），1049-1073。
胡庭禎，1997，醫院員工組織承諾之探討，醫院，30（4），22-31。
陳明惠、楊美雪、沈珊珊，1997，區域醫院部門主管溝通與組織承諾之研究，嘉
南學報，23，79-95。
林鉦棽，1996，組織公正、信任、組織公民行為之研究：社會交換理論之觀點，
管理科學學報，13（3），391- 415。
陳心耕、蔡誾誾，1996，護理學導論，臺北：匯華。
陳楚傑，1996，醫院組織與管理 ，臺北：宏翰。
陳威菖，1996，組織承諾與工作滿足對組織公民行為的影響：以工作疏離感為仲
介模式，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所論文。
陳淑玲，1996，新人類的工作價值與工作特性對工作投入影響之研究，國立中山
大學人力資源管理研究所論文。
陳月枝、余玉眉、江東亮、陳心耕、張丹蓉，1992，護理人力供給研究，護理雜
誌，39（1），35-45。
陸儀勳，1996，員工認知因素與工作價值觀對組織公民行為影響的研究：以高雄
地區金融業櫃台從業人員為例，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所論文。
黃英忠，1995，現代人力資源管，臺北：華泰。
廖彥良，1995，電信局升遷管理與組織承諾之研究，國立中山大學企管研究所碩
士論文。
郭靜晃、施貞仰，1994，工業組織心理學，臺北：揚智。
張瑞中，1994，醫學中心醫師工作滿足之研究，國立中山大學企管研究所碩士論
文。
楊克平，1992，臺灣地區護理人員短缺問題之現況調查，護理雜誌，39（1），47-53。
楊克平，1989，臺灣地區護理人員流動因素之探討，護理雜誌，39（3），51-64。
臺灣腎臟醫學會，2001，透析醫療，臺北：臺灣腎臟醫學會。
龔雅郁、侯雅菁，1999，在職教育護理行政訓練課程，領導護理，3（2），34-36。
蕭予伶、盧美秀，1996，臨床護理人員之組織承諾、組織留任與專業留任的相關
性研究，護理研究，4（2），137-149。
歐陽玲，1994，工作生活品質與臨床護理人員離職意願之研討－以臺南地區
綜合醫院為例，東海大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
藍忠孚，1989，臺灣地區護理人力異動之探討，臺北：行政院衛生署。

二、英文部份
Aiken, M. & Hage, G., 1966. Organizational Alienation: A comparative Analysis. American Sociological Review, 31, 497-507.
Angle, H. L. & Perry, J. L., 1981. An Empirical Assessment of Organizational Commitment and Organizational Effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 1-14.
Argyris, C., 1964. Integrating the Individual and the Organization. New York:Wiley.
Barnard, C. I., 1938. The Functions of the Executive. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press.
Bass, B. M., 1965. Organizational Psychology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Bateman, T. S., & Organ, D. W., 1983. Job Satisfaction and the Good Soldier. The Relationship Between Affect and Employee "Citizenship." Academy of Management Journal, 26(3), 587-595﹒
Becker, H. S., 1960. Notes on the Concept of Commitment. American Journal of Sociology, 66, 132-140.
Biddle, B. J. & Thomas, E. J., 1966. Role Theory Concept and Research. New York: John Wiley.
Blauner, R., 1964. Alienation and Freedom: The Factory Worker and His Industry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Blum, M. L. & Naylor, J. C., 1968. Industrial Psychology. New York: Harper & Row Publisher Inc.
Brief, A. P., Schuler, R. S., & Van Sell, M., 1981. Managing Job Stress. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
Buchanan, B., 1974. Building Organizational Commitment: the Socialization of Managers in Work Organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19, 533-546.
Champion, D.J., 1985. The Sociology of Organizations. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Clark, J. P., 1959. Measuring Alienation within a Social System. American Sociology Review. 24, 849-852.
Cotgrove, S., 1972. Alienahon and Automahon. British Journal of Sociology, 23,
437-451．
Davis, H., 1977. Human Behavior at Work. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Dessler, G., 1980. Human Behavior Improving Performance at work. Englewood Cliffs, N J: Prentice Hall.
Donna, McNeese-Smith., 2000. Job Stages of Entry, Mastery, and Disengagement among Nurses. Journal of Nurse Association, 25(9), 17-26﹒
Donna McNeese-Smith., 1995. Job Satisfaction, Productivity, and Organizational Commitment. Journal of Nurse Association, 25(9), 17-26﹒
Dubin, 1956. Industrial Worker' Worlds: A Study of the Central Life Interests of Industrial Workers. Social Problems, 3, 131-142.
Etzioni, A., 1968. Basic Human Needs: Alienation and Inauthenticity. American Sociological Review, 33, 870-885.
Farrell, D. & Rusbult, C. E., 1981. Exchange Variable as Predictors of Job Satisfaction, Job Commitment and Turnover: The Impact of Rewards, Costs, Alternatives and Investment. Organizational Behavior and Performance, 28, 120-126.
Faunce, W. A., 1959. Occupational Involvement and Selective Testing of Self-Esteem. Paper Presented at the American Sociological Association Meeting in Chicago.
Ferris, K. R., & Aranya, N. A., 1983. Comparison of Two Organizational
Commitment Scales. Personnel Psychology, 36, 87-99.
Fink, S. L., Jenks, R.S., & Willits, R. D. 1983. Designing and Monaging Organizations. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
Fishbein, M. & Ajzen, I., 1975. Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior. Reading, MA.: Addison-Wesley﹒
Flarey, D. L., 1997. Beyond Reengineering. Journal of Nursing Administration, 27（3）, 12-4.
Florence, L., 1988. What Keeps Nurses in Nursing. American Journal of Nursing, 2（3）, 181-188.
French, J. R. P, Jr. & Kahn., R., 1962. A Programmatic Approach to Studying the Industrial Environment and Mental Health. Journal of Social Issues, 18, 1-47.
Gerloff, E. A., 1985. Organizational Theory and Design: A Strategic Approach for Management. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Gerth, H. H., & Mills C. W., 1946. From Max Weber: Eassays in Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Getzels, J. W., Lipham, J. M., & Campbell, R. F., 1968. Managing Individual Group Behavior in Organizations. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Glaser, B. G., 1964. Organizational Scientists: Their Professional Careers. New York: Bobbs-Merrill.
Goldthorpe, J. H., Lockwood, D., Bechhofer, F., & Platt, J. 1968. The Affluent Woker: Industrial Attitudes and Behavior. Cambridge MA: At the University Press.
Gomez-Mejia, Luis R., Balkin, David B., & Cardy, Robert L., 1995. Managing Human Resources. Englewood Cliffs, N J: Prentice Hall.
Graham, J. W., 1991. An Essay on Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 4, 249-270.
Greene, C. N., 1978. Identification Modes of Professionals: Relationships with Formalization, Role Strain, and Alienation. Academy of Management Journal. 21 (3), 486-492.
Gurin, G., Veroff, J., & Feld, S., 1960. Americans View Their Mental Health. New York: Basic Books.
Hage, J., 1965. An Axiomatic Theory of Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly. 10 (2), 297-299.
Hoover, K. W., 1998. Nursing Work Redsign in Response to Managad Care. The Journal of Nursing Administration. 28(11), 9-18.
Hoppock, R., 1935. Job Satisfaction. Harper, NY: Prentice Hall.
House, J. S., & Rizzo, J. R., 1972. Role Conflict and Ambiguity as Critical Variables in a Model of Organizational Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 7, 467-505.
Hrebiniak, L. G., & Alutto, J. A., 1972. Personal and Role Related Factors in the Development of Organizational Commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 555-573.
Iaffaldano, M. T., 1985. Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 251-273.
Ikegami, N. & Campbell, J.C, 1995. Special Report：Medical Care in Japan.
Journal of Medicine. 333, 1295-1299.
Jauch, L. R., Osborn, R. N., & Terpening, W. D., 1980. Goal Congruence and Employee Orientations: The Substitution Effect. Academy of management Journal, 23 (3), 544-549.
Johnson, T. W. & Stinson, J. E., 1974. Role Ambiguity, Role conflict, and Satisfaction: Moderating Effects of Individual Differences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 3, 329-333.
Johnston, M.W., Parasuraman, A., Futrell, C. M., & Black, W. C., 1990. A Longitudinal Assessment of the Impact of Selected Organizatlonal Influences on Salespeople's Organizational Comitment During Early Employment. Journal of Marketing Research, 27, 333-344.
Kahn, R. et al., 1964. Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity. New York: Wiley.
Kakabadse, A., 1987. Organizational Alienation and Job Climate: A Comparative Study of Structural Conditions and Psychological Adjustment. Small Group Behavior, 17(4), 458-471.
Kantor, R. M., 1968. Commitment and Social Organization. American Socialogical Review, 33, 499-517.
Kanungo, R. N., 1979. The Concepts of Alienation and Involvement Revisited. Psychological Bulletin, 8 (6), 119-138.
Kanungo, R. N., 1982. Work Alienation: A Integrative Approach. New York: McCrew-Hil1.
Katz, D., 1964. The Motivational Basis of Organizational Behavior. Behavior Science, 9, 131-133.
Katz, D. & Kahn, R. L., 1966. The Social Psychology of Organizations. New York: McCrew-Hil1.
Katz, D. & Kahn, R. L., 1978. The Social Psychology of Organization(2nd ed). New
York: McCrew-Hil1.
Klein, E., 1966. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Langage.
New York: McCrew-Hil1.
Klimoski, R. J. & Hayes, N. J., 1980. Leader Behavior and Subordinate Motivation.
Personnel Psychology, 33, 543-555.
Koch, J. L. & Steers, R. M., 1978. Job Attachment, Satisfaction, and Turnover among
Public Sector Employee. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 12, 119-128.
Krebs, D. L., 1970. Altruism An Examination of the Concept and Review of the Literature. Psychological Bbulletin, 7（3）, 258-302.
Lawler, E. E. & Hall. D. T., 1970. Relationship of Job Characteristics to Job Involvement, Satisfaction and Intrinsic Motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 54(3), 305-312.

Lipham, J. M. & Hoeh, J. A., 1974. The Principalship: Foundation and Functions. New York: Harper & Row.
Likert, R., 1961. New Patterns in Management. New York: McGraw-Hil1.
Lock, E. A., 1976. The Nature of Job Satisfaction? Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1297-1349﹒
Lodahl, T. M. & Kejner, M., 1965. The Definition and Measurement of Job Involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology,. 49(3), 24-44.
McKelvey, D., 1960. The Human Side of Enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Maslow, A. H., 1954. Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper.
McClelland, D. C., 1967. The Achieving Society. New York: Free Press.
McCormick, E. J., & Tiffin, J., 1974. Industrial Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
McNeese-Smith Donna., 1995. Job Satisfaction, Productivity, and Organizational Commitment. Journal of Nurse Association, 25(9), 17-26﹒
Michaels, R. E., Corn, W. L., Dubinsky, A. J., & Joachimsthaler, E. A., 1988. Influence of Formalization on the Organizational Commitment and Work Alienation of Salespeople and Industrial Buyers. Journal of Marketing Research, 25, 376-383.
Miles, R.H., 1976. A Comparison of the Relative Impacts of Role Perception of Ambiguity and Conflict by Role. Academy of Management Journal, l9 (1), 25-35.
Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J., 1987. A Longitudinal Analysis of the Early Development and Consequences of Organizational Commitment. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, l9, 199-215.
Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J., 1991. A Three-Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment. Human Resource Management Review, l, 61-98.
Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A., 1993. Commitment to Organizational and Occupations: Extension and Test of a Three-Component Conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(3), 538-551.
Miller, G. A., 1967. Professionals in Bureaucracy: Alienation among Industrial Scientist and Scientist and Engineers. American Soclogical Review, 32, 755-768.
Mills, C.W., 1951. White Collar. New York: Oxford University Press.
Moch, M. K., 1980. Job Involvement, Internal Motivation, and Employees' Integration into Networks of Work Relationships. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 25, 15-31.
Morris, J. H., & Sherman, J. D., 1980. Structural Influences on Organizational Commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 17, 50-57.
Morris, J. H., & Sherman, J. D., 1981. Generalizability of an Organizational Commitment. Academy of Management Journal, 24, 512-526.
Morrow, P. C., 1983. Concept Redundancy in Organizational Research: The Case of Work Commitment. Academy of Management Review, 8(3), 486-500.
Mowday, R., Steers, R., & Porter, L., 1982. Employee-Organization Linkage. New York: Academic Press.
Nicholson, P. J., Jr., & Goh, S. C., 1983. The Relationship of Organization Structure and Interpersonal Attitudes to Role Conflict and Ambiguity in Different Work Environments. Academy of Management Journal, 26 (3),148-155.
Organ, D. W., 1988. Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome. Lexington. M.A: Lexington Books.
O'Reilly, C. A., & Chatman, J., 1986. Organizational Commitment and Psychological attachment: The Effects of Compliance, Identification, and Internalization on Prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 3(3), 492-499.
Organ, D. W., & Greene, C. N., 1981. The Effects of Formalization on Professional Involvement: A Compensatory Process Approach. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 237-252.
Organ, D. W., 1977. A Reappraisal and Reinterpretation of the Satisfaction- Causes-Performance Hypothesis. Academy of Management Review, 2(3), 46-53.
Podsakoff, Philip M., Mackenzie, Scott B., & Bbommer, William H., 1996. Transformational Leader Behaviors and Substitutes for Leadership as Determinants of Employee Satisfaction, Commitment, Trust, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Journal of Management. 22(2), 259-298﹒
Podsakoff, P. M., Williams, L. J., & Todor, W. D., 1986. Effects on Organizational Formalization on Alienation among Professionals and Nonprofessionals. Academy of Management Journal, 29(4), 820-831.
Porter, L. M., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Boulion., 1974. Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction and Turnover among Psychiatric Technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 603-609.
Porter, A., 1973. The Factorial Structure of Modernity: Empirical Replications and a Critique. American Journal of Sociology, 79(1), 15-44.
Patchen, M., 1970. Participation, Achievement and Involvement on the Job. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Pearlin, L., 1962. Alienation from Work: A Study of Nurse Personnel. American Sociological Review, 27, 314-326.
Robbins, P. S., 1990. Organization Theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Printice-Hall.
Randall. D. M., 1987, Commitment and the Organization: Man Revisted. Academy of Management Review, 12(3), 460-471.
Reicher, A. E., 1985. A Review and Reconceptualization Organization Commitment.
. Academy of Management, 10(3), 457-466.
Rabinowitz, S. & Hall, D. T., 1981. Changing Correlates of Job Involvement in Three Career Stages. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 18, 138-144.
Rabinowitz, S. & Hall, D. T., 1977. Organizational Research on Job Involvement. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 265-288.
Smith, Brien, 2000. Managing Generation X. USA Today. 129(6), 32-33.
Schappe, P., 1998. The Influence of Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Fairness Perceptions on Organizational Citizenship Behavior. The Journal of Psychology. 13(3), 277-290﹒
Saal, F. E., & Knight, P. A., 1988. Industrial/Organizational Psychology: Science & Practise. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole.
Smith, C. A., Organ, D. A., & Near, J. P., 1983. Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Its Nature and Antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(4), 653-663.
Staw, B. M., 1981. The Escalation of Commitment to a Course of Action. American Management Review, 6, 577-587.
Stevens, J. M., Beyer. J. M., & Trice, M. T., 1978. Assessing Personal, Role, and Organization Predictor of Managerial Commitment. Academy of Management Journal, 21, 380-396.
Stryker, S. & Macke, A. S., 1978. Status Inconsistency and Role Conflict. The Annual Review of Sociology, 4, 69-90.
Salancik, G. R., 1977. New Directions in Organizational Behavior, Chicago: St. Clair Press.
Steers, R. M., 1977. Antecedents Outcomes of Organizational Commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 46-56.
Saleh, S. D., & Hosek, J., 1976. Job Involvement: Concepts and Measurements. Academy of Management Journal, 19(2), 213-224.
Seashore, S. E. & Taber, T. D., 1975. Job Satisfaction and Their Correlates. American Behavioral Scientists, 18, 333-368.
Seeman, M., 1971. The Urban Alienation: Some Dubious Theses form Marx to Marcuse. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 19, 135-43.
Sheldon, M. E., 1971. Investments and Involvements as Mechanisms Producing Commitment to the Organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 110-142.
Shepard, J. M., 1971. Automation and Alienation: A Study of Office and Factory
Workers. Cambridge, M.A.: MIT Press.
Smith, P. C., Kendall, L. M., & Hulin, C. L., 1969. The Measurement of Satisfaction in Work and Retirement. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Seeman, M., 1967. On the Personal Consequences of Alienation in Work. American Sociological Review, 32, 273-285.
Seeman, M., 1959. On the Meaning of Alienation. American Sociological Review, 24, 783-791.
Topf, Michael D., 2000. Generation Next? Occupational Hazards. 62(11), 49-50.
Vroom, V. H., 1964. Work and Motivation, NewYork:John Wiley and Son Inc.
Vroom, V. H., 1962. Ego Involvement, Job Satisfaction, and Job Performance. Personnel Psychology, 15, 159-177.
Wiener, Y., 1982. Commitment in Organization: A Normative View. Academy of Management Review, 7(3), 421-429.
Wiener, Y., & Vardi, Y., 1980. Relationships between Job, Organization, and Career Commitments and Work Outcomes: An Integrative Approach. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 26, 81-96.
Waxley, K. N., & Yukl, G. A., 1977 Organizational Behavior and Personnel Psychology. Illinois: Homewood.
Walton, R. E., 1972. How to Counter Alienation in the Plant. Harvard Business Review, 50(3), 70-81.
Woodward, S. E., 1972. Role Conflict in a Group of Religious Teachers. In F. M. Katz & P. K. Browne (Eds.). Sociology of Education. Macmillan of Australia.
Young, Brain S., Worchel, Stephen. Woehr, David J., 1998. Organizational Commitment among Public Service Employees. Public Personnel Management. 27(3), 339-348﹒
Yiener, Y., & Gechman, 1977. Commitment: A Behavioral Approach to Job Involvement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 10, 47-52.