在過去二十年，中國與國際社會利用維持和平行動解決在非洲的內部衝突，此合作產生劇烈的轉變且已引起中國觀察家們的好奇心。然而，大多數分析學者採取普遍的觀點在觀察中國的維持和平行動。此外，部份的人把大陸觀與全部的觀點歸納在一起，以至於太普遍而不清楚。為了有系統性地研究和說明中國自1989年以來，在非洲參與聯合國維持和平行動之動機，本研究採用「現實主義」和「社會建構主義」，從非洲眾多部分中的六項案例進行多方面的分析，以適度地提出中國維和文獻的限制與貢獻。本研究採取質化研究，確切地闡述一個以拱形為分析架構並且藉由二手資料的收集進行比較性的歷史分析。從案例的調查下，已發現到有許多的因素促使中國參與在非洲的維持和平行動。因此，研究結果顯示，中國在非洲的維持和平行動極大地受到某些物質程度上的催化，也有跡象解釋人道主義在環境中的集體利益必要性。

Over the past two decades dynamic transformations in China’s cooperation with the international community in addressing internal conflicts in Africa through peacekeeping have generated curiosity among many China observers and numerous attempts were made to analyze the trend. However, most analysts took universal dimension in examining China’s peacekeeping. Besides, those who focused mainly on China’s peacekeeping in Africa lump different aspects resulting in over generalization and obscurity. In modestly addressing those limitations as well as contributing to literature on China’s peacekeeping, the paper formulates an arch shape analytical framework supported by theoretical perspectives of realism and social constructivism on six cases drawn from various parts of Africa in order to systematically investigate and explain purposes for China’s participation in United Nations peacekeeping operations in Africa since 1989. The paper utilizes comparative historical analysis approach based on qualitative method in which secondary sources are consulted in addressing the problem. From the cases investigated, it has been discovered that multiple factors are responsible for China’s involvement in peacekeeping in Africa. Thus, the paper concludes that while China’s peacekeeping in Africa is greatly catalyzed by the degree of material stakes it has in some cases, there are also indications of collective interest imperatives construed within humanitarian context.

Table of Contents
THESIS VERIFICATION LETTER i
THESIS AUTHORIZATION FORM ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
摘要 v
ABSTRACT vi
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES x
CHAPTER 1 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 PURPOSE 7
1.3 OBJECTIVES 8
1.4 MOTIVATION 8
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE 10
1.6 STRUCTURE 11
1.7 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS 13
CHAPTER 2 15
CONCEPTUALIZING PEACEKEEPING AND LITERATURE REVIEW 15
2.1 CONCEPTUALIZING PEACEKEEPING 15
2.2 VIEWS ON CHINA’S POSITIONS ON PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS 21
2.3 HAS CHINA COMPROMISED THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-INTERVENTION? 33
2.4 WHAT WAS DONE ON CHINA’S PEACEKEEPING IN AFRICA? 37
CHAPTER 3 43
METHODOLOGY AND THEORY 43
3.2 CASE SELECTION 45
3.3 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES 45
3.4 REALISM 46
3.5 CONSTRUCTISIM 51
CHAPTER 4 56
EVOLUTION AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF CHINA IN UN PEACEKEEPING 56
4.1 CONDEMNATION (PRE 1982) 56
4.2 ACCEPTANCE WITH LIMITED INVOLVEMENT (1982- 1989) 57
4.3 COOPERATION WITH MEASURED PARTICIPATION (1990-2000) 59
4.4 FLEXIBLE ACTIVE PARTICIPATION (2001- TO DATE) 61
4.5 CHINA AND UN PEACEKEEPING IN AFRICA 63
4.6 UNITED NATIONS TRANSITION ASSISTANCE GROUP IN NAMIBIA (UNTAG) 67
4.7 UNITED NATIONS MISSION IN WESTERN SAHARA (MINURSO) 68
4.8 UNITED NATIONS MISSIONS IN LIBERIA (UNOMIL/ UNMIL) 69
4.9 UN-AU HYBRID MISSION IN DARFUR, SUDAN (UNAMID) 2007-TO DATE 71
4.10 UN MISSION IN SOUTH SUDAN (UNMIS- 2005-2011/UNMISS-2011) TO DATE 72
4.11 UNITED NATIONS MISSION IN MALI (MINUSMA) 2013- TO DATE 74
CHAPTER 5 76
EXPLORING INITIATING FACTORS PRIOR TO PEACEKEEPING 76
5.1 NAMIBIA 76
5.2 WESTERN SAHARA 76
5.3 LIBERIA 77
5.4 SUDAN 78
5.5 SOUTH SUDAN 81
5.6 MALI 83
5.7 FINDINGS 85
CHAPTER 6 87
ANALYSIS OF PURPOSES FOR CHINA’S PEACEKEEPING IN AFRICA 87
6.1 FEAR OVER RISKS TO ECONOMIC SECURITY 88
6.2 SECURE NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY 91
6.3 PROMOTE STRATEGIC DIPLOMATIC INFLUENCE AND MULTIPOLARITY 93
6.4 REINFORCE SINO-AFRICAN SOLIDARITY 96
6.5 REPUTATION RECONSTRUCTION 99
6.6 FACILITATE FORCE MODERNIZATION 102
6.7 IDENTITY FORMATION “PEACEFUL AND RESPONSIBLE STAKEHOLDER” 104
CHAPTER 7 110
CONCLUSION 110
References 116
I. Books 116
II. Journal Articles 118
III. Research reports and policy briefings 123
IV. Internet sources 126
V. Online news websites 128
Appendix A: UNPKO Personnel contribution of UNSC P-5 members as of April 30th 2015 131
Appendix B: Top 10 UNPKO financial contributors 2013-2015 132
Appendix C: China’s investment flow to Liberia since 2004 133
Appendix D: Liberia’s exports and imports with China US$ (millions) 134
Appendix E: Chapter VII: Action with respect to threats to peace, breaches of the peace and acts of aggression 135
Article 39 135
Article 40 135
Article 41 135
Article 42 135

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